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The Democratic Deficit and the European Transparency Initiative

Year 2009, Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 109 - 143, 01.10.2009

Dilek Yiğit

Abstract

Supranasyonel bir kurulu olan Avrupa Birli i’nin karar organlarõnõn, büyük ölçüde temsili demokrasiye istinat etmiyor olmasõ, Birli in karar-alma mekanizmasõnõn demokratik kalitesi ve Birli in me ruiyeti konusunda kaygõlara neden olmaktadõr. Bu makale, Avrupa Birli i’nde demokrasi açõ õnõn nedenleri üzerinde dururken, Avrupa "effaflõk Giri imi’nin, demokrasi açõ õ sorununu ne ölçüde çözebilece ini analiz etmektedir

References

  • K. A. ARMSTRONG, “Rediscovering Civil Society: The European Union and the White Paper on Governance”, European Law Journal, Vol.8, No.1, pp.102-132
  • T. AUBERGER, K. ISZKOWSKI, “Democratic Theory and the European Union: Focusing on “Interest” or “Reason”?”Journal of European Integration, Vol.29, No.3, pp. 271-284, 2007
  • G. BAKER, “Civil Society and Democracy:The Gap Between Theory and Possibility”, Politics, 18 (2), pp.81-87, 1998
  • R. BELLAMY, A. WARLEIGH (eds.), Citizenship and Governance in the European Union, Continuum, London, 2001
  • S. BORRAS, T. CONZELMANN, “Democracy, Legitimacy and Soft Modes of Governance in the EU:The Empirical Turn, Journal of European Integration, Vol.29,No.5, pp.531-543, 2007
  • H. CATT, Democracy in Practice, London, Routledge, 1999
  • D. CHALMERS et al., European Union Law, the United Kingdom, Cambridge University Press, 2006
  • S. CHAMBERS, “Behind Closed Doors: Publicity, Secrecy, and the Quality of Deliberation”, The Journal of Political Philosophy, Volume 12, Number 4, p.389-410, 2004
  • M. CINI, “European Commission reform and the origins of the European Transparency Initiative”, Journal of European Public Policy, 15:5, p.743-760, 2008
  • C. CROMBEZ, “Legislative Procedures in the European Community”, British Journal of Political Science, Vol.26, No.2, p.199-228, 1996
  • P.J.CONGE, “Review: The Concept of Political Participation: Toward a Definition”, Comparative Politics, Vol.20, No.2, p.241-249, 1988
  • O. COSTA et.al., “Introduction: Diffuse control mechanisms in the European Union:towards a new democracy?”, Journal of European Public Policy, 10:5, p.666-676, 2003
  • R.A.DAHL, “Pluralism Revisited”, Comparative Politics, Vol.10, No.2, p.191-203, 1978
  • R.A. DAHL, Dilemmas of Pluralist Democracy, Yale University Pres, 1982
  • R.A. DAHL, “A Democratic Dilemma: System Effectiveness versus Citizen Participation”, Political Science Quarterly, Vol.109, No.1, p.23-34, 1994
  • O. DE SCHUTTER, “Europe in Search of its Civil Society”, European Law Journal, Vol.8, No.2, p.198-217, 2002
  • R. EISING, “Interest Groups and the European Union”, in European Union Politics, 2 nd. ed. Michelle Cini, Oxford, Oxford University Press, p.202-221, 2007
  • E.O. ERIKSEN, “Deliberative Supranationalism in the EU” in Democracy In The European Union: Integration Through Deliberation, ed. E. O. Eriksen and J.E. Fossum, London, Routledge, p.42-64, 2000
  • E.O. ERIKSEN, J. E. FOSSUM, “Post-national Integration”, in Democracy In The European Union: Integration Through Deliberation, ed. E. O. Eriksen and J.E. Fossum, London, Routledge, p.1-28, 2000
  • E.O. ER KSEN, J. E. FOSSUM, “Democracy through Strong Publics in the European Union?”, Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol.40, No.3, p.401-424, 2002
  • E.O. ER KSEN, J. E. FOSSUM, “Europe in Search of Legitimacy: Strategies of Legitimation Assessed”, International Political Science Review, 25, p.435-459
  • J. ELSTER, “Introduction: Historical Background” in Deliberative Democracy ed. J. Elster, United Kingdom, Cambridge University Press, p.1-18, 1998
  • J.D. FEARON, “Deliberation and Discussion” in Deliberative Democracy, ed. J. Elster, United Kingdom,Cambridge University Press, p.44-68, 1998
  • J.S.FISHKIN, Democracy and Deliberation, USA, Yale University Press, 1991
  • A. FOLLESDAL, “Survey Article:The Legitimacy Deficits of the European Union”, The Journal of Political Philosophy, Vol.14, No.4, p.441-468, 2006
  • A. FOLLESDAL, S. HIX, “Why There is a Democratic Deficit in the EU: A Response to Majone and Moravscik”, Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol.44, No.3, p.533-562, 2006
  • D. FRIEDRICH, Old Wine in New Bottles?:The Actual and Potential Contribution of Civil Society Organizations to Democratic Governance in Europe, Reconstituting Democracy in Europe Working Paper 2007/08, 2007, www.reconproject.eu, accessed on 04.07.2008
  • R. GARGARELLA, “Full Representation, Deliberation, and Impartiality”, in Deliberative Democracy, ed. J. Elster, United Kingdom, Cambridge University Press, p.260-280, 1998
  • J. GREENWOOD, Interest Representation In The European Union, 2nd ed., New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2007
  • S. GREWAL, “The Paradox of Integration: Habermas and the Unfinished Project of European Union”, Politics, Vol 21(2), p.114-123, 2001
  • A. GUTMANN, D. THOMPSON, Democracy and disagreement. Why moral conflict can not be avoided in politics, and what should be done about it, Cambridge Mass., Harvard University Press, 1996
  • A. GUTMANN, D. THOMPSON, Why Deliberative Democracy, Princeton, Princeton University Pres, 2004
  • J. HABERMAS, Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy, Cambridge, MIT Pres, 1996
  • P. HIRST, From Statism to Pluralism, London, UCL Press, 1997
  • S. HIX, “Dimensions and Alignments in European Union Politics: Cognitive Constraints and Partisan Responses”, European Journal of Political Research, Vol.35, no.1, p. 69-106, 1999
  • R. HOLZHACKER, “Democratic Legitimacy and the European Union”, Journal of European Integration, 29:3, p.257-269, 2007
  • E. HUBER et al., “The Paradoxes of Contemporary Democracy: Formal, Participatory, and Social Dimensions”, Comparative Politics, vol.29, no.3, p.323-342, 1997
  • M. JACHTENFUCHS et al., “Which Europe? Conflicting Models of a Legitimate European Political Order”, European Journal of International Relations, vol.4, no.4, p.409-445, 1998
  • H. KASSIM, D. G. DIMITRAKOPOULOS, “The Commission and the Future of Europe”, Journal of European Public Policy, 14:8, p.1249-1270, 2007
  • R.S. KATZ, “Models of Democracy: Elite Attitudes and the Democratic Deficit in the European Union”, European Union Politics, 2; 53, p.53-79, 2001
  • J. KNIGHT, J. JOHNSON, “Aggregation and Deliberation: On the Possibility of Democratic Legitimacy”, Political Theory, Vol.22, No.2, p. 277-296, 1994
  • C. LORD, P. MAGNETTE, “E Pluribus Unum? Creative Disagreement about Legitimacy in the EU”, Journal of Common Market Studies, vol.42, no.1, p.183-202, 2004
  • J.R. LUCAS, Democracy and Participation, England, Penquin Books, 1976
  • P. MAGNETTE, European Governance and Civic Participation: Can the European Union be politicised?, This paper is a part of contributions to the Jean Monnet Working Paper No.6/01, 2001
  • P. MAGNETTE, “European Governance and Civic Participation: Beyond Elitist Citizenship?”, Political Studies, 51, p.144-160, 2003
  • P. MAIR, Popular Democracy and the European Union Polity, European Governance Papers, No.C-05-03, 2005, http://www.connex-network.org/pdf/egp- connex-C-05-03.pdf, accessed on 07.07.2008.
  • G. MAJONE, “The European Community: An ‘Independent Fourth Branch of Government’?”, EUI Working Paper SPS No. 94/17, Florence, European University Institute, 1993
  • G. MAJONE, “Europe’s Democratic Deficit: The Questions of Standards”, European Law Journal, vol.4, no.1, p.5-28, 1998
  • G. MAJONE, “The Credibility Crisis of Community Regulation”, Journal of Common Market Studies, vol.38, no.2, p.273-302, 2000
  • B. MANIN et al, “On Legitimacy and Political Deliberation”, Political Theory, vol.15, no.3, p.338-368, 1987
  • J. G. MARCH, J. P. OLSEN, Democratic Governance, New York, The Free Press
  • A. MCGANN, The Logic of Democracy: Reconciling Equality, Deliberation, and Minority Protection, USA, The University of Michigan, 2006
  • I. MICHALOWITZ, “Analysing Structured Paths of Lobbying Behaviour: Why Discussing the Involvement of Civil Society Does not solve the EU’s Democratic Deficit”, European Integration, vol.26, no.2, p.145-170, 2004
  • J. S. MILL, Considerations on Representative Government, South Bend, Gateway
  • A. MORAVCSIK, “In Defense of the Democratic Deficit”, Journal of Common Market Studies, 40(4), p.603-624, 2002
  • D. NAURIN, “Why increasing transparency in the European Union will not make lobbyists behave any better than they already do”, European Union Studies Association EUSA, Biennial Conference, Austin, Texas, 2005
  • K. NEUNREITHER, “Political Representation in the European Union: a common whole, various wholes, or just a hole?” in European Integration after Amsterdam, ed. K. Neunreither and A. Wiener, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2000
  • J. NEYER, “The Deliberative Turn In Integration Theory”, Journal of European Public Policy, 13:5, p. 779-791, 2006
  • D. I. PIETRZYK, “Democracy or Civil Society”, Politics, Vol 23(1), p.38-45, 2003
  • B. ROSAMOND, “New Theories of European Integration”, in European Union Politics 2 nd. ed. Michelle Cini, Oxford, Oxford University Press, p.117-136, 2007
  • C. F. SABEL, J. ZEITLIN, Learning from Difference:The New Architecture of Experimentalist Governance in the European Union, European Governance Papers network.org/eurogov/pdf/egp-connex-C-07-02.pdf, accessed on 07.07.2008. No. C-07-02, 2007, http://www.connex
  • F. W. SCHARPF, Governing in Europe:Effective and Democratic?, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1999
  • S. K. SCHMIDT, “Only an Agenda Setter?:The European Commission’s Power over the Council of Ministers”, European Union Politics, 1:37, p.37-61, 2000
  • P. C. SCHMITTER, What Is There To Legitimize In The European Union...And How Might This Be Accomplished?, This paper is a part of contributions to the Jean Monnet Working Paper No.6/01, 2001
  • A. SLOAT, “The Preparation of the Governance White Paper”, Politics, Vol 23(2), p.128-136, 2003
  • E. VINK, “Multi-level Democracy: Deliberative or Agonistic? The Search for Appropriate Normative Standards”, Journal of European Integration, vol.29, no.3, p.303-322, 2007
  • A. WEALE, “Democratic Theory and the Constitutional Politics of the European Union”, Journal of European Public Policy, 4(4), p 665-669, 1997
  • A. WEALE, Democracy, New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.
  • A. WEALE, New Governance and Public Reasoning-Towards a Better Quality of EU Deliberation, New Government Policy Brief 19, 2008
  • J. H. H WEILER et al., European Democracy and Its Critique Five Uneasy Pieces, EUI Working Paper RSC No.95/11, 1995 Official Documents
  • Commission of the European Communities, 2001, European Governance: A White Paper, COM (2001) 428 final, Brussels.
  • Commission of the European Communities, 2002, Communication From The Commission:Towards a reinforced culture of consultation and dialogue – General principles and minimum standards for consultation of interested parties by the Commission, COM (2002) 704 final, Brussels.
  • Commission of the European Communities, 2006, Green Paper: European Transparency Initiative, COM (2006) 194 final, Brussels.
  • S. KALLAS, The Need for a European Transparency Initiative, SPEECH/05/130, Nottingham, 2005, http://ec.europa.eu, accessed on 03.07.2008.
  • S. KALLAS, European Transparency Initiative, SPEECH/07/17, Madrid, 2007a, http://ec.europa.eu, accessed on 03.07.2008.
  • S. KALLAS, The European Transparency Iniative, SPEECH/07/491, Brussels, 2007b, http://ec.europa.eu, accessed on 03.07.2008.
  • The European Transparency Initiative, http://ec.europa.eu/commission_ barroso/kallas/transparency-en.htm, accessed on 30.06.2008.

Year 2009, Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 109 - 143, 01.10.2009

Dilek Yiğit

Abstract

Because the European Union as a supranational organisation is not predominantly based on representative mechanism there have been concerns about democratic quality of its decision-making process and legitimacy of its political order. This paper discusses why the European Union suffers from a democratic deficit and to what extent the European Transparency Initiative succesfully addresses the democratic deficit in the Union

Keywords

Democratic deficit theory of democracy transparency civil society

References

  • K. A. ARMSTRONG, “Rediscovering Civil Society: The European Union and the White Paper on Governance”, European Law Journal, Vol.8, No.1, pp.102-132
  • T. AUBERGER, K. ISZKOWSKI, “Democratic Theory and the European Union: Focusing on “Interest” or “Reason”?”Journal of European Integration, Vol.29, No.3, pp. 271-284, 2007
  • G. BAKER, “Civil Society and Democracy:The Gap Between Theory and Possibility”, Politics, 18 (2), pp.81-87, 1998
  • R. BELLAMY, A. WARLEIGH (eds.), Citizenship and Governance in the European Union, Continuum, London, 2001
  • S. BORRAS, T. CONZELMANN, “Democracy, Legitimacy and Soft Modes of Governance in the EU:The Empirical Turn, Journal of European Integration, Vol.29,No.5, pp.531-543, 2007
  • H. CATT, Democracy in Practice, London, Routledge, 1999
  • D. CHALMERS et al., European Union Law, the United Kingdom, Cambridge University Press, 2006
  • S. CHAMBERS, “Behind Closed Doors: Publicity, Secrecy, and the Quality of Deliberation”, The Journal of Political Philosophy, Volume 12, Number 4, p.389-410, 2004
  • M. CINI, “European Commission reform and the origins of the European Transparency Initiative”, Journal of European Public Policy, 15:5, p.743-760, 2008
  • C. CROMBEZ, “Legislative Procedures in the European Community”, British Journal of Political Science, Vol.26, No.2, p.199-228, 1996
  • P.J.CONGE, “Review: The Concept of Political Participation: Toward a Definition”, Comparative Politics, Vol.20, No.2, p.241-249, 1988
  • O. COSTA et.al., “Introduction: Diffuse control mechanisms in the European Union:towards a new democracy?”, Journal of European Public Policy, 10:5, p.666-676, 2003
  • R.A.DAHL, “Pluralism Revisited”, Comparative Politics, Vol.10, No.2, p.191-203, 1978
  • R.A. DAHL, Dilemmas of Pluralist Democracy, Yale University Pres, 1982
  • R.A. DAHL, “A Democratic Dilemma: System Effectiveness versus Citizen Participation”, Political Science Quarterly, Vol.109, No.1, p.23-34, 1994
  • O. DE SCHUTTER, “Europe in Search of its Civil Society”, European Law Journal, Vol.8, No.2, p.198-217, 2002
  • R. EISING, “Interest Groups and the European Union”, in European Union Politics, 2 nd. ed. Michelle Cini, Oxford, Oxford University Press, p.202-221, 2007
  • E.O. ERIKSEN, “Deliberative Supranationalism in the EU” in Democracy In The European Union: Integration Through Deliberation, ed. E. O. Eriksen and J.E. Fossum, London, Routledge, p.42-64, 2000
  • E.O. ERIKSEN, J. E. FOSSUM, “Post-national Integration”, in Democracy In The European Union: Integration Through Deliberation, ed. E. O. Eriksen and J.E. Fossum, London, Routledge, p.1-28, 2000
  • E.O. ER KSEN, J. E. FOSSUM, “Democracy through Strong Publics in the European Union?”, Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol.40, No.3, p.401-424, 2002
  • E.O. ER KSEN, J. E. FOSSUM, “Europe in Search of Legitimacy: Strategies of Legitimation Assessed”, International Political Science Review, 25, p.435-459
  • J. ELSTER, “Introduction: Historical Background” in Deliberative Democracy ed. J. Elster, United Kingdom, Cambridge University Press, p.1-18, 1998
  • J.D. FEARON, “Deliberation and Discussion” in Deliberative Democracy, ed. J. Elster, United Kingdom,Cambridge University Press, p.44-68, 1998
  • J.S.FISHKIN, Democracy and Deliberation, USA, Yale University Press, 1991
  • A. FOLLESDAL, “Survey Article:The Legitimacy Deficits of the European Union”, The Journal of Political Philosophy, Vol.14, No.4, p.441-468, 2006
  • A. FOLLESDAL, S. HIX, “Why There is a Democratic Deficit in the EU: A Response to Majone and Moravscik”, Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol.44, No.3, p.533-562, 2006
  • D. FRIEDRICH, Old Wine in New Bottles?:The Actual and Potential Contribution of Civil Society Organizations to Democratic Governance in Europe, Reconstituting Democracy in Europe Working Paper 2007/08, 2007, www.reconproject.eu, accessed on 04.07.2008
  • R. GARGARELLA, “Full Representation, Deliberation, and Impartiality”, in Deliberative Democracy, ed. J. Elster, United Kingdom, Cambridge University Press, p.260-280, 1998
  • J. GREENWOOD, Interest Representation In The European Union, 2nd ed., New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2007
  • S. GREWAL, “The Paradox of Integration: Habermas and the Unfinished Project of European Union”, Politics, Vol 21(2), p.114-123, 2001
  • A. GUTMANN, D. THOMPSON, Democracy and disagreement. Why moral conflict can not be avoided in politics, and what should be done about it, Cambridge Mass., Harvard University Press, 1996
  • A. GUTMANN, D. THOMPSON, Why Deliberative Democracy, Princeton, Princeton University Pres, 2004
  • J. HABERMAS, Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy, Cambridge, MIT Pres, 1996
  • P. HIRST, From Statism to Pluralism, London, UCL Press, 1997
  • S. HIX, “Dimensions and Alignments in European Union Politics: Cognitive Constraints and Partisan Responses”, European Journal of Political Research, Vol.35, no.1, p. 69-106, 1999
  • R. HOLZHACKER, “Democratic Legitimacy and the European Union”, Journal of European Integration, 29:3, p.257-269, 2007
  • E. HUBER et al., “The Paradoxes of Contemporary Democracy: Formal, Participatory, and Social Dimensions”, Comparative Politics, vol.29, no.3, p.323-342, 1997
  • M. JACHTENFUCHS et al., “Which Europe? Conflicting Models of a Legitimate European Political Order”, European Journal of International Relations, vol.4, no.4, p.409-445, 1998
  • H. KASSIM, D. G. DIMITRAKOPOULOS, “The Commission and the Future of Europe”, Journal of European Public Policy, 14:8, p.1249-1270, 2007
  • R.S. KATZ, “Models of Democracy: Elite Attitudes and the Democratic Deficit in the European Union”, European Union Politics, 2; 53, p.53-79, 2001
  • J. KNIGHT, J. JOHNSON, “Aggregation and Deliberation: On the Possibility of Democratic Legitimacy”, Political Theory, Vol.22, No.2, p. 277-296, 1994
  • C. LORD, P. MAGNETTE, “E Pluribus Unum? Creative Disagreement about Legitimacy in the EU”, Journal of Common Market Studies, vol.42, no.1, p.183-202, 2004
  • J.R. LUCAS, Democracy and Participation, England, Penquin Books, 1976
  • P. MAGNETTE, European Governance and Civic Participation: Can the European Union be politicised?, This paper is a part of contributions to the Jean Monnet Working Paper No.6/01, 2001
  • P. MAGNETTE, “European Governance and Civic Participation: Beyond Elitist Citizenship?”, Political Studies, 51, p.144-160, 2003
  • P. MAIR, Popular Democracy and the European Union Polity, European Governance Papers, No.C-05-03, 2005, http://www.connex-network.org/pdf/egp- connex-C-05-03.pdf, accessed on 07.07.2008.
  • G. MAJONE, “The European Community: An ‘Independent Fourth Branch of Government’?”, EUI Working Paper SPS No. 94/17, Florence, European University Institute, 1993
  • G. MAJONE, “Europe’s Democratic Deficit: The Questions of Standards”, European Law Journal, vol.4, no.1, p.5-28, 1998
  • G. MAJONE, “The Credibility Crisis of Community Regulation”, Journal of Common Market Studies, vol.38, no.2, p.273-302, 2000
  • B. MANIN et al, “On Legitimacy and Political Deliberation”, Political Theory, vol.15, no.3, p.338-368, 1987
  • J. G. MARCH, J. P. OLSEN, Democratic Governance, New York, The Free Press
  • A. MCGANN, The Logic of Democracy: Reconciling Equality, Deliberation, and Minority Protection, USA, The University of Michigan, 2006
  • I. MICHALOWITZ, “Analysing Structured Paths of Lobbying Behaviour: Why Discussing the Involvement of Civil Society Does not solve the EU’s Democratic Deficit”, European Integration, vol.26, no.2, p.145-170, 2004
  • J. S. MILL, Considerations on Representative Government, South Bend, Gateway
  • A. MORAVCSIK, “In Defense of the Democratic Deficit”, Journal of Common Market Studies, 40(4), p.603-624, 2002
  • D. NAURIN, “Why increasing transparency in the European Union will not make lobbyists behave any better than they already do”, European Union Studies Association EUSA, Biennial Conference, Austin, Texas, 2005
  • K. NEUNREITHER, “Political Representation in the European Union: a common whole, various wholes, or just a hole?” in European Integration after Amsterdam, ed. K. Neunreither and A. Wiener, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2000
  • J. NEYER, “The Deliberative Turn In Integration Theory”, Journal of European Public Policy, 13:5, p. 779-791, 2006
  • D. I. PIETRZYK, “Democracy or Civil Society”, Politics, Vol 23(1), p.38-45, 2003
  • B. ROSAMOND, “New Theories of European Integration”, in European Union Politics 2 nd. ed. Michelle Cini, Oxford, Oxford University Press, p.117-136, 2007
  • C. F. SABEL, J. ZEITLIN, Learning from Difference:The New Architecture of Experimentalist Governance in the European Union, European Governance Papers network.org/eurogov/pdf/egp-connex-C-07-02.pdf, accessed on 07.07.2008. No. C-07-02, 2007, http://www.connex
  • F. W. SCHARPF, Governing in Europe:Effective and Democratic?, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1999
  • S. K. SCHMIDT, “Only an Agenda Setter?:The European Commission’s Power over the Council of Ministers”, European Union Politics, 1:37, p.37-61, 2000
  • P. C. SCHMITTER, What Is There To Legitimize In The European Union...And How Might This Be Accomplished?, This paper is a part of contributions to the Jean Monnet Working Paper No.6/01, 2001
  • A. SLOAT, “The Preparation of the Governance White Paper”, Politics, Vol 23(2), p.128-136, 2003
  • E. VINK, “Multi-level Democracy: Deliberative or Agonistic? The Search for Appropriate Normative Standards”, Journal of European Integration, vol.29, no.3, p.303-322, 2007
  • A. WEALE, “Democratic Theory and the Constitutional Politics of the European Union”, Journal of European Public Policy, 4(4), p 665-669, 1997
  • A. WEALE, Democracy, New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.
  • A. WEALE, New Governance and Public Reasoning-Towards a Better Quality of EU Deliberation, New Government Policy Brief 19, 2008
  • J. H. H WEILER et al., European Democracy and Its Critique Five Uneasy Pieces, EUI Working Paper RSC No.95/11, 1995 Official Documents
  • Commission of the European Communities, 2001, European Governance: A White Paper, COM (2001) 428 final, Brussels.
  • Commission of the European Communities, 2002, Communication From The Commission:Towards a reinforced culture of consultation and dialogue – General principles and minimum standards for consultation of interested parties by the Commission, COM (2002) 704 final, Brussels.
  • Commission of the European Communities, 2006, Green Paper: European Transparency Initiative, COM (2006) 194 final, Brussels.
  • S. KALLAS, The Need for a European Transparency Initiative, SPEECH/05/130, Nottingham, 2005, http://ec.europa.eu, accessed on 03.07.2008.
  • S. KALLAS, European Transparency Initiative, SPEECH/07/17, Madrid, 2007a, http://ec.europa.eu, accessed on 03.07.2008.
  • S. KALLAS, The European Transparency Iniative, SPEECH/07/491, Brussels, 2007b, http://ec.europa.eu, accessed on 03.07.2008.
  • The European Transparency Initiative, http://ec.europa.eu/commission_ barroso/kallas/transparency-en.htm, accessed on 30.06.2008.
There are 77 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Dilek Yiğit

Publication Date October 1, 2009
Published in Issue Year 2009 Volume: 8 Issue: 2

Cite

Chicago Yiğit, Dilek. “The Democratic Deficit and the European Transparency Initiative”. Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi 8, no. 2 (October 2009): 109-43.