Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

İklim Değişikliği Ekonomik Büyüme ve Gıda Fiyatları Döngüsü: Türkiye Örneği

Year 2023, Volume: 13 Issue: 2, 301 - 330, 31.12.2023

Melahat Batu Ağırkaya

https://doi.org/10.31679/adamakademi.1179375

Abstract

İklim değişikliği dünya ülkelerini ilgilendiren önemli bir sorun olduğu gibi tarımsal üretim ve ekonomi üzerindeki etkileriyle de insanların refahını, sağlığını ve gelecek beklentilerini etkilemektedir. Bu doğrultuda 1990-2019 dönemini kapsayan çalışmada Türkiye’de iklim değişikliği ve ekonomik büyüme (Reel GSYH) ile gıda fiyatları endeksi arasındaki uzun ve kısa dönemli ilişkileri incelenmiştir. Gıda fiyatları endeksi, iklim değişikliğini temsilen karbondioksit emisyonu, sıcaklık ve tarım alanı serileri ile büyüme arasındaki ilişkiler ARDL modeli ile tahmin edilmiştir. ARDL sınır testi sonuçlarına göre uzun dönemde ekonomik büyümenin gıda fiyatları endeksi üzerindeki etkisi iklim değişikliğinin gıda fiyatları endeksi üzerindeki etkisinden daha düşüktür. Uzun dönemde karbondioksit miktarındaki değişimin gıda fiyatları üzerindeki etkisi anlamsız olmakla olası sıcaklık ve tarım alanlarındaki artış gıda fiyatlarının da artmasına neden olacaktır. Kısa dönemde ise geçmiş üç dönemde sıcaklıkta meydana gelecek artış cari dönem gıda fiyatlarının düşmesine neden olurken; bir dönem önceki tarım alanlarındaki azalma gıda fiyatlarının yükselmesine neden olacaktır. Gıda fiyatlarının iklim değişikliğinden daha fazla etkilendiği görülmektedir.

Keywords

Ekonomik Büyüme Türkiye ARDL Modeli İklim Değişikliği

References

  • Abidoye, B., & Odusola, A. (2015). Climate Change and Economic Growth in Africa: An Econometric Analysis. Journal of African Economies, 24 (2), 277-301.
  • Adams, R., Rosenzweig , C., Pearl , R., Ritchie , J., McCarl , B., Glyer , D., . . . Allen, H. (1990). Global climate change and U.S. Agriculture(345), 219–223.
  • Aggarwa , P., & Sinha , S. (1993). Effect of probable increase in carbon dioxide and temperature on wheat yields in India. Journal of Agricultural Meteorology, 48(5), 811–814. doi:https://doi.org/10.17218/husbed.87012
  • Akalın , M. (2014). İklim Değişikliğinin Tarım Üzerindeki Etkileri: Bu Etkileri Gidermeye Yönelik Uyum ve Azaltım Stratejileri. Hitit Üniversitesi(2), 361-363. doi:https://doi.org/10.17218/husbed.87012
  • Akın, İ. (2021). Su, Toprak ve İklim Değişikliğinin Güvenli Gıdanın Sürdürülebilirliği Üzerine Etkileri ve Bazı Tespitler 1.1. Rahva Teknik ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 13-23.
  • Alexandrov , V., Eıtzınger , J., Cajıc, V., & Oberforster, M. (2002). Potential impact of climate change on selected agricultural crops in north-eastern Austria. Global Change Biology, 8, 372–389. doi:https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1354-1013.2002.00484.x
  • Apata , T. (2010). Effects of Global Climate Change on Nigerian Agriculture: An Empirical Analysis. CBN Journal of Applied Statistics, 2(1), 31-50.
  • Başoğlu , A. (2014). Küresel İklim Değişikliğinin Ekonomik Etkileri. Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi(7), 175-196.
  • Batan , M., & Toprak, Z. (2015). Küresel İklim Değişikliğinin Olumlu Etkileri ve Bu Etkilerin İklim Değişikliğine Uyum Kapsamında Değerlendirilmesi. Dicle Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Dergisi, 6 (2), 93-102.
  • Bayraç , H., & Doğan , E. (2016). Türkiye’de İklim Değişikliğinin Tarım Sektörü Üzerine Etkileri 11(1). Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 11(1), 23- 48.
  • Brown, M. (2014). Food Security, Food Prices And Climate Variability. New York: Routledge.
  • Chattopadhyay, N., & Hulme , M. (1997). Evaporation and potential evapotranspiration in India under conditions of recent and future climate change. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 87, 55-73. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(97)00006-3Get rights and content
  • Chen , C., & Mccarl, B. (2001). An investigation of the relationship between pesticide usage and climate change. Climatic Change, 50, 475–487.
  • Cline , W. (2007). Global warming and agriculture: Impact estimates by country. Washington: Peterson Institute for International Economics.
  • Darwin , R. (1999). The Impact of Global Warming on Agriculture: A Ricardian Analysis. The American Economic Review, 89(4), 1049-1052. https://www.jstor.org/stable/117175 adresinden alındı
  • Darwin , R. (1999). The Impact of Global Warming on Agriculture: A Ricardian Analysis. The American Economic Review, 89(4), 1049-1052.
  • Dell , M., Jones , B., & Olken , B. (2009). Temperature and income: reconciling new cross-sectional and panel estimates. Am Econ Rev(2), 198–204.
  • Dell , M., Jones , B., & Olken , B. (2008). Climate change and economic growth: evidence from the last half century. NBER.
  • Dell, M., Jones , B., & Olken , B. (2012). Temperature Shocks and Economic Growth: Evidence from the Last Half Century. American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, 4(3), 66-95.
  • Durdu , Ö. (2010). Effects of climate change on water resources of the Büyük Menderes river basin, western Turkey. Turk J Agric For, 34, 319–332. doi:10.3906/tar-0909-402 adresinden alındı
  • Dyson , T. (1999). Prospects for feeding the world. British Medical Journal, 319, 988–990.
  • Easterling , W., Crosson , P., Rosen, N., McKenney, M., Katz , L., & Lemon, K. (1993). Agricultural Impacts of and Response to Climate Change in the Missouri-Iowa- Nebraska-Kansas (MINK) Region. Climatic Change, 24(2), 23-61.
  • Eboli , F., Parrado , R., & Roson , R. (2010). Climate-change feedback on economic growth: Explorations with a dynamic general equilibrium model. Environment and Development Economics, 15(5), 515-533.
  • Ellis , R., Summerfield , R., & Edmeades, G. (1992). 1992. Photoperiod, temperature and the interval from sowing to tassel initiation in diverse cultivars of maize. Crop Science(32), 1225-1232.
  • Erdem , E., & Ulucak , R. (2012). Çevre İktisat İlişkisi ve Türkiye’de Çevre Politikalarının Etkinliği. Akademik Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi, 6, 78-98.
  • Elshennawy , A., Robinson , S., & Willenbockel, D. (2016). Climate change and economic growth: An intertemporal general equilibrium analysis for Egypt. Economic Modelling, 52, 681-689. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2015.10.008
  • Fankhauser, S., & Richard , S. (2005). On climate change and economic growth. Resource and Energy Economics, 27, 1-17.
  • Fujihara, Y., Simonovic , S., Topaloğlu, F., Tanaka , K., & Watanabe , T. (2008)). An inverse-modelling approach to assess the impacts of climate change in the Seyhan River basin, Turkey / Une approche de modélisation inverse pour évaluer les impacts du changement climatique dans le bassin versant de la Rivière Seyhan, Turquie. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 53 (6), 1121-1136 . doi:doi:10.1623/hysj.53.6.
  • Ghaffarı, A., Cook , H., & Lee , H. (2002). Climate Change and Winter Wheat Management: A Modeling Scenario for South East England. Climatic Change., 55, 509-533.
  • Gilbert, C. (2010). How to Understand High Food Prices. Journal of Agricultural Economics, 61(2), 398-425. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9552.2010.00248.x
  • Grosh, M., Ninno , C., Tesliuc , E., & Ouerghi, A. (2008). For protection and promotion: The design and implementation of effective safety nets. Washington: World Bank.
  • Hall, A. (2000). Crop Responses to Environment. Washington: CRC Press.
  • Houghton, J., Jenkins , G., & Ephraums , J. (1991). Climate Change: The IPCC Scientific Assessment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Huang, Y., Gao , L., Jin , Z., & Chen , H. (1998). Simulating The Optimal Growing Season of Rice in The Yangtze River Valley and its Adjacent Area, China. Agricultural and Forest Meteorol, 91(3-4), 251-262. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(98)00075-6
  • Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). (2007). Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report.
  • IPCC. (2007). Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report.
  • Jacoby, H., Rabassa, M., & Skoufias, E. (2015). Distributional Implications of Climate Change in Rural India: A General Equilibrium Approach. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 97(4), 1135- 1156. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/ajae/aau084
  • Jayatillek , S., & Cai , Y. (2014). The impact of climate change on food crop productivity, food prices and food security in South Asia. Economic Analysis and Policy, 44(4), 451-465. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2014.09.005
  • Johansen, S. (1991). Estimation and hypothesis testing of cointegration vectors in Gaussian vector autoregressive models. Econometrica(59), 1551-1580. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/2938278
  • Johansen, S., & Juselius , K. (1990). Maximum likelihood estimation and inference on cointegration—with applications to the demand for money. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 52 (2), 169-210.
  • Jones, B., & Olken , B. (2010). Climate shocks and exports. National Bureau of Economic Research.
  • Jones, B., & Olken , B. (2008). Dell, M., Climate change and economic growth: evidence from the last half century. Cambridge: National Bureau of Economic Research.
  • Kadioğlu, m., & Şaylan, L. (2001). Trends of growing degreedays in Turkey. Water, Air & Soil Pollution, 126(1), 83-96. doi:10.1023/A:1005299619084 adresinden alındı
  • Kaiser, H., Riha , S., Wilks , D., Rossiter , D., & Sampath, R. (1993). A farm-level analysis of economic and agronomic impacts of gradual warming. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 75(2), 387-398. doi:DOI:10.2307/1242923
  • Kane, S., Reilly , J., & obey , J. (1992). An empirical study of the economic effects of climate change on world agriculture. Climatic Change, 2(1), 17-35.
  • Khalid , A., Faisal, M., & Rukh, G. (2016). Impact of Climate Changes on Economic and Agricultural Value Added Share in GDP. Asian Management Research Journal, 1(1), 35-48.
  • Kılıç , R., & Akalın, G. (2016). Türkiye’de Çevre ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişki: ARDL Sınır Testi Yaklaşımı. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 16(2), 49-60. doi:https://doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.389162
  • Komuscu , A., Erkan , A., & Oz, S. (1998). Komuscu, A. U. L. I. U., Erkan, A., & Oz, S. Possible impacts of climate change on soil moisture availability in the southeast Anatolia Development Project Region (GAP): an analysis from an agricultural drought perspective. Climatic Change, 40(3), 519-545. doi:doi:10.1023/A:1005349408201
  • Krıstensen, K., Schelde, K., & Olesen, J. E. (2011). Winter wheat yield response to climate variability in Denmark. Journal of Agricultural Science, 149, 33–47.
  • Kulakoğlu , Ö. (2020). Türkiye’de Tarımda Kendine Yeterlilik ve Gıda Güvencesi. Tekirdağ: Namık Kemal Üniversites Sosyal Bilimler Entitüsü.
  • Kumar , K., Kavi , S., & Parikh , J. (1998). Climate change impacts on Indian agriculture: the Ricardian approach. Washington: World Bank.
  • Kumar , A., & Sharma , P. (2013). Impact of climate variation on agricultural productivity and food security in rural India. Kiel: Institute for the World Economy.
  • Kalbarczyk, R., Kalbarczyk , E., Ziemia'nska , M., & Raszka , B. (2018). Assessment of Air Thermal Conditions in the Lowland Part of South-Western Poland for Agriculture Development Purposes. Atmosphere(9), 2-17. doi:DOI:10.3390/atmos9060215
  • Lal , M., Singh , K., Rathor , L., Srinivasan , G., & Saseendran , S. (1996). Vulnerability of rice and wheat yields in northwest India to future changes in climate. New Delhi: Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology.
  • Lanzafame, M. (2014). Temperature, rainfall and economic growth in Africa. Empir Econ(46), 1–18. doi:DOI 10.1007/s00181-012-0664-3
  • Mahato , A. (2014). Change and its Impact on Agriculture. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 4(4), 1-6.
  • Masud , M., Rahman , S., Al-Amin , A., & Kari, Q. (2012). Impact of Climate Change: An Empirical Investigation of Malaysian Rice Production. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 19(4), 431-444. doi:DOI 10.1007/s11027-012-9441-z
  • McCallum, B. (1982). Are Bond—Financed Deficıis Inflationary? A Rıcardıan Analysis. Massachusetts: NEBER.
  • Mcmicmael , A., & Githeko , A. (2001). Human Health. J. Ed: McCarthy , O. Canziani , N. Leary , & D. Dokken içinde, Climate Change 2001; Impact, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II. (s. 451-486). Cambridge University Press.
  • Meadows , D., Randers , J., & Meadows, D. (2005). Lımıts to Growth The 30-Year Update. London: Printed and bound in the UK by Bath Press.
  • Mendelsohn, R., Dınar , A., & Sanghı, A. (2001). The effect of development on the climate sensitivity of agriculture. Environment and Development Economics, 6(1), 85-101.
  • Milliner , A., & Dietz , S. (2011). Adaptation to climate change and economic growth in developing countries . Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy.
  • Morıson , J., & Lawlor, D. (1999). Interactions between increasing CO2 concentration and temperature on plant growth. Plant, Cell and Environment, 22, 659– 682.
  • Meadows, D., Meadows, D., & Behrens, W. (1990). Ekonomik Büyümenin Sınırları. İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Yayınları.
  • Mendelsohn , R., Gonzalez , A., & Chrısten, P. (2010). A Ricardian analysis of Mexican farms. Environment and Development Economics, 15(2), 153-171. https://www.jstor.org/stable/44379007 adresinden alındı
  • NBER. (2013). Impact of Climate Change on Agricultural Growth in Nepal”, NEBR Working Paper No. 15, https://www.nrb.org.np/ecorev/pdffiles/nrbwp201315.pdf (04.08.2018).
  • Nordhaus, W. (2006). After Kyoto: Alternative Mechanisms to Control Global Warming. The American Economic Review, 96(2), 31-34. doi:10.1257/000282806777211964
  • NRB. (2013). Impact of Climate Change on Agricultural Growth in Nepal”, NRB Working Paper No. 15, https://www.nrb.org.np/ecorev/pdffiles/nrbwp201315.pdf (04.08.2018).
  • Olesen , J., & Bindi, M. (2002). Consequences of climate change for European agricultural productivity, land use and policy Jørgen. European Journal of Agronomy(16), 239–262. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228853689 2-12 adresinden alındı
  • Olesen, J., Trnka , M., Kersebaum, K., , Skjelvag , A., Seguın , B., . . . Mıcale , F. (2011). Impacts and adaptation of European crop production systems to climate change. European Journal of Agronomy, 34(2), 96-1. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2010.11.003Get rights and content
  • Öztürk, K. (2002). Küresel İklim Değişikliği ve Türkiye’ye Olası Etkileri. G.Ü. Gazi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 22(1), 47-65.
  • Parıkh, J., Babu , P., & Kumar, K. (1997). Climate Change, North-South Co-Operation and Collective Decısıon-Makıng Post-Rıo. Journal of International Development, 9(3), 403-413. doi:DOİ:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1328(199705)9:3<403::AID-JID448>3.0.CO;2-6
  • Patıl , R., Laegdsmand , M., Olesen , J., & Porter, J. (2010). Growth and yield response of winter wheat to soil warming and rainfall patterns. Journal of Agricultural Science, 148, 553-566. doi:doi:10.1017/S0021859610000419
  • Passel , S., Massetti , E., & Mendelsohn , R. (2016). A Ricardian Analysis of the Impact of Climate Change on European Agriculture. Environ Resource Econ(67), 725–760. doi:DOI 10.1007/s10640-016-0001-y
  • Pesaran , M., Shin , Y., & Smith , R. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289-326. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.616
  • Pesaran, H., & Shin , Y. (1997). An Autoregessive Distributed Lag Modeling Approach to co-integration Analysis. University of Cambridge Journal,, 107(440), 178-191. doi:DOİ:10.1111/1468-0297.00151
  • Pesaran, M., & Shin, Y. (1999). Econometrics and Economic Theory in the 20th Century: The Ragnar Frisch Centennial Symposium. An Autoregressive Distributed-Lag Modelling Approach to Cointegration Analysis. (s. 371-413). içinde Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:doi:10.1017/S0021859610000419
  • Pindyck , R. (2007). Uncertainty in environmental economics. Review of environmental economics and policy, 1(1), 45-65.
  • Reilly , J., Hohmann , N., & Kane , S. (1994). Climate change and agricultural trade: Who benefits, who loses? Global Environmental Change, 4(1), 24–36. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0959-3780(94)90019-1
  • Rosenzweig , C., & Parry, M. (1994). Potential impact of climate change on world food supply. Nature(367), 133–138.
  • Sangh , A., & Mendelsohn, R. (2008). The impacts of global warming on farmers in Brazil and India. Global Environmental Change, 18, 655-665. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2008.06.008
  • Saylan , L., & Bernhofer , C. (1993). Penman-Monteith Approach to Extrapolate Soybean Evapotranspiration. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 46, 241-246.
  • Selek , B., & Tuncok , I. (2014). Effects of climate change on surface water management of Seyhan basin, Turkey. Environmental and Ecological Statistics,, 21, 391-409. doi: doi:10.1007/s10651-013-0260-5
  • Shahabfar , A., & Eıtzınger , J. (2011). Agricultural drought monitoring in semi-arid and arid areas using MODIS data ,. Journal of Agricultural Science, 149(4), 403-414. doi:DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859610001309
  • Skoufias, E., Nssah , E., Katayama , R., Olivieri , S., Rabassa, M., & Vinha, K. (2012). The Poverty and Welfare Impacts of Climate Change: Quantifying the Effects, Identifying the Adaptation Strategies. The World Bank. http://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/abs/10.1596/978-0-8213-9611-7 adresinden alındı
  • Solomon , S., Qın , D., Mannıng , M., Chen, Z., Marquıs , M., Averyt , K., . . . Mıller , H. (2007). Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Stewart, D., Dwyer , L., & Carrigan , L. (1998). 90. Phenological Temperature Response of Maize. Agronomy Journal, 90, 73-79. doi:https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1998.00021962009000010014x
  • Sykes , M., & Prentice , I. (1995). Boreal Forest Futures: Modelling The Controls on Tree Species Range Limits And Transient Responses To Climate Change. Water, Air, and Soil Pollut(82), 415-428.
  • Tol , R. (2013). The economic impact of climate change in the 20th and 21st centuries. Climatic change, 117(4), 795-808. doi:DOI 10.1007/s10584-012-0613-3
  • Tollenaar, M., Daynard, T., & Hunter, R. (1979). Effect of temperature on rate of leaf appearance and flowering date in maize. Crop Science, 19, 363-366. doi:https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1979.0011183X001900030022x
  • Thaler , S., Eitzinger, J., Trnka , M., & Dubrovsk, M. (2012). Impacts of climate change and alternative adaptation options on winter wheat yield and water productivity in a dry climate in Central Europe. Journal of Agricultural Science, 1-18. doi: doi:10.1017/S00218
  • Trnka , M., Dubrovsky, M., Semerádová , D., & Zalud, Z. (2004). Projections of uncertainties in climate change scenarios into expected winter wheat yields. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 77, 229–249. doi:DOI 10.1007/s00704-004-0035-x
  • Tubıello , F., Donatellı , M., Rosenzweıg , C., & Stockle , C. (2000). Effects of climate change and elevated CO2 on cropping systems: model predictions at two Italian locations. European Journal of Agronomy, 13(2–3), 179-189. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S1161-0301(00)00073-3
  • Türkeş , M. (2008). Küresel iklim değişikliği nedir? Temel kavramlar, nedenleri, gözlenen ve öngörülen değişiklikler. İklim Değişikliği ve Çevre, 1(1), 26-37.
  • Türkeş, M., Sümer, U., & Kiliç, G. (1995). Variations and trends in annual mean air temperatures in Turkey with respect to climatic variability. International of Journal Climatology, 15(5), 557-569. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3370150507
  • UNEP. (1992). Birleşmiş Milletler İklim Değişkliği Çevre Sözleşmesi. https://webdosya.csb.gov.tr/db/iklim/webmenu/webmenu12421_1.pdf adresinden alındı
  • Uzair , A., Wang, J., Jialin, J., Zhibek , Z., Shah, O., Zhanar , F., . . . Khan, A. (2021). Climate change impacts on agriculture sector: A case study of Pakistan. Ciência Rural, 51(8), 2-12.
  • Uzair , A., Wang, J., Jialin, J., Zhibek , Z., Shah, O., Zhanar , F., . . . Khan, A. (2021). Climate change impacts on agriculture sector: A case study of Pakistan . Ciência Rural, 51(8), 2-12. http://doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20200110 adresinden alındı
  • Yu , W., Alam, M., Hassan, A., Khan, A., Ruane, A., Rosenzweig, C., . . . Thurlow, J. (2010). Climate Change Risks and Food Security in Bangladesh (1st Edition b.). London: Routledge.
  • Waterlow , J., Armstrong, D., Fowden , L., & Riley , R. (1998). Feeding a World Population of More than Eight Billion People. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • White, L. (1979). Relationship between meteorological measurements and flowering of index species to flowering of 53 plant species. Agricultural Meteorology, 20(3), 189-204. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-1571(79)90020-7
  • WH , Y., Alam , M., Hassan , A., Khan , A., Ruane, A., Rosenzweig, C., . . . Thurlow, J. (2010). Climate Change Risks and Food Security in Bangladesh. London: Routledge.
  • Xie , H., Wang , P., & Yao , G. (2014). Exploring the Dynamic Mechanisms of Farmland Abandonment Based on a Spatially Explicit Economic Model for Environmental Sustainability: A Case Study in Jiangxi Province, China. Sustainability,, 6(3), 1260-1282. doi:doi:10.3390/su6031260
  • Xie, H., & Wang , B. (2017). An Empirical Analysis of the Impact of Agricultural Product Price Fluctuations on China’s Grain Yield. Sustainability, 9(906), 2-14. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2015.10.008
  • Quiggin, J. (2007). Drought, Climate Change and Food Prices in Australia. School of Economics and School of Political Science, 1-11.
  • https://databank.worldbank.org/reports.aspx?source=2&series=DT.DOD.DECT.CD&country
  • https://evds2.tcmb.gov.tr/
  • https://febpwt.webhosting.rug.nl/Dmn/AggregateXs/VariableCodeSelect

Climate Change, Economic Growth and the Food Price Cycle: The Case of Turkey

Year 2023, Volume: 13 Issue: 2, 301 - 330, 31.12.2023

Melahat Batu Ağırkaya

https://doi.org/10.31679/adamakademi.1179375

Abstract

"Climate change" is a severe, worldwide problem that affects people's welfare, health, and future expectations with its effects on agricultural production and the economy. In this direction, the current study covering the period 1990-2019 examined the long- and short-term relationships between "Climate change," "Economic growth (Real GDP)," and "Food price index" in Turkiye. In the study, correlations between Climate change indicators-carbon dioxide emission, temperature, agricultural area series-Food price index, and Economic growth were estimated with the ARDL model. According to the ARDL boundary test results, the "effect of Economic growth on the Food price index" is lower than the "effect of Climate change on the Food price index" in the long run. In the long run, the "effect of changing carbon dioxide amount" on "food prices" is insignificant. "A probable rising temperature and expanding agricultural areas" will raise "food prices." In the short term, "the temperature rising in the past three periods" will cause "current period food prices" to fall, while "the decrease in agricultural areas in the previous period" will cause "food prices to rise." The study observed that "Food prices" have been more affected by "Climate changes."

Keywords

Climate Change Economıc Growth Türkey ARDL Model Food Prices

References

  • Abidoye, B., & Odusola, A. (2015). Climate Change and Economic Growth in Africa: An Econometric Analysis. Journal of African Economies, 24 (2), 277-301.
  • Adams, R., Rosenzweig , C., Pearl , R., Ritchie , J., McCarl , B., Glyer , D., . . . Allen, H. (1990). Global climate change and U.S. Agriculture(345), 219–223.
  • Aggarwa , P., & Sinha , S. (1993). Effect of probable increase in carbon dioxide and temperature on wheat yields in India. Journal of Agricultural Meteorology, 48(5), 811–814. doi:https://doi.org/10.17218/husbed.87012
  • Akalın , M. (2014). İklim Değişikliğinin Tarım Üzerindeki Etkileri: Bu Etkileri Gidermeye Yönelik Uyum ve Azaltım Stratejileri. Hitit Üniversitesi(2), 361-363. doi:https://doi.org/10.17218/husbed.87012
  • Akın, İ. (2021). Su, Toprak ve İklim Değişikliğinin Güvenli Gıdanın Sürdürülebilirliği Üzerine Etkileri ve Bazı Tespitler 1.1. Rahva Teknik ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 13-23.
  • Alexandrov , V., Eıtzınger , J., Cajıc, V., & Oberforster, M. (2002). Potential impact of climate change on selected agricultural crops in north-eastern Austria. Global Change Biology, 8, 372–389. doi:https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1354-1013.2002.00484.x
  • Apata , T. (2010). Effects of Global Climate Change on Nigerian Agriculture: An Empirical Analysis. CBN Journal of Applied Statistics, 2(1), 31-50.
  • Başoğlu , A. (2014). Küresel İklim Değişikliğinin Ekonomik Etkileri. Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi(7), 175-196.
  • Batan , M., & Toprak, Z. (2015). Küresel İklim Değişikliğinin Olumlu Etkileri ve Bu Etkilerin İklim Değişikliğine Uyum Kapsamında Değerlendirilmesi. Dicle Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Dergisi, 6 (2), 93-102.
  • Bayraç , H., & Doğan , E. (2016). Türkiye’de İklim Değişikliğinin Tarım Sektörü Üzerine Etkileri 11(1). Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 11(1), 23- 48.
  • Brown, M. (2014). Food Security, Food Prices And Climate Variability. New York: Routledge.
  • Chattopadhyay, N., & Hulme , M. (1997). Evaporation and potential evapotranspiration in India under conditions of recent and future climate change. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 87, 55-73. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(97)00006-3Get rights and content
  • Chen , C., & Mccarl, B. (2001). An investigation of the relationship between pesticide usage and climate change. Climatic Change, 50, 475–487.
  • Cline , W. (2007). Global warming and agriculture: Impact estimates by country. Washington: Peterson Institute for International Economics.
  • Darwin , R. (1999). The Impact of Global Warming on Agriculture: A Ricardian Analysis. The American Economic Review, 89(4), 1049-1052. https://www.jstor.org/stable/117175 adresinden alındı
  • Darwin , R. (1999). The Impact of Global Warming on Agriculture: A Ricardian Analysis. The American Economic Review, 89(4), 1049-1052.
  • Dell , M., Jones , B., & Olken , B. (2009). Temperature and income: reconciling new cross-sectional and panel estimates. Am Econ Rev(2), 198–204.
  • Dell , M., Jones , B., & Olken , B. (2008). Climate change and economic growth: evidence from the last half century. NBER.
  • Dell, M., Jones , B., & Olken , B. (2012). Temperature Shocks and Economic Growth: Evidence from the Last Half Century. American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, 4(3), 66-95.
  • Durdu , Ö. (2010). Effects of climate change on water resources of the Büyük Menderes river basin, western Turkey. Turk J Agric For, 34, 319–332. doi:10.3906/tar-0909-402 adresinden alındı
  • Dyson , T. (1999). Prospects for feeding the world. British Medical Journal, 319, 988–990.
  • Easterling , W., Crosson , P., Rosen, N., McKenney, M., Katz , L., & Lemon, K. (1993). Agricultural Impacts of and Response to Climate Change in the Missouri-Iowa- Nebraska-Kansas (MINK) Region. Climatic Change, 24(2), 23-61.
  • Eboli , F., Parrado , R., & Roson , R. (2010). Climate-change feedback on economic growth: Explorations with a dynamic general equilibrium model. Environment and Development Economics, 15(5), 515-533.
  • Ellis , R., Summerfield , R., & Edmeades, G. (1992). 1992. Photoperiod, temperature and the interval from sowing to tassel initiation in diverse cultivars of maize. Crop Science(32), 1225-1232.
  • Erdem , E., & Ulucak , R. (2012). Çevre İktisat İlişkisi ve Türkiye’de Çevre Politikalarının Etkinliği. Akademik Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi, 6, 78-98.
  • Elshennawy , A., Robinson , S., & Willenbockel, D. (2016). Climate change and economic growth: An intertemporal general equilibrium analysis for Egypt. Economic Modelling, 52, 681-689. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2015.10.008
  • Fankhauser, S., & Richard , S. (2005). On climate change and economic growth. Resource and Energy Economics, 27, 1-17.
  • Fujihara, Y., Simonovic , S., Topaloğlu, F., Tanaka , K., & Watanabe , T. (2008)). An inverse-modelling approach to assess the impacts of climate change in the Seyhan River basin, Turkey / Une approche de modélisation inverse pour évaluer les impacts du changement climatique dans le bassin versant de la Rivière Seyhan, Turquie. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 53 (6), 1121-1136 . doi:doi:10.1623/hysj.53.6.
  • Ghaffarı, A., Cook , H., & Lee , H. (2002). Climate Change and Winter Wheat Management: A Modeling Scenario for South East England. Climatic Change., 55, 509-533.
  • Gilbert, C. (2010). How to Understand High Food Prices. Journal of Agricultural Economics, 61(2), 398-425. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9552.2010.00248.x
  • Grosh, M., Ninno , C., Tesliuc , E., & Ouerghi, A. (2008). For protection and promotion: The design and implementation of effective safety nets. Washington: World Bank.
  • Hall, A. (2000). Crop Responses to Environment. Washington: CRC Press.
  • Houghton, J., Jenkins , G., & Ephraums , J. (1991). Climate Change: The IPCC Scientific Assessment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Huang, Y., Gao , L., Jin , Z., & Chen , H. (1998). Simulating The Optimal Growing Season of Rice in The Yangtze River Valley and its Adjacent Area, China. Agricultural and Forest Meteorol, 91(3-4), 251-262. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(98)00075-6
  • Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). (2007). Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report.
  • IPCC. (2007). Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report.
  • Jacoby, H., Rabassa, M., & Skoufias, E. (2015). Distributional Implications of Climate Change in Rural India: A General Equilibrium Approach. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 97(4), 1135- 1156. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/ajae/aau084
  • Jayatillek , S., & Cai , Y. (2014). The impact of climate change on food crop productivity, food prices and food security in South Asia. Economic Analysis and Policy, 44(4), 451-465. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2014.09.005
  • Johansen, S. (1991). Estimation and hypothesis testing of cointegration vectors in Gaussian vector autoregressive models. Econometrica(59), 1551-1580. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/2938278
  • Johansen, S., & Juselius , K. (1990). Maximum likelihood estimation and inference on cointegration—with applications to the demand for money. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 52 (2), 169-210.
  • Jones, B., & Olken , B. (2010). Climate shocks and exports. National Bureau of Economic Research.
  • Jones, B., & Olken , B. (2008). Dell, M., Climate change and economic growth: evidence from the last half century. Cambridge: National Bureau of Economic Research.
  • Kadioğlu, m., & Şaylan, L. (2001). Trends of growing degreedays in Turkey. Water, Air & Soil Pollution, 126(1), 83-96. doi:10.1023/A:1005299619084 adresinden alındı
  • Kaiser, H., Riha , S., Wilks , D., Rossiter , D., & Sampath, R. (1993). A farm-level analysis of economic and agronomic impacts of gradual warming. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 75(2), 387-398. doi:DOI:10.2307/1242923
  • Kane, S., Reilly , J., & obey , J. (1992). An empirical study of the economic effects of climate change on world agriculture. Climatic Change, 2(1), 17-35.
  • Khalid , A., Faisal, M., & Rukh, G. (2016). Impact of Climate Changes on Economic and Agricultural Value Added Share in GDP. Asian Management Research Journal, 1(1), 35-48.
  • Kılıç , R., & Akalın, G. (2016). Türkiye’de Çevre ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişki: ARDL Sınır Testi Yaklaşımı. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 16(2), 49-60. doi:https://doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.389162
  • Komuscu , A., Erkan , A., & Oz, S. (1998). Komuscu, A. U. L. I. U., Erkan, A., & Oz, S. Possible impacts of climate change on soil moisture availability in the southeast Anatolia Development Project Region (GAP): an analysis from an agricultural drought perspective. Climatic Change, 40(3), 519-545. doi:doi:10.1023/A:1005349408201
  • Krıstensen, K., Schelde, K., & Olesen, J. E. (2011). Winter wheat yield response to climate variability in Denmark. Journal of Agricultural Science, 149, 33–47.
  • Kulakoğlu , Ö. (2020). Türkiye’de Tarımda Kendine Yeterlilik ve Gıda Güvencesi. Tekirdağ: Namık Kemal Üniversites Sosyal Bilimler Entitüsü.
  • Kumar , K., Kavi , S., & Parikh , J. (1998). Climate change impacts on Indian agriculture: the Ricardian approach. Washington: World Bank.
  • Kumar , A., & Sharma , P. (2013). Impact of climate variation on agricultural productivity and food security in rural India. Kiel: Institute for the World Economy.
  • Kalbarczyk, R., Kalbarczyk , E., Ziemia'nska , M., & Raszka , B. (2018). Assessment of Air Thermal Conditions in the Lowland Part of South-Western Poland for Agriculture Development Purposes. Atmosphere(9), 2-17. doi:DOI:10.3390/atmos9060215
  • Lal , M., Singh , K., Rathor , L., Srinivasan , G., & Saseendran , S. (1996). Vulnerability of rice and wheat yields in northwest India to future changes in climate. New Delhi: Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology.
  • Lanzafame, M. (2014). Temperature, rainfall and economic growth in Africa. Empir Econ(46), 1–18. doi:DOI 10.1007/s00181-012-0664-3
  • Mahato , A. (2014). Change and its Impact on Agriculture. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 4(4), 1-6.
  • Masud , M., Rahman , S., Al-Amin , A., & Kari, Q. (2012). Impact of Climate Change: An Empirical Investigation of Malaysian Rice Production. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 19(4), 431-444. doi:DOI 10.1007/s11027-012-9441-z
  • McCallum, B. (1982). Are Bond—Financed Deficıis Inflationary? A Rıcardıan Analysis. Massachusetts: NEBER.
  • Mcmicmael , A., & Githeko , A. (2001). Human Health. J. Ed: McCarthy , O. Canziani , N. Leary , & D. Dokken içinde, Climate Change 2001; Impact, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II. (s. 451-486). Cambridge University Press.
  • Meadows , D., Randers , J., & Meadows, D. (2005). Lımıts to Growth The 30-Year Update. London: Printed and bound in the UK by Bath Press.
  • Mendelsohn, R., Dınar , A., & Sanghı, A. (2001). The effect of development on the climate sensitivity of agriculture. Environment and Development Economics, 6(1), 85-101.
  • Milliner , A., & Dietz , S. (2011). Adaptation to climate change and economic growth in developing countries . Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy.
  • Morıson , J., & Lawlor, D. (1999). Interactions between increasing CO2 concentration and temperature on plant growth. Plant, Cell and Environment, 22, 659– 682.
  • Meadows, D., Meadows, D., & Behrens, W. (1990). Ekonomik Büyümenin Sınırları. İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Yayınları.
  • Mendelsohn , R., Gonzalez , A., & Chrısten, P. (2010). A Ricardian analysis of Mexican farms. Environment and Development Economics, 15(2), 153-171. https://www.jstor.org/stable/44379007 adresinden alındı
  • NBER. (2013). Impact of Climate Change on Agricultural Growth in Nepal”, NEBR Working Paper No. 15, https://www.nrb.org.np/ecorev/pdffiles/nrbwp201315.pdf (04.08.2018).
  • Nordhaus, W. (2006). After Kyoto: Alternative Mechanisms to Control Global Warming. The American Economic Review, 96(2), 31-34. doi:10.1257/000282806777211964
  • NRB. (2013). Impact of Climate Change on Agricultural Growth in Nepal”, NRB Working Paper No. 15, https://www.nrb.org.np/ecorev/pdffiles/nrbwp201315.pdf (04.08.2018).
  • Olesen , J., & Bindi, M. (2002). Consequences of climate change for European agricultural productivity, land use and policy Jørgen. European Journal of Agronomy(16), 239–262. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228853689 2-12 adresinden alındı
  • Olesen, J., Trnka , M., Kersebaum, K., , Skjelvag , A., Seguın , B., . . . Mıcale , F. (2011). Impacts and adaptation of European crop production systems to climate change. European Journal of Agronomy, 34(2), 96-1. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2010.11.003Get rights and content
  • Öztürk, K. (2002). Küresel İklim Değişikliği ve Türkiye’ye Olası Etkileri. G.Ü. Gazi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 22(1), 47-65.
  • Parıkh, J., Babu , P., & Kumar, K. (1997). Climate Change, North-South Co-Operation and Collective Decısıon-Makıng Post-Rıo. Journal of International Development, 9(3), 403-413. doi:DOİ:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1328(199705)9:3<403::AID-JID448>3.0.CO;2-6
  • Patıl , R., Laegdsmand , M., Olesen , J., & Porter, J. (2010). Growth and yield response of winter wheat to soil warming and rainfall patterns. Journal of Agricultural Science, 148, 553-566. doi:doi:10.1017/S0021859610000419
  • Passel , S., Massetti , E., & Mendelsohn , R. (2016). A Ricardian Analysis of the Impact of Climate Change on European Agriculture. Environ Resource Econ(67), 725–760. doi:DOI 10.1007/s10640-016-0001-y
  • Pesaran , M., Shin , Y., & Smith , R. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289-326. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.616
  • Pesaran, H., & Shin , Y. (1997). An Autoregessive Distributed Lag Modeling Approach to co-integration Analysis. University of Cambridge Journal,, 107(440), 178-191. doi:DOİ:10.1111/1468-0297.00151
  • Pesaran, M., & Shin, Y. (1999). Econometrics and Economic Theory in the 20th Century: The Ragnar Frisch Centennial Symposium. An Autoregressive Distributed-Lag Modelling Approach to Cointegration Analysis. (s. 371-413). içinde Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:doi:10.1017/S0021859610000419
  • Pindyck , R. (2007). Uncertainty in environmental economics. Review of environmental economics and policy, 1(1), 45-65.
  • Reilly , J., Hohmann , N., & Kane , S. (1994). Climate change and agricultural trade: Who benefits, who loses? Global Environmental Change, 4(1), 24–36. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0959-3780(94)90019-1
  • Rosenzweig , C., & Parry, M. (1994). Potential impact of climate change on world food supply. Nature(367), 133–138.
  • Sangh , A., & Mendelsohn, R. (2008). The impacts of global warming on farmers in Brazil and India. Global Environmental Change, 18, 655-665. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2008.06.008
  • Saylan , L., & Bernhofer , C. (1993). Penman-Monteith Approach to Extrapolate Soybean Evapotranspiration. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 46, 241-246.
  • Selek , B., & Tuncok , I. (2014). Effects of climate change on surface water management of Seyhan basin, Turkey. Environmental and Ecological Statistics,, 21, 391-409. doi: doi:10.1007/s10651-013-0260-5
  • Shahabfar , A., & Eıtzınger , J. (2011). Agricultural drought monitoring in semi-arid and arid areas using MODIS data ,. Journal of Agricultural Science, 149(4), 403-414. doi:DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859610001309
  • Skoufias, E., Nssah , E., Katayama , R., Olivieri , S., Rabassa, M., & Vinha, K. (2012). The Poverty and Welfare Impacts of Climate Change: Quantifying the Effects, Identifying the Adaptation Strategies. The World Bank. http://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/abs/10.1596/978-0-8213-9611-7 adresinden alındı
  • Solomon , S., Qın , D., Mannıng , M., Chen, Z., Marquıs , M., Averyt , K., . . . Mıller , H. (2007). Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Stewart, D., Dwyer , L., & Carrigan , L. (1998). 90. Phenological Temperature Response of Maize. Agronomy Journal, 90, 73-79. doi:https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1998.00021962009000010014x
  • Sykes , M., & Prentice , I. (1995). Boreal Forest Futures: Modelling The Controls on Tree Species Range Limits And Transient Responses To Climate Change. Water, Air, and Soil Pollut(82), 415-428.
  • Tol , R. (2013). The economic impact of climate change in the 20th and 21st centuries. Climatic change, 117(4), 795-808. doi:DOI 10.1007/s10584-012-0613-3
  • Tollenaar, M., Daynard, T., & Hunter, R. (1979). Effect of temperature on rate of leaf appearance and flowering date in maize. Crop Science, 19, 363-366. doi:https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1979.0011183X001900030022x
  • Thaler , S., Eitzinger, J., Trnka , M., & Dubrovsk, M. (2012). Impacts of climate change and alternative adaptation options on winter wheat yield and water productivity in a dry climate in Central Europe. Journal of Agricultural Science, 1-18. doi: doi:10.1017/S00218
  • Trnka , M., Dubrovsky, M., Semerádová , D., & Zalud, Z. (2004). Projections of uncertainties in climate change scenarios into expected winter wheat yields. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 77, 229–249. doi:DOI 10.1007/s00704-004-0035-x
  • Tubıello , F., Donatellı , M., Rosenzweıg , C., & Stockle , C. (2000). Effects of climate change and elevated CO2 on cropping systems: model predictions at two Italian locations. European Journal of Agronomy, 13(2–3), 179-189. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S1161-0301(00)00073-3
  • Türkeş , M. (2008). Küresel iklim değişikliği nedir? Temel kavramlar, nedenleri, gözlenen ve öngörülen değişiklikler. İklim Değişikliği ve Çevre, 1(1), 26-37.
  • Türkeş, M., Sümer, U., & Kiliç, G. (1995). Variations and trends in annual mean air temperatures in Turkey with respect to climatic variability. International of Journal Climatology, 15(5), 557-569. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3370150507
  • UNEP. (1992). Birleşmiş Milletler İklim Değişkliği Çevre Sözleşmesi. https://webdosya.csb.gov.tr/db/iklim/webmenu/webmenu12421_1.pdf adresinden alındı
  • Uzair , A., Wang, J., Jialin, J., Zhibek , Z., Shah, O., Zhanar , F., . . . Khan, A. (2021). Climate change impacts on agriculture sector: A case study of Pakistan. Ciência Rural, 51(8), 2-12.
  • Uzair , A., Wang, J., Jialin, J., Zhibek , Z., Shah, O., Zhanar , F., . . . Khan, A. (2021). Climate change impacts on agriculture sector: A case study of Pakistan . Ciência Rural, 51(8), 2-12. http://doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20200110 adresinden alındı
  • Yu , W., Alam, M., Hassan, A., Khan, A., Ruane, A., Rosenzweig, C., . . . Thurlow, J. (2010). Climate Change Risks and Food Security in Bangladesh (1st Edition b.). London: Routledge.
  • Waterlow , J., Armstrong, D., Fowden , L., & Riley , R. (1998). Feeding a World Population of More than Eight Billion People. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • White, L. (1979). Relationship between meteorological measurements and flowering of index species to flowering of 53 plant species. Agricultural Meteorology, 20(3), 189-204. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-1571(79)90020-7
  • WH , Y., Alam , M., Hassan , A., Khan , A., Ruane, A., Rosenzweig, C., . . . Thurlow, J. (2010). Climate Change Risks and Food Security in Bangladesh. London: Routledge.
  • Xie , H., Wang , P., & Yao , G. (2014). Exploring the Dynamic Mechanisms of Farmland Abandonment Based on a Spatially Explicit Economic Model for Environmental Sustainability: A Case Study in Jiangxi Province, China. Sustainability,, 6(3), 1260-1282. doi:doi:10.3390/su6031260
  • Xie, H., & Wang , B. (2017). An Empirical Analysis of the Impact of Agricultural Product Price Fluctuations on China’s Grain Yield. Sustainability, 9(906), 2-14. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2015.10.008
  • Quiggin, J. (2007). Drought, Climate Change and Food Prices in Australia. School of Economics and School of Political Science, 1-11.
  • https://databank.worldbank.org/reports.aspx?source=2&series=DT.DOD.DECT.CD&country
  • https://evds2.tcmb.gov.tr/
  • https://febpwt.webhosting.rug.nl/Dmn/AggregateXs/VariableCodeSelect
There are 108 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Environmental Economy
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Melahat Batu Ağırkaya 0000-0002-8703-5622

Publication Date December 31, 2023
Submission Date September 23, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 13 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Batu Ağırkaya, M. (2023). İklim Değişikliği Ekonomik Büyüme ve Gıda Fiyatları Döngüsü: Türkiye Örneği. Adam Academy Journal of Social Sciences, 13(2), 301-330. https://doi.org/10.31679/adamakademi.1179375
 Download Cover Image

images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTN-vWKCuoNo-WpljX6S59qN7Q5NGFxOd_U8Y5MPhMyM_LaIhk-tg

All articles published on ADAM ACADEMY are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. This license grants you the right to reproduce, share and disseminate data mining applications, search engines, websites, blogs and all other platforms, provided that all published articles, data sets, graphics and attachments are cited. Open access is an approach that facilitates interdisciplinary communication and encourages different disciplines to work with each other.

ADAM ACADEMY provides added value to its field by offering more access and more transparent evaluation process to its articles in this direction.