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Effects of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress on Disaster Preparedness: Evidence from the February 6 Türkiye Earthquakes

Year 2023, Volume: 6 Issue: 4, 1332 - 1347, 31.12.2023

Gülçin Güler Öztekin Hülya Örki

https://doi.org/10.35341/afet.1326948

Abstract

Özet
Natural disasters such as earthquakes, floods, tsunamis, hurricanes, and tornadoes pose a risk to the psychological well-being of individuals. Disaster preparedness is a crucial factor that plays a fundamental role in reducing loss and destruction in any disaster situation. It is of great importance to be prepared for these natural events that have the potential to harm mental health. The aims of the current study are to reveal whether the depression symptom, anxiety symptom, stress, and disaster preparedness levels of individuals differ according to demographic characteristics, to clarify the current status of depression symptom, anxiety symptom, stress and disaster preparedness levels in adults who have been directly or indirectly exposed to the last dual earthquake in Türkiye, and to identify that whether depression symptom, anxiety symptom and stress predict disaster preparedness. Data were collected from 418 individuals. The findings revealed that the socio-demographic characteristics of the participants showed significant differences in the depression symptom, anxiety symptom, and stress levels of the individuals. The main factors affecting disaster preparedness were gender, age, education level, marital status, and experiencing the February 6 earthquakes. Individuals directly exposed to dual earthquakes reported higher depression symptom, anxiety symptom and stress levels and lower disaster preparedness levels than indirectly exposed individuals. Post-earthquake depression symptoms and stress predicted individuals' ongoing disaster preparedness. In the light of these results, mental health professionals, psychologists, psychological counselors, sociologists, and authorities should focus on this vulnerable population and implement practices that improve mental health and increase preparedness for disasters.

Keywords

Anxiety Depression Disaster Preparedness Earthquake Stress

References

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  • Alim, S., Kawabata, M., & Nakazawa, M. (2015). Evaluation of disaster preparedness training and disaster drill for nursing students. Nurse education today, 35(1), 25-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2014.04.016
  • Başoǧlu, M., Kiliç, C., Şalcioǧlu, E., & Livanou, M. (2004). Prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder and comorbid depression in earthquake survivors in Turkey: an epidemiological study. Journal of Traumatic Stress: Official Publication of The International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, 17(2), 133-141. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOTS.0000022619.31615.e8
  • Becker, J. S., Paton, D., Johnston, D. M., Ronan, K. R., & McClure, J. (2017). The role of prior experience in informing and motivating earthquake preparedness. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 22, 179-193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2017.03.006
  • Bilgel, N. G., & Bayram, N. (2010). Turkish version of the depression anxiety stress scale (DASS-42): Psychometric properties. https://doi.org/10.4274/npa.5344
  • Bodas, M., Siman-Tov, M., Kreitler, S., & Peleg, K. (2017). Psychological correlates of civilian preparedness for conflicts. Disaster medicine and public health preparedness, 11(4), 451-459. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2016.163
  • Bromet, E. J., Atwoli, L., Kawakami, N., Navarro-Mateu, F., Piotrowski, P., King, A., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Alonso, J., Bunting, B., & Demyttenaere, K. (2017). Post-traumatic stress disorder associated with natural and human-made disasters in the World Mental Health Surveys. Psychological medicine, 47(2), 227-241. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291716002026
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  • Cénat, J. M., McIntee, S.-E., & Blais-Rochette, C. (2020). Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety and other mental health problems following the 2010 earthquake in Haiti: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of affective disorders, 273, 55-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.04.046
  • Clay, L. A., Goetschius, J. B., Papas, M. A., & Kendra, J. (2014). Influence of mental health on disaster preparedness: Findings from the behavioral risk factor surveillance system, 2007–2009. Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management, 11(3), 375-392. https://doi.org/10.1515/jhsem-2014-0013
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  • Diaz, C. A., Quintana, G. R., & Vogel, E. H. (2012). Depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in adolescents seven months after the february 27 2010 earthquake in Chile. Terapia psicológica, 30(1), 37-43.
  • Ekşi, A., Braun, K. L., Ertem-Vehid, H., Peykerli, G., Saydam, R., Toparlak, D., & Alyanak, B. (2007). Risk factors for the development of PTSD and depression among child and adolescent victims following a 7.4 magnitude earthquake. International journal of psychiatry in clinical practice, 11(3), 190-199. https://doi.org/10.1080/13651500601017548
  • Eysenck, M., Payne, S., & Santos, R. (2006). Anxiety and depression: Past, present, and future events. Cognition & Emotion, 20(2), 274-294. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930500220066
  • Foa, E. B., Franklin, M., McLean, C., McNally, R. J., & Pine, D. (2017). Defining anxiety disorders. 189–211. https://doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780199928163.003.0009
  • Fung, H. W., Liu, C., Yuan, G. F., Liu, J., Zhao, J., Chien, W. T., Lee, V. W. P., Shi, W., & Lam, S. K. K. (2023). Association Among Negative Life Events, Sense of Security, and Depressive Symptoms in Chinese Adolescents After the 2013 Ya’an Earthquake. Disaster medicine and public health preparedness, 17, e352. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2022.300
  • Gerstner, R. M., Lara-Lara, F., Vasconez, E., Viscor, G., Jarrin, J. D., & Ortiz-Prado, E. (2020). Earthquake-related stressors associated with suicidality, depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress in adolescents from Muisne after the earthquake 2016 in Ecuador. BMC psychiatry, 20(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-02759-x
  • Gün Çınğı, T., & Yazgan, Ç. Ü. (2022). Examination of Risk Perception, Fear and Preparedness of Individuals Experiencing Earthquakes. Afet ve Risk Dergisi, 5(2), 656-668. https://doi.org/10.35341/afet.1138901
  • Heir, T., Piatigorsky, A., & Weisæth, L. (2009). Longitudinal changes in recalled perceived life threat after a natural disaster. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 194(6), 510-514. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.108.056580
  • Ishiguro, A., Inoue, M., Fisher, J., Inoue, M., Matsumoto, S., & Yamaoka, K. (2019). Gender-based risk and protective factors for psychological distress in the midterm recovery period following the great East Japan earthquake. Disaster medicine and public health preparedness, 13(3), 487-496. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2018.80
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  • Karaarslan, İ., Yavuz, B., Özdemir, S., Çakar, S., & Tatlı, M. (2023). 6 Şubat Kahramanmaraş Depremleri Sonrası İlkokul Öğretmenlerinin Durumluk Kaygı Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi. International JOURNAL OF SOCIAL HUMANITIES SCIENCES RESEARCH, 10(97), 1560-1564. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8200759
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Effects of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress on Disaster Preparedness: Evidence from the February 6 Türkiye Earthquakes

Year 2023, Volume: 6 Issue: 4, 1332 - 1347, 31.12.2023

Gülçin Güler Öztekin Hülya Örki

https://doi.org/10.35341/afet.1326948

Abstract

Natural disasters such as earthquakes, floods, tsunamis, hurricanes, and tornadoes pose a risk to the psychological well-being of individuals. Disaster preparedness is a crucial factor that plays a fundamental role in reducing loss and destruction in any disaster situation. It is of great importance to be prepared for these natural events that have the potential to harm mental health. The aims of the current study are to reveal whether the depression symptom, anxiety symptom, stress, and disaster preparedness levels of individuals differ according to demographic characteristics, to clarify the current status of depression symptom, anxiety symptom, stress and disaster preparedness levels in adults who have been directly or indirectly exposed to the last dual earthquake in Türkiye, and to identify that whether depression symptom, anxiety symptom and stress predict disaster preparedness. Data were collected from 418 individuals. The findings revealed that the socio-demographic characteristics of the participants showed significant differences in the depression symptom, anxiety symptom, and stress levels of the individuals. The main factors affecting disaster preparedness were gender, age, education level, marital status, and experiencing the February 6 earthquakes. Individuals directly exposed to dual earthquakes reported higher depression symptom, anxiety symptom and stress levels and lower disaster preparedness levels than indirectly exposed individuals. Post-earthquake depression symptoms and stress predicted individuals' ongoing disaster preparedness. In the light of these results, mental health professionals, psychologists, psychological counselors, sociologists, and authorities should focus on this vulnerable population and implement practices that improve mental health and increase preparedness for disasters.

Keywords

Anxiety Depression Disaster Preparedness Earthquake Stress

References

  • AFAD, A. v. A. D. Y. B. (2023). 06 Şubat 2023 Pazarcık-Elbistan (Kahramanmaraş) Mw: 7.7 – Mw: 7.6 Depremleri Raporu. https://deprem.afad.gov.tr/earthquake-reports
  • Alim, S., Kawabata, M., & Nakazawa, M. (2015). Evaluation of disaster preparedness training and disaster drill for nursing students. Nurse education today, 35(1), 25-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2014.04.016
  • Başoǧlu, M., Kiliç, C., Şalcioǧlu, E., & Livanou, M. (2004). Prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder and comorbid depression in earthquake survivors in Turkey: an epidemiological study. Journal of Traumatic Stress: Official Publication of The International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, 17(2), 133-141. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOTS.0000022619.31615.e8
  • Becker, J. S., Paton, D., Johnston, D. M., Ronan, K. R., & McClure, J. (2017). The role of prior experience in informing and motivating earthquake preparedness. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 22, 179-193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2017.03.006
  • Bilgel, N. G., & Bayram, N. (2010). Turkish version of the depression anxiety stress scale (DASS-42): Psychometric properties. https://doi.org/10.4274/npa.5344
  • Bodas, M., Siman-Tov, M., Kreitler, S., & Peleg, K. (2017). Psychological correlates of civilian preparedness for conflicts. Disaster medicine and public health preparedness, 11(4), 451-459. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2016.163
  • Bromet, E. J., Atwoli, L., Kawakami, N., Navarro-Mateu, F., Piotrowski, P., King, A., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Alonso, J., Bunting, B., & Demyttenaere, K. (2017). Post-traumatic stress disorder associated with natural and human-made disasters in the World Mental Health Surveys. Psychological medicine, 47(2), 227-241. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291716002026
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş., KılıçÇakmak, E., ErkanAkgün, Ö., Karadeniz, Ş., & Demirel, F. (2012). BilimselAraştırmaYöntemleri, Ankara: Pegem.
  • Cénat, J. M., McIntee, S.-E., & Blais-Rochette, C. (2020). Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety and other mental health problems following the 2010 earthquake in Haiti: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of affective disorders, 273, 55-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.04.046
  • Clay, L. A., Goetschius, J. B., Papas, M. A., & Kendra, J. (2014). Influence of mental health on disaster preparedness: Findings from the behavioral risk factor surveillance system, 2007–2009. Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management, 11(3), 375-392. https://doi.org/10.1515/jhsem-2014-0013
  • Dal Zilio, L., & Ampuero, J.-P. (2023). Earthquake doublet in Turkey and Syria. Communications Earth & Environment, 4(1), 71. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-023-00747-z Dell'Osso, L., Carmassi, C., Massimetti, G., Stratta, P., Riccardi, I., Capanna, C., Akiskal, K. K., Akiskal, H. S., & Rossi, A. (2013). Age, gender and epicenter proximity effects on post-traumatic stress symptoms in L'Aquila 2009 earthquake survivors. Journal of affective disorders, 146(2), 174-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2012.08.048
  • Diaz, C. A., Quintana, G. R., & Vogel, E. H. (2012). Depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in adolescents seven months after the february 27 2010 earthquake in Chile. Terapia psicológica, 30(1), 37-43.
  • Ekşi, A., Braun, K. L., Ertem-Vehid, H., Peykerli, G., Saydam, R., Toparlak, D., & Alyanak, B. (2007). Risk factors for the development of PTSD and depression among child and adolescent victims following a 7.4 magnitude earthquake. International journal of psychiatry in clinical practice, 11(3), 190-199. https://doi.org/10.1080/13651500601017548
  • Eysenck, M., Payne, S., & Santos, R. (2006). Anxiety and depression: Past, present, and future events. Cognition & Emotion, 20(2), 274-294. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930500220066
  • Foa, E. B., Franklin, M., McLean, C., McNally, R. J., & Pine, D. (2017). Defining anxiety disorders. 189–211. https://doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780199928163.003.0009
  • Fung, H. W., Liu, C., Yuan, G. F., Liu, J., Zhao, J., Chien, W. T., Lee, V. W. P., Shi, W., & Lam, S. K. K. (2023). Association Among Negative Life Events, Sense of Security, and Depressive Symptoms in Chinese Adolescents After the 2013 Ya’an Earthquake. Disaster medicine and public health preparedness, 17, e352. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2022.300
  • Gerstner, R. M., Lara-Lara, F., Vasconez, E., Viscor, G., Jarrin, J. D., & Ortiz-Prado, E. (2020). Earthquake-related stressors associated with suicidality, depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress in adolescents from Muisne after the earthquake 2016 in Ecuador. BMC psychiatry, 20(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-02759-x
  • Gün Çınğı, T., & Yazgan, Ç. Ü. (2022). Examination of Risk Perception, Fear and Preparedness of Individuals Experiencing Earthquakes. Afet ve Risk Dergisi, 5(2), 656-668. https://doi.org/10.35341/afet.1138901
  • Heir, T., Piatigorsky, A., & Weisæth, L. (2009). Longitudinal changes in recalled perceived life threat after a natural disaster. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 194(6), 510-514. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.108.056580
  • Ishiguro, A., Inoue, M., Fisher, J., Inoue, M., Matsumoto, S., & Yamaoka, K. (2019). Gender-based risk and protective factors for psychological distress in the midterm recovery period following the great East Japan earthquake. Disaster medicine and public health preparedness, 13(3), 487-496. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2018.80
  • Jupp, V. (2006). The Sage dictionary of social research methods. sage.
  • Kar, N., & Bastia, B. K. (2006). Post-traumatic stress disorder, depression and generalised anxiety disorder in adolescents after a natural disaster: a study of comorbidity. Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health, 2(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/1745-0179-2-17
  • Karaarslan, İ., Yavuz, B., Özdemir, S., Çakar, S., & Tatlı, M. (2023). 6 Şubat Kahramanmaraş Depremleri Sonrası İlkokul Öğretmenlerinin Durumluk Kaygı Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi. International JOURNAL OF SOCIAL HUMANITIES SCIENCES RESEARCH, 10(97), 1560-1564. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8200759
  • Karancı, N., & İkizer, G. (2017). Afet Psikolojisi: Tarihçe, Temel İlkeler ve Uygulamalar. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Psychology-Special Topics, 2(3), 163-171.
  • Kırman, F. (2023). Deprem Sonrası Travmatik Stres Tepkileri ve Sosyal Medyada Yansımaları. Antakiyat, 6(1), 15-30.
  • Kirschenbaum, A. A., Rapaport, C., & Canetti, D. (2017). The impact of information sources on earthquake preparedness. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 21, 99-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2016.10.018
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There are 54 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Sociology (Other)
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Gülçin Güler Öztekin 0000-0001-6205-642X

Hülya Örki 0000-0001-8424-7112

Publication Date December 31, 2023
Acceptance Date December 22, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 6 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Öztekin, G. G., & Örki, H. (2023). Effects of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress on Disaster Preparedness: Evidence from the February 6 Türkiye Earthquakes. Afet Ve Risk Dergisi, 6(4), 1332-1347. https://doi.org/10.35341/afet.1326948
AMA Öztekin GG, Örki H. Effects of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress on Disaster Preparedness: Evidence from the February 6 Türkiye Earthquakes. Afet ve Risk Dergisi. December 2023;6(4):1332-1347. doi:10.35341/afet.1326948
Chicago Öztekin, Gülçin Güler, and Hülya Örki. “Effects of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress on Disaster Preparedness: Evidence from the February 6 Türkiye Earthquakes”. Afet Ve Risk Dergisi 6, no. 4 (December 2023): 1332-47. https://doi.org/10.35341/afet.1326948.
EndNote Öztekin GG, Örki H (December 1, 2023) Effects of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress on Disaster Preparedness: Evidence from the February 6 Türkiye Earthquakes. Afet ve Risk Dergisi 6 4 1332–1347.
IEEE G. G. Öztekin and H. Örki, “Effects of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress on Disaster Preparedness: Evidence from the February 6 Türkiye Earthquakes”, Afet ve Risk Dergisi, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 1332–1347, 2023, doi: 10.35341/afet.1326948.
ISNAD Öztekin, Gülçin Güler - Örki, Hülya. “Effects of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress on Disaster Preparedness: Evidence from the February 6 Türkiye Earthquakes”. Afet ve Risk Dergisi 6/4 (December 2023), 1332-1347. https://doi.org/10.35341/afet.1326948.
JAMA Öztekin GG, Örki H. Effects of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress on Disaster Preparedness: Evidence from the February 6 Türkiye Earthquakes. Afet ve Risk Dergisi. 2023;6:1332–1347.
MLA Öztekin, Gülçin Güler and Hülya Örki. “Effects of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress on Disaster Preparedness: Evidence from the February 6 Türkiye Earthquakes”. Afet Ve Risk Dergisi, vol. 6, no. 4, 2023, pp. 1332-47, doi:10.35341/afet.1326948.
Vancouver Öztekin GG, Örki H. Effects of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress on Disaster Preparedness: Evidence from the February 6 Türkiye Earthquakes. Afet ve Risk Dergisi. 2023;6(4):1332-47.
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