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Geomorphologic Evolution and Morphometric Analysis of the Upper Basin (Güzelsu) of the Engil River (Van)

Year 2022, Volume: 10 Issue: 1, 249 - 271, 30.04.2022
https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.889775

Abstract

The study area is located in the Eastern Anatolian Plateau found in the Alpine-Himalayan fold mountain belt. The Engil River Upper Basin (Güzelsu) is within the Lake Van Closed Basin, the largest soda lake in this belt in terms of volume and area. This study aims to investigate the geomorphologic evolution of the Güzelsu Basin and support this development with morphometric analysis. With this aim, a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) was created with the aim of quantifying and evaluating field observations and findings, 22 subdrainage areas located in the basin was determined by the DEM. The indices of Hypsometric integral, Hypsometric curve, Basin shape, Elongation ratio, Drainage basin asymmetry, Mountain front sinuosity ratio, Valley width-height ratio were applied to these drainage areas which were formed depending on internal and external processes. When the geomorphological and sedimentological findings in the field studies were evaluated with the applied index results, it was revealed that the basin geomorphology was formed under the influence of tectonism, climate and fluvial processes.

References

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  • Acarlar, M., Bilgin, A.Z., Erkal, T., Güner, E., Şen, A.Ş., Elibol, E., Gedik, İ., Hakyemez, Y., & Uğuz, M.F. (1991). Van Gölü doğu ve kuzeyinin jeolojisi, MTA Reports, No: 9469 (unpressed), Ankara.
  • Adams, E.W., Wolfgang, S., & Anselmetti, F.S. (2001) Morphology and curvature of delta slopes in Swiss lakes: lessons for the interpretation of clinoforms in seismic data. Sedimentology, 48, 661–679.
  • Akyüz, H. S., Sançar, T., & Zabcı, C. (2010). Karlıova üçlü eklemi civarında Göynük fayı (Bingöl) ve Varto fayının (Muş) morfotektoniği, fay geometrisi ve kayma hızı, TÜBİTAK Project No: 109Y160, İstanbul.
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  • Blumenthal, M.M., Kaaden, Van der., & Vlodavctz, V.I. (1964). Catalogue of active volcanoes of the world including sofatara fields of Turkey and of the Caucasus. International Association Volcanology. 23p.
  • Bull, W.B., & McFadden, L.D. (1977). Tectonic geomorphology north and south of the Garlock fault, California, Proceedings of the 8th Annual Geomorphology Symposium, D.O. Doehring, (Ed.), State University of New York, Binghamton, 115–138.
  • Bull, B.W. (1977). Tectonic geomorphology of the Mojave Desert, U.S. Geological Survey Contact Report 14-08-001-G-394.
  • Cannon, P.J. (1976). Generation of explicit parameters for a quantitative geomorphic study of the Mill Creek drainage basin: Oklahoma Geology Notes, 36, 3–16.
  • Cox, R.T. (1994). Analysis of drainage-basin symmetry as a rapid technique to identify areas of possible quaternary tilt-block tectonics an example from the Mississippi embayment. Geological Society American Bulletin, 106, 571-581.
  • Cürebal, İ., & Erginal, A.E. (2007). Mıhlı Çayı Havzası’nın jeomorfolojik özelliklerinin jeomorfik indislerle analizi, Journal of Electronic Social Science, 6(19), 126-135.
  • Çukur, D., Krastel, S., Demirel-Schülter, F., Demirbağ, E., İmren, C., Niessen, F., Toker, M., & PaleoVan-Working Group, (2013). Sedimentary evolution of Lake Van (Eastern Turkey) reconstructed from high-resolution seismic investigations. International Journal of Earth Sciences (Geol.Rundsch.), 102 (2), 571-585.
  • Çukur, D., Krastel, S., Schmincke, U.H., Sumita, M., Tomonaga, Y., & Çağatay, M.N. (2014). Water level changes in Lake Van, Turkey, during the past ca. 600 ka: climatic, volcanic and tectonic controls. Journal of Paleolimnology, 52, 201–214.
  • Degens, E.T., & Kurtman, F. (1978). The Geology of Lake Van. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü, 158p.
  • Denny, C.S. (1965). Alluvial fans in the death valley region, California and Nevada. United States Geological Survey, Professional Paper, 466, 1-62.
  • El Hamdouni, R., Irigaray, C., Fernández, T., Chacón, J. & Keller, E.A. (2008). Assessment of relatiand actiand tectonics, southwest border of the Sierra Nevada (southern Spain). Geomorphology, 96(1), 150-173.
  • Elbaşı, E., & Özdemir, H. (2018). Marmara Denizi akarsu havzalarının morfometrik analizi. Journal of Geography, 36, 63-84.
  • Erginal, A.E., & Cürebal, İ. (2007). Soldere Havzası’nın jeomorfolojik özelliklerine morfometrik yaklaşım: Jeomorfik indisler ile bir uygulama. Journal of Selçuk University Social Science Institute, 17, 203-210.
  • Erinç, S. (1953). Doğu Anadolu Coğrafyası. Publications of Istanbul University, İstanbul.
  • Erol, O. (1993). Türkiye'nin doğal çevre ve yöreleri (Natural Regions and Environs of Turkey). Journal of Ege Geography, 7, 13-41.
  • Güner, Y. (1984). Nemrut yanardağının jeolojisi, jeomorfolojisi ve volkanizmasının evrimi, Journal of Geomorphology, 12, 23-65.
  • Hare, P.W., & Gardner, T.W. (1985). Geomorphic indicators of vertical neotectonism along converging plate margins, Nicoya Peninsula, Costa Rica, Proceedings of the 15th Annual Binghamton Geomorphology Symposium, in: Tectonic Geomorphology, M. Morisawa and J.T. Hack (Eds.), Allen and Unwin, Boston, 123–134.
  • Harita Genel Müdürlüğü (HGM), (2004). 1/25.000 Ölçekli Topoğrafya Haritaları, Ankara.
  • Harvey, A.M. (1984). Aggradation and dissection sequences on Spanish alluvial fans: influence on morphological development. Catena, 11, 289-304.
  • Harvey, A.M. (1996). The role of alluvial fans in the mountain fluvial systems of southeast Spain: implications of climatic change. Earth SurfaceProcesses and Landforms, 21,543-553.
  • Harvey, A.M. (1997). The role of alluvial fans in arid-zone fluvial systems. D.S.G. Thomas, (Ed.), Arid Zone Geomorphology; Process, Form and Change in Drylands, 2nd edn. Wiley, Chichester, 231-259.
  • Harvey, A.M. (2002) Effective timescales of coupling in fluvial systems. Geomorphology, 44, 175-201.
  • Hooke, R.L. (1967). Processes on arid region alluvial fans. Journal of Geology, 75, 438-460.
  • Horton, R.E. (1945). Erosional development of streams and their drainage basins: hydrophysical approach to quantitative morphology, Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 56, 275–370.
  • Jolivet, L., & Faccenna, C. (2000). Mediterranean extension and the Africa– Eurasia collision. Tectonics, 19, 1095–1106.
  • Keller, E.A., & Pinter, N. (1996). Active Tectonics: Earthquakes, Uplift, and Landscape, Second Ed. Prentice-Hall, New Jersey.
  • Keller, E.A., & Pinter, N. (2002). Active Tectonics: Earthquakes, Uplift, and Landscape, Prentice-Hall, New Jersey.
  • Kempe, S., Landmann, G., & Müller, G. (2002). A floating varve chronology from the last glacial maximum terrace of Lake Van/Turkey. Research in deserts and mountains of Africa and Central Asia, 126, 97–114. Kuzucuoğlu, C., Christol, L., Mouralis, D., Doğu, A.F., Akköprü, E., Fort, M., Brunstein, D., Zorer, H., Fontugne, M., &
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  • Litt, T., Krastel, S., Sturm, M., Kipfer, R., Örcen, S., Heumann, G., Franz, S. O., Ulgen, U. B., & Niessen, F. (2009). ‘PALEOVAN’, International Continental Scientific Drilling Program (ICDP): site survey results and perspectives. Quaternary Science Reviews, 28, 1555-1567.
  • Machlus, M., Enzel, Y., Goldstein, S.L., Marco, S., Stein, M. (2000). Reconstructing low levels of Lake Lisan by correlating fandelta and lacustrine deposits. Quaternary International, 73(74), 137–144.
  • Mayer, L. (1986). Tectonic geomorphology of escarpments and mountain fronts. R.E. Wallace (Ed.), Active Tectonics, Studies in Geophysics. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 125–135.
  • McKenzie, D.P. (1972). Active tectonics of the Mediterrenean region. Geophysical Journal International, 30, 109-185.
  • Özdemir, H. (2007). Havran Çayı Havzasının (Balıkesir) CBS ve uzaktan algılama yöntemleriyle taşkın ve heyelan risk analizi. (Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi), İstanbul Üniv./Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Pérez-Peña, J.V., Azor, A., Azañón, J.M., & Keller, E.A. (2010). Actiand tectonics in the Sierra Nevada (Betic Cordillera, SE Spain): Insights from geomorphic indexes and drainage pattern analysis. Geomorphology, 119, 74-87.
  • Pike, R.J. (2000) Geomorphometry-diversity in quantitative surface analysis. Progress in Physical Geography, 24(1), 1-20.
  • Ramirez-Herrera, M.T. (1998). Geomorphic assessment of active tectonics in the Acambay graben, Mexican Volcanic Belt. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 23, 317–332.
  • Rockwell, T.K., Keller, E.A., & Jonson, D.L. (1985). Tectonic geomorphology of alluvial fans and mountain fronts near Ventura, California, Proceedings of the 15th Annual Geomorphology Symposium, in: Tectonic Geomorphology, Morisawa, M. (Ed), Allen and Unwin Publishers, Boston, 183–207.
  • Schumm, S.A. (1956). Evolution of drainage systems and slopes in badlands at Perth Amboy, New Jersey. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 67, 597-646.
  • Silva, P.G., Goy, J.L., Zazo, C., & Bardajm, T. (2003). Fault generated mountain fronts in Southeast Spain: geomorphologic assessment of tectonic and earthquake activity. Geomorphology, 250, 203–226.
  • Smith, J.B. (1991) The potential impacts of climate change on the Great Lakes. Bulletin of American Meteorological Society, 72, 21–28.
  • Strahler, A.N. (1952). Hypsometric (area-altitude curve) Analysis of Erosional Topography. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 63, 1117- 1141.
  • Stockhecke, M., Sturm M., Brunner, I., Schmincke, H.U., Sumita, M., Kwiecien, O., Çukur, D., & Anselmetti, F.S. (2014). Sedimentary evolution and environmental history of Lake Van (Turkey) over the past 600.000 years. Sedimentology, 61(6) 1830-1831.
  • Sümengen, M. (2008). 1:100.000 Ölçekli Türkiye Jeoloji Haritaları, Başkale L52 Paftası, No:61, MTA, Jeoloji Etütleri Dairesi, Ankara.
  • Şaroğlu, F., & Güner, Y. (1981). Doğu Anadolu’nun jeomorfolojik gelişimine etki eden ögeler: jeomorfoloji, tektonik, volkanizma ilişkileri, TJK Bülteni, 24(2), 119-130.
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Engil Çayı (Van) Yukarı Havzası’nın (Güzelsu) Jeomorfolojik Evrimi ve Morfometrik Analizi

Year 2022, Volume: 10 Issue: 1, 249 - 271, 30.04.2022
https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.889775

Abstract

Çalışma alanı Alp–Himalaya kıvrım dağ kuşağı üzerinde bulunan Doğu Anadolu Platosu’nda yer alır. Engil Çayı Yukarı Havzası (Güzelsu), bu kuşak üzerinde hacimsel ve alansal olarak en büyük soda gölü olan Van Gölü Kapalı Havzası içerisindedir. Bu çalışmada Güzelsu Havzası’nın jeomorfolojik gelişiminin incelenmesi ve morfometrik analizlerle de bu gelişimin desteklenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla arazi gözlem ve bulgularını nicelleştirip değerlendirmek amacıyla Sayısal Yükseklik Modeli (SYM) oluşturulmuş, SYM’den havzada yer alan 22 alt drenaj alanı belirlenmiştir. İç ve dış süreçlerin etkisi ile şekillenen bu drenaj alanlarına Hipsometrik integral, Hipsometrik eğri, Drenaj Havzası Şekli, Uzama Oranı, Drenaj Havzası Asimetrisi, Dağ Cephesi Eğrilik Oranı ve Vadi Tabanı Genişliğinin-Vadi Yüksekliğine Oranı indisleri uygulanmıştır. Yapılan saha çalışmalarındaki jeomorfolojik ve sedimantolojik bulgular, uygulanan indis sonuçları ile değerlendirildiğinde, havza jeomorfolojisinin tektonizma, iklim ve flüvyal süreçler etkisi altında oluştuğu ortaya konulmuştur.

References

  • Acarlar, M., & Türkecan, A. (1986). Başkale (Van) batı ve kuzeybatısının jeolojisi, MTA Reports, No: 7913 (unpressed), Ankara.
  • Acarlar, M., Bilgin, A.Z., Erkal, T., Güner, E., Şen, A.Ş., Elibol, E., Gedik, İ., Hakyemez, Y., & Uğuz, M.F. (1991). Van Gölü doğu ve kuzeyinin jeolojisi, MTA Reports, No: 9469 (unpressed), Ankara.
  • Adams, E.W., Wolfgang, S., & Anselmetti, F.S. (2001) Morphology and curvature of delta slopes in Swiss lakes: lessons for the interpretation of clinoforms in seismic data. Sedimentology, 48, 661–679.
  • Akyüz, H. S., Sançar, T., & Zabcı, C. (2010). Karlıova üçlü eklemi civarında Göynük fayı (Bingöl) ve Varto fayının (Muş) morfotektoniği, fay geometrisi ve kayma hızı, TÜBİTAK Project No: 109Y160, İstanbul.
  • Balkaş, Ö., Serdar, S.H., Erakman, B., Güngör, A., Pasin, C., Aksu, R., & İşbilir, M. (1980). Başkale-Gürpınar-Çatak-Van alanının jeolojisi ve petrol olanakları. TPAO research group, Report no: 1455, Ankara.
  • Blumenthal, M.M., Kaaden, Van der., & Vlodavctz, V.I. (1964). Catalogue of active volcanoes of the world including sofatara fields of Turkey and of the Caucasus. International Association Volcanology. 23p.
  • Bull, W.B., & McFadden, L.D. (1977). Tectonic geomorphology north and south of the Garlock fault, California, Proceedings of the 8th Annual Geomorphology Symposium, D.O. Doehring, (Ed.), State University of New York, Binghamton, 115–138.
  • Bull, B.W. (1977). Tectonic geomorphology of the Mojave Desert, U.S. Geological Survey Contact Report 14-08-001-G-394.
  • Cannon, P.J. (1976). Generation of explicit parameters for a quantitative geomorphic study of the Mill Creek drainage basin: Oklahoma Geology Notes, 36, 3–16.
  • Cox, R.T. (1994). Analysis of drainage-basin symmetry as a rapid technique to identify areas of possible quaternary tilt-block tectonics an example from the Mississippi embayment. Geological Society American Bulletin, 106, 571-581.
  • Cürebal, İ., & Erginal, A.E. (2007). Mıhlı Çayı Havzası’nın jeomorfolojik özelliklerinin jeomorfik indislerle analizi, Journal of Electronic Social Science, 6(19), 126-135.
  • Çukur, D., Krastel, S., Demirel-Schülter, F., Demirbağ, E., İmren, C., Niessen, F., Toker, M., & PaleoVan-Working Group, (2013). Sedimentary evolution of Lake Van (Eastern Turkey) reconstructed from high-resolution seismic investigations. International Journal of Earth Sciences (Geol.Rundsch.), 102 (2), 571-585.
  • Çukur, D., Krastel, S., Schmincke, U.H., Sumita, M., Tomonaga, Y., & Çağatay, M.N. (2014). Water level changes in Lake Van, Turkey, during the past ca. 600 ka: climatic, volcanic and tectonic controls. Journal of Paleolimnology, 52, 201–214.
  • Degens, E.T., & Kurtman, F. (1978). The Geology of Lake Van. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü, 158p.
  • Denny, C.S. (1965). Alluvial fans in the death valley region, California and Nevada. United States Geological Survey, Professional Paper, 466, 1-62.
  • El Hamdouni, R., Irigaray, C., Fernández, T., Chacón, J. & Keller, E.A. (2008). Assessment of relatiand actiand tectonics, southwest border of the Sierra Nevada (southern Spain). Geomorphology, 96(1), 150-173.
  • Elbaşı, E., & Özdemir, H. (2018). Marmara Denizi akarsu havzalarının morfometrik analizi. Journal of Geography, 36, 63-84.
  • Erginal, A.E., & Cürebal, İ. (2007). Soldere Havzası’nın jeomorfolojik özelliklerine morfometrik yaklaşım: Jeomorfik indisler ile bir uygulama. Journal of Selçuk University Social Science Institute, 17, 203-210.
  • Erinç, S. (1953). Doğu Anadolu Coğrafyası. Publications of Istanbul University, İstanbul.
  • Erol, O. (1993). Türkiye'nin doğal çevre ve yöreleri (Natural Regions and Environs of Turkey). Journal of Ege Geography, 7, 13-41.
  • Güner, Y. (1984). Nemrut yanardağının jeolojisi, jeomorfolojisi ve volkanizmasının evrimi, Journal of Geomorphology, 12, 23-65.
  • Hare, P.W., & Gardner, T.W. (1985). Geomorphic indicators of vertical neotectonism along converging plate margins, Nicoya Peninsula, Costa Rica, Proceedings of the 15th Annual Binghamton Geomorphology Symposium, in: Tectonic Geomorphology, M. Morisawa and J.T. Hack (Eds.), Allen and Unwin, Boston, 123–134.
  • Harita Genel Müdürlüğü (HGM), (2004). 1/25.000 Ölçekli Topoğrafya Haritaları, Ankara.
  • Harvey, A.M. (1984). Aggradation and dissection sequences on Spanish alluvial fans: influence on morphological development. Catena, 11, 289-304.
  • Harvey, A.M. (1996). The role of alluvial fans in the mountain fluvial systems of southeast Spain: implications of climatic change. Earth SurfaceProcesses and Landforms, 21,543-553.
  • Harvey, A.M. (1997). The role of alluvial fans in arid-zone fluvial systems. D.S.G. Thomas, (Ed.), Arid Zone Geomorphology; Process, Form and Change in Drylands, 2nd edn. Wiley, Chichester, 231-259.
  • Harvey, A.M. (2002) Effective timescales of coupling in fluvial systems. Geomorphology, 44, 175-201.
  • Hooke, R.L. (1967). Processes on arid region alluvial fans. Journal of Geology, 75, 438-460.
  • Horton, R.E. (1945). Erosional development of streams and their drainage basins: hydrophysical approach to quantitative morphology, Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 56, 275–370.
  • Jolivet, L., & Faccenna, C. (2000). Mediterranean extension and the Africa– Eurasia collision. Tectonics, 19, 1095–1106.
  • Keller, E.A., & Pinter, N. (1996). Active Tectonics: Earthquakes, Uplift, and Landscape, Second Ed. Prentice-Hall, New Jersey.
  • Keller, E.A., & Pinter, N. (2002). Active Tectonics: Earthquakes, Uplift, and Landscape, Prentice-Hall, New Jersey.
  • Kempe, S., Landmann, G., & Müller, G. (2002). A floating varve chronology from the last glacial maximum terrace of Lake Van/Turkey. Research in deserts and mountains of Africa and Central Asia, 126, 97–114. Kuzucuoğlu, C., Christol, L., Mouralis, D., Doğu, A.F., Akköprü, E., Fort, M., Brunstein, D., Zorer, H., Fontugne, M., &
  • Karabıyıkoğlu, M. (2010). Formation of the upper pleistocene terraces of lake Van (Turkey). Journal of Quaternary Science, 25,1124–1137.
  • Litt, T., Krastel, S., Sturm, M., Kipfer, R., Örcen, S., Heumann, G., Franz, S. O., Ulgen, U. B., & Niessen, F. (2009). ‘PALEOVAN’, International Continental Scientific Drilling Program (ICDP): site survey results and perspectives. Quaternary Science Reviews, 28, 1555-1567.
  • Machlus, M., Enzel, Y., Goldstein, S.L., Marco, S., Stein, M. (2000). Reconstructing low levels of Lake Lisan by correlating fandelta and lacustrine deposits. Quaternary International, 73(74), 137–144.
  • Mayer, L. (1986). Tectonic geomorphology of escarpments and mountain fronts. R.E. Wallace (Ed.), Active Tectonics, Studies in Geophysics. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 125–135.
  • McKenzie, D.P. (1972). Active tectonics of the Mediterrenean region. Geophysical Journal International, 30, 109-185.
  • Özdemir, H. (2007). Havran Çayı Havzasının (Balıkesir) CBS ve uzaktan algılama yöntemleriyle taşkın ve heyelan risk analizi. (Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi), İstanbul Üniv./Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Pérez-Peña, J.V., Azor, A., Azañón, J.M., & Keller, E.A. (2010). Actiand tectonics in the Sierra Nevada (Betic Cordillera, SE Spain): Insights from geomorphic indexes and drainage pattern analysis. Geomorphology, 119, 74-87.
  • Pike, R.J. (2000) Geomorphometry-diversity in quantitative surface analysis. Progress in Physical Geography, 24(1), 1-20.
  • Ramirez-Herrera, M.T. (1998). Geomorphic assessment of active tectonics in the Acambay graben, Mexican Volcanic Belt. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 23, 317–332.
  • Rockwell, T.K., Keller, E.A., & Jonson, D.L. (1985). Tectonic geomorphology of alluvial fans and mountain fronts near Ventura, California, Proceedings of the 15th Annual Geomorphology Symposium, in: Tectonic Geomorphology, Morisawa, M. (Ed), Allen and Unwin Publishers, Boston, 183–207.
  • Schumm, S.A. (1956). Evolution of drainage systems and slopes in badlands at Perth Amboy, New Jersey. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 67, 597-646.
  • Silva, P.G., Goy, J.L., Zazo, C., & Bardajm, T. (2003). Fault generated mountain fronts in Southeast Spain: geomorphologic assessment of tectonic and earthquake activity. Geomorphology, 250, 203–226.
  • Smith, J.B. (1991) The potential impacts of climate change on the Great Lakes. Bulletin of American Meteorological Society, 72, 21–28.
  • Strahler, A.N. (1952). Hypsometric (area-altitude curve) Analysis of Erosional Topography. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 63, 1117- 1141.
  • Stockhecke, M., Sturm M., Brunner, I., Schmincke, H.U., Sumita, M., Kwiecien, O., Çukur, D., & Anselmetti, F.S. (2014). Sedimentary evolution and environmental history of Lake Van (Turkey) over the past 600.000 years. Sedimentology, 61(6) 1830-1831.
  • Sümengen, M. (2008). 1:100.000 Ölçekli Türkiye Jeoloji Haritaları, Başkale L52 Paftası, No:61, MTA, Jeoloji Etütleri Dairesi, Ankara.
  • Şaroğlu, F., & Güner, Y. (1981). Doğu Anadolu’nun jeomorfolojik gelişimine etki eden ögeler: jeomorfoloji, tektonik, volkanizma ilişkileri, TJK Bülteni, 24(2), 119-130.
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There are 61 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Halil Zorer 0000-0002-2978-4908

Vedat Avci 0000-0003-1439-3098

Publication Date April 30, 2022
Acceptance Date January 21, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 10 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Zorer, H., & Avci, V. (2022). Geomorphologic Evolution and Morphometric Analysis of the Upper Basin (Güzelsu) of the Engil River (Van). Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 10(1), 249-271. https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.889775

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