Review
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Sessiz Epidemi: Metabolik Disfonksiyon İlişkili Karaciğer Yağlanması Hastalığının Önlenmesine ve Yönetilmesine Yönelik Güncel Yaklaşımlar

Year 2023, Volume: 3 Issue: 3, 343 - 348, 22.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.58252/artukluder.1359823

Abstract

Bu derlemenin amacı; metabolik disfonksiyon ilişkili karaciğer yağlanması hastalığının fizyopatolojisi, risk faktörleri, tanı yöntemleri, önlenmesi ve yönetilmesine yönelik güncel yaklaşımları özetlemektir. Metabolik disfonksiyon ilişkili karaciğer yağlanması hastalığının yönetimine yönelik ulusal-uluslararası rehberler ve güncel çalışmalar incelenmiştir. Metabolik disfonksiyon ilişkili karaciğer yağlanması hastalığı dünya yetişkin nüfusunun %38’sini etkileyen bir toplum sağlığı sorunudur. Obezite, insülin direnci, tip 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolik sendrom, hiperlipidemi ve kardiyovasküler hastalıkların varlığında metabolik disfonksiyon ilişkili karaciğer yağlanması hastalığının görülme oranı artabilmektedir. Günümüzde metabolik disfonksiyon ilişkili karaciğer yağlanması hastalığının tedavisinde kullanılabilecek onaylanmış bir ilaç tedavisi bulunmadığı için yaşam tarzı değişiklikleri ile kilo kaybının sağlanması metabolik disfonksiyon ilişkili karaciğer yağlanması hastalığının önlenmesinde ve yönetilmesinde en etkili yaklaşımdır. Etkili bir tedavi olmadığı için özellikle koruyucu, erken tanıya ve sağlıklı yaşam tarzı davranışlarının sürdürülmesine yönelik hemşirelik uygulamaları önem kazanmaktadır. Erken dönemde tanılamanın sağlanması için farklı sağlık disiplinleri ile iş birliği yapılarak özellikle riskli grupların metabolik disfonksiyon ilişkili karaciğer yağlanması hastalığı yönünden değerlendirilmesi gerekir. Hastaların hekim, hemşire, diyetisyen fizyoterapist, spor bilimleri gibi farklı sağlık disiplinlerinden uzmanların iş birliği ile etkili, uygulanabilir ve sürdürülebilir yaşam tarzı değişikliklerine yönlendirilmesi önerilebilir.

References

  • Türk Karaciğer Araştırmaları Derneği. Terminoloji, epidemiyoloji ve doğal seyir. Alkol Dışı Yağlı Karaciğer Hastalığı (NAFLD) Klinik Rehberi 2021. Erişim tarihi: 06.12.2023. Erişim linki: https://www.tkad.org.tr/2021/07/nafld-klinik-rehberi-2021.pdf
  • Alalwani J, Eljazzar S, Basil M, Tayyem R. The impact of health status, diet and lifestyle on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Narrative review. Clin Obes. 2022;12(4). doi: 10.1111/cob.12525
  • Rinella ME, Lazarus JV, Ratziu V, Francque SM, Sanyal AJ, Kanwal F. et al. A multi-society Delphi consensus statement on new fatty liver disease nomenclature. Hepatology. 2023. Online ahead of print. doi: 10.1097/HEP.0000000000000520
  • Lazarus JV, Mark HE, Allen AM, Arab JP, Carrieri P, Noureddin M. et al. A global research priority agenda to advance public health responses to fatty liver disease. J Hepatol. 2023;79(3):618-34. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2023.04.035
  • Younossi ZM, Koenig AB, Abdelatif D, Fazel Y, Henry L, Wymer M. Global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-meta-analytic assessment of prevalence, incidence, and outcomes. Hepatology. 2016;64:73-84. doi: 10.1002/hep.28431
  • Kaya E, Yılmaz Y. Türkiye’de ve dünyada nonalkolik yağlı karaciğer hastalığı epidemiyolojisi. Editör: Sonsuz A. Nonalkolik Yağlı Karaciğer Hastalığı, 1. Baskı, Türkiye Klinikleri, Ankara 2019 s:1-7.
  • Yilmaz Y, Yilmaz N, Ateş F, Karakaya F, Gökcan H, Kaya, E. et al. The prevalence of metabolic associated fatty liver disease in the Turkish population: A multicenter study. Hepatology Forum. 2021;2:37-42. doi: 10.14744/hf.2021.2020.0033
  • Lazarus JV, Colombo M, Cortez-Pinto H, Huang TT, Miller V, Ninburg M. ve ark NAFLD - sounding the alarm on a silent epidemic. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;17(7):377-9. doi: 10.1038/s41575-020-0315-7
  • Sivell C. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A silent epidemic. Gastroenterology Nursing. 2019;42(5):428-34. doi: 10.1097/SGA.0000000000000443
  • European Association for The Study of The Liver (EASL), European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) & European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO). EASL-EASD-EASO Clinical Practice Guidelines for the management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J. Hepatol. 2016;64:1388-402. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.11.004
  • Rinella ME, Neuschwander-Tetri BA, Siddiqui MS, Abdelmalek MF, Caldwell S, Barb D. et al. AASLD Practice Guidance on the clinical assessment and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology. 2023;77(5):1797-835. doi: 10.1097/HEP.0000000000000323
  • Dulai PS, Singh S, Patel J, Soni M, Prokop LJ. Younossi Z. et al. Increased risk of mortality by fibrosis stage in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Hepatology. 2017;65:1557-65. doi: 10.1002/hep.29085
  • Reddy YK, Marella HK, Jiang Y, Ganguli S, Snell P, Podila PSB. et al. Natural history of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A study with paired liver biopsies. J Clin Exp Hepatol. 2020;10:245-54. doi: 10.1016/j.jceh.2019.07.002
  • Türk Karaciğer Araştırmaları Derneği. Tanı. Alkol Dışı Yağlı Karaciğer Hastalığı (NAFLD) Klinik Rehberi 2021. Erişim tarihi: 06.12.2023. Erişim linki: https://www.tkad.org.tr/2021/07/nafld-klinik-rehberi-2021.pdf
  • Associazione Italiana per lo Studio del Fegato (AISF), Società Italiana di Diabetologia (SID) & Società Italiana dell’Obesità (SIO). Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in adults 2021: A clinical practice guideline of the Italian Association for the Study of the Liver (AISF), the Italian Society of Diabetology (SID) and the Italian Society of Obesity (SIO). Eat Weight Disord 2022;27(5):1603-1619. doi: 10.1007/s40519-021-01287-1
  • Paternostro R, Trauner M. Current treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Intern Med. 2020;292(2):190-204. doi: 10.1111/joim.13531
  • Ajmera V, Perito ER, Bass NM, Terrault NA, Yates KP, Gill R. et al. Novel plasma biomarkers associated with liver disease severity in adults with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology. 2017;65:65-77. doi: 10.1002/hep.28776
  • Kechagias, S., Ekstedt, M., Simonsson, C. & Nasr, P. Non-invasive diagnosis and staging of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Hormones. 2022;21(3):349-68. doi: 10.1007/s42000-022-00377-8
  • Coşar, A.M., Adalı, G., Güveli, H., Gökcan, H., Şimşek, H., Akyıldız, M. ve ark. Tedavi yaklaşımı. Türk Karaciğer Araştırmaları Derneği (TKAD). 2021. Alkol Dışı Yağlı Karaciğer Hastalığı (NAFLD) Klinik Rehberi. Ankara.
  • Haigh L, Kirk C, El Gendy K, Gallacher J, Errington L, Mathers JC.et al. The effectiveness and acceptability of Mediterranean diet and calorie restriction in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Nutr. 2022;41(9):1913-31. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2022.06.037
  • Chalasani N, Younossi Z, Lavine JE, Charlton M, Cusi K, Rinella M. et al. The diagnosis and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: practice guidance from the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology. 2018;67(1): 328-57. doi: 10.1002/hep.29367
  • Berna G, Romero-Gomez M. The role of nutrition in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Pathophysiology and management. Liver Int. 2020;40(Suppl 1):102-8. doi: 10.1111/liv.14360
  • Chitturi S, Wong VWS, Chan WK, Wong GLH, Wong SKH, Sollano J. et al. The Asia–Pacific Working Party on non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease guidelines 2017—part 2: management and special groups. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 2018; 33(1), 86-98. doi: 10.1111/jgh.13856
  • Perdomo CM, Frühbeck G, Escalada J. Impact of nutritional changes on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Nutrients. 2019;11(3):677. doi: 10.3390/nu11030677
  • Stefan N, Häring HU, Cusi K. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: causes, diagnosis, cardiometabolic consequences, and treatment strategies. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology. 2019;7(4):313-24. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(18)30154-2
  • Romero-Gómez M, Zelber-Sagi S, Trenell M. Treatment of NAFLD with diet, physical activity and exercise. Journal of Hepatology. 2017;67(4):829-46. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2017.05.016
  • Trovato FM, Catalano D, Martines GF, Pace P, Trovato GM. Mediterranean diet and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: the need of extended and comprehensive interventions. Clinical Nutrition. 2015;34(1):86-8. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2014.01.018
  • Katsagoni CN, Egkomiti A, Papageorgiou M, Ioannidou P, Fragopoulou E, Papatheodoridis G. et al. Improvement in liver function after an intervention based on the Mediterranean diet in patients with non alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Clinical Nutrition ESPEN. 2016;120(2):164-75. doi: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2016.03.012
  • Mahady SE, George J. Exercise and diet in the management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Metabolism. 2016;65(8), 1172-82. doi: 10.1017/S000711451800137X
  • Lonardo A, Nascimbeni F, Targher G, Bernardi M, Bonino F, Bugianesi E. et al. AISF position paper on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): Updates and future directions. Digestive and Liver Disease. 2017;49(5):471-83. doi: 10.1016/j.dld.2017.01.147
  • Shojaee-Moradie F, Cuthbertson DJ, Barrett M, Jackson NC., Herring R, Thomas E. et al. Exercise training reduces liver fat and increases rates of VLDL clearance but not VLDL production in NAFLD. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2016;101(11):4219-28. doi: 10.1210/jc.2016-2353
  • Al-Dayyat HM, Rayyan YM, Tayyem RF. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and associated dietary and lifestyle risk factors. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews. 2018;12(4):569-75. doi: 10.1016/j.dsx.2018.03.016
  • Kenneally S, Sier JH, Moore JB. Efficacy of dietary and physical activity intervention in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review. BMJ Open Gastroenterology. 2017;4(1):e000139. doi: 10.1136/bmjgast-2017-000139
  • Patel NS, Doycheva I, Peterson MR, Hooker J, Kisselva T, Schnabl B. et al. Effect of weight loss on magnetic resonance imaging estimation of liver fat and volume in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2015;13(3):561-8. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2014.08.039
  • Golabi P, Locklear CT, Austin P, Afdhal S, Byrns M, Gerber L. et al. Effectiveness of exercise in hepatic fat mobilization in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Systematic review. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 2016;22(27):6318. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i27.6318
  • Ghodsbin F, Javanmardifard S, Kaviani MJ, Jahanbin I. Effect of tele-nursing in the improving of the ultrasound findings in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases: A randomized clinical trial study. Investigación y Educación en Enfermería. 2018;36(3). doi: 10.17533/udea.iee.v36n3e09
  • Lai LL, Wan Yusoff WNI, Vethakkan SR, Nik Mustapha NR, Mahadeva S, Chan WK. Screening for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus using transient elastography. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;34:1396-403. doi: 10.1111/jgh.14577
  • Le MH, Yeo YH, Li X, Li J, Zou B, Wu Y. et al. 2019 Global NAFLD Prevalence: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;20(12):2809-17. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2021.12.002
  • Zhang S, Mak LY, Yuen MF, Seto WK. Screening strategy for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Mol Hepatol. 2023;29(Suppl):103-122. doi:10.3350/cmh.2022.0336

The Silent Epidemic: Current Approaches to Prevent and Management Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease

Year 2023, Volume: 3 Issue: 3, 343 - 348, 22.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.58252/artukluder.1359823

Abstract

The aim of this review is to summarize the physiopathology, risk factors, diagnostic methods, prevention and management of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease current approaches. National-international guidelines and current studies on the management of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease have been reviewed. Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease is a public health problem affecting 38% of the world's adult population. The incidence of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease may increase in the presence of obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, hyperlipidemia and cardiovascular disease. As there is currently no approved medical therapy for the treatment of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease, weight loss through lifestyle changes is the most effective approach for the prevention and management of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease. Since there is no effective treatment, nursing interventions especially for prevention, early diagnosis and maintenance of healthy lifestyle behaviors gain importance. To ensure early diagnosis, especially risky groups should be evaluated in terms of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease in cooperation with different health disciplines. It may be recommended that patients should be directed to effective, feasible and sustainable lifestyle changes in collaboration with specialists from different health disciplines such as physicians, nurses, dieticians, physiotherapists and sports sciences.

References

  • Türk Karaciğer Araştırmaları Derneği. Terminoloji, epidemiyoloji ve doğal seyir. Alkol Dışı Yağlı Karaciğer Hastalığı (NAFLD) Klinik Rehberi 2021. Erişim tarihi: 06.12.2023. Erişim linki: https://www.tkad.org.tr/2021/07/nafld-klinik-rehberi-2021.pdf
  • Alalwani J, Eljazzar S, Basil M, Tayyem R. The impact of health status, diet and lifestyle on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Narrative review. Clin Obes. 2022;12(4). doi: 10.1111/cob.12525
  • Rinella ME, Lazarus JV, Ratziu V, Francque SM, Sanyal AJ, Kanwal F. et al. A multi-society Delphi consensus statement on new fatty liver disease nomenclature. Hepatology. 2023. Online ahead of print. doi: 10.1097/HEP.0000000000000520
  • Lazarus JV, Mark HE, Allen AM, Arab JP, Carrieri P, Noureddin M. et al. A global research priority agenda to advance public health responses to fatty liver disease. J Hepatol. 2023;79(3):618-34. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2023.04.035
  • Younossi ZM, Koenig AB, Abdelatif D, Fazel Y, Henry L, Wymer M. Global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-meta-analytic assessment of prevalence, incidence, and outcomes. Hepatology. 2016;64:73-84. doi: 10.1002/hep.28431
  • Kaya E, Yılmaz Y. Türkiye’de ve dünyada nonalkolik yağlı karaciğer hastalığı epidemiyolojisi. Editör: Sonsuz A. Nonalkolik Yağlı Karaciğer Hastalığı, 1. Baskı, Türkiye Klinikleri, Ankara 2019 s:1-7.
  • Yilmaz Y, Yilmaz N, Ateş F, Karakaya F, Gökcan H, Kaya, E. et al. The prevalence of metabolic associated fatty liver disease in the Turkish population: A multicenter study. Hepatology Forum. 2021;2:37-42. doi: 10.14744/hf.2021.2020.0033
  • Lazarus JV, Colombo M, Cortez-Pinto H, Huang TT, Miller V, Ninburg M. ve ark NAFLD - sounding the alarm on a silent epidemic. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;17(7):377-9. doi: 10.1038/s41575-020-0315-7
  • Sivell C. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A silent epidemic. Gastroenterology Nursing. 2019;42(5):428-34. doi: 10.1097/SGA.0000000000000443
  • European Association for The Study of The Liver (EASL), European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) & European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO). EASL-EASD-EASO Clinical Practice Guidelines for the management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J. Hepatol. 2016;64:1388-402. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.11.004
  • Rinella ME, Neuschwander-Tetri BA, Siddiqui MS, Abdelmalek MF, Caldwell S, Barb D. et al. AASLD Practice Guidance on the clinical assessment and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology. 2023;77(5):1797-835. doi: 10.1097/HEP.0000000000000323
  • Dulai PS, Singh S, Patel J, Soni M, Prokop LJ. Younossi Z. et al. Increased risk of mortality by fibrosis stage in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Hepatology. 2017;65:1557-65. doi: 10.1002/hep.29085
  • Reddy YK, Marella HK, Jiang Y, Ganguli S, Snell P, Podila PSB. et al. Natural history of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A study with paired liver biopsies. J Clin Exp Hepatol. 2020;10:245-54. doi: 10.1016/j.jceh.2019.07.002
  • Türk Karaciğer Araştırmaları Derneği. Tanı. Alkol Dışı Yağlı Karaciğer Hastalığı (NAFLD) Klinik Rehberi 2021. Erişim tarihi: 06.12.2023. Erişim linki: https://www.tkad.org.tr/2021/07/nafld-klinik-rehberi-2021.pdf
  • Associazione Italiana per lo Studio del Fegato (AISF), Società Italiana di Diabetologia (SID) & Società Italiana dell’Obesità (SIO). Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in adults 2021: A clinical practice guideline of the Italian Association for the Study of the Liver (AISF), the Italian Society of Diabetology (SID) and the Italian Society of Obesity (SIO). Eat Weight Disord 2022;27(5):1603-1619. doi: 10.1007/s40519-021-01287-1
  • Paternostro R, Trauner M. Current treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Intern Med. 2020;292(2):190-204. doi: 10.1111/joim.13531
  • Ajmera V, Perito ER, Bass NM, Terrault NA, Yates KP, Gill R. et al. Novel plasma biomarkers associated with liver disease severity in adults with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology. 2017;65:65-77. doi: 10.1002/hep.28776
  • Kechagias, S., Ekstedt, M., Simonsson, C. & Nasr, P. Non-invasive diagnosis and staging of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Hormones. 2022;21(3):349-68. doi: 10.1007/s42000-022-00377-8
  • Coşar, A.M., Adalı, G., Güveli, H., Gökcan, H., Şimşek, H., Akyıldız, M. ve ark. Tedavi yaklaşımı. Türk Karaciğer Araştırmaları Derneği (TKAD). 2021. Alkol Dışı Yağlı Karaciğer Hastalığı (NAFLD) Klinik Rehberi. Ankara.
  • Haigh L, Kirk C, El Gendy K, Gallacher J, Errington L, Mathers JC.et al. The effectiveness and acceptability of Mediterranean diet and calorie restriction in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Nutr. 2022;41(9):1913-31. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2022.06.037
  • Chalasani N, Younossi Z, Lavine JE, Charlton M, Cusi K, Rinella M. et al. The diagnosis and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: practice guidance from the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology. 2018;67(1): 328-57. doi: 10.1002/hep.29367
  • Berna G, Romero-Gomez M. The role of nutrition in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Pathophysiology and management. Liver Int. 2020;40(Suppl 1):102-8. doi: 10.1111/liv.14360
  • Chitturi S, Wong VWS, Chan WK, Wong GLH, Wong SKH, Sollano J. et al. The Asia–Pacific Working Party on non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease guidelines 2017—part 2: management and special groups. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 2018; 33(1), 86-98. doi: 10.1111/jgh.13856
  • Perdomo CM, Frühbeck G, Escalada J. Impact of nutritional changes on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Nutrients. 2019;11(3):677. doi: 10.3390/nu11030677
  • Stefan N, Häring HU, Cusi K. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: causes, diagnosis, cardiometabolic consequences, and treatment strategies. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology. 2019;7(4):313-24. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(18)30154-2
  • Romero-Gómez M, Zelber-Sagi S, Trenell M. Treatment of NAFLD with diet, physical activity and exercise. Journal of Hepatology. 2017;67(4):829-46. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2017.05.016
  • Trovato FM, Catalano D, Martines GF, Pace P, Trovato GM. Mediterranean diet and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: the need of extended and comprehensive interventions. Clinical Nutrition. 2015;34(1):86-8. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2014.01.018
  • Katsagoni CN, Egkomiti A, Papageorgiou M, Ioannidou P, Fragopoulou E, Papatheodoridis G. et al. Improvement in liver function after an intervention based on the Mediterranean diet in patients with non alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Clinical Nutrition ESPEN. 2016;120(2):164-75. doi: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2016.03.012
  • Mahady SE, George J. Exercise and diet in the management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Metabolism. 2016;65(8), 1172-82. doi: 10.1017/S000711451800137X
  • Lonardo A, Nascimbeni F, Targher G, Bernardi M, Bonino F, Bugianesi E. et al. AISF position paper on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): Updates and future directions. Digestive and Liver Disease. 2017;49(5):471-83. doi: 10.1016/j.dld.2017.01.147
  • Shojaee-Moradie F, Cuthbertson DJ, Barrett M, Jackson NC., Herring R, Thomas E. et al. Exercise training reduces liver fat and increases rates of VLDL clearance but not VLDL production in NAFLD. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2016;101(11):4219-28. doi: 10.1210/jc.2016-2353
  • Al-Dayyat HM, Rayyan YM, Tayyem RF. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and associated dietary and lifestyle risk factors. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews. 2018;12(4):569-75. doi: 10.1016/j.dsx.2018.03.016
  • Kenneally S, Sier JH, Moore JB. Efficacy of dietary and physical activity intervention in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review. BMJ Open Gastroenterology. 2017;4(1):e000139. doi: 10.1136/bmjgast-2017-000139
  • Patel NS, Doycheva I, Peterson MR, Hooker J, Kisselva T, Schnabl B. et al. Effect of weight loss on magnetic resonance imaging estimation of liver fat and volume in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2015;13(3):561-8. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2014.08.039
  • Golabi P, Locklear CT, Austin P, Afdhal S, Byrns M, Gerber L. et al. Effectiveness of exercise in hepatic fat mobilization in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Systematic review. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 2016;22(27):6318. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i27.6318
  • Ghodsbin F, Javanmardifard S, Kaviani MJ, Jahanbin I. Effect of tele-nursing in the improving of the ultrasound findings in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases: A randomized clinical trial study. Investigación y Educación en Enfermería. 2018;36(3). doi: 10.17533/udea.iee.v36n3e09
  • Lai LL, Wan Yusoff WNI, Vethakkan SR, Nik Mustapha NR, Mahadeva S, Chan WK. Screening for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus using transient elastography. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;34:1396-403. doi: 10.1111/jgh.14577
  • Le MH, Yeo YH, Li X, Li J, Zou B, Wu Y. et al. 2019 Global NAFLD Prevalence: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;20(12):2809-17. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2021.12.002
  • Zhang S, Mak LY, Yuen MF, Seto WK. Screening strategy for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Mol Hepatol. 2023;29(Suppl):103-122. doi:10.3350/cmh.2022.0336
There are 39 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects ​Internal Diseases Nursing​
Journal Section Reviews
Authors

Ferya Çelik 0000-0002-2473-192X

Merve Yüksel 0000-0003-2726-3233

Hicran Bektaş 0000-0002-3356-3120

Publication Date December 22, 2023
Submission Date September 13, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 3 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Çelik, F., Yüksel, M., & Bektaş, H. (2023). Sessiz Epidemi: Metabolik Disfonksiyon İlişkili Karaciğer Yağlanması Hastalığının Önlenmesine ve Yönetilmesine Yönelik Güncel Yaklaşımlar. Artuklu International Journal of Health Sciences, 3(3), 343-348. https://doi.org/10.58252/artukluder.1359823
AMA Çelik F, Yüksel M, Bektaş H. Sessiz Epidemi: Metabolik Disfonksiyon İlişkili Karaciğer Yağlanması Hastalığının Önlenmesine ve Yönetilmesine Yönelik Güncel Yaklaşımlar. Artuklu International Journal of Health Sciences. December 2023;3(3):343-348. doi:10.58252/artukluder.1359823
Chicago Çelik, Ferya, Merve Yüksel, and Hicran Bektaş. “Sessiz Epidemi: Metabolik Disfonksiyon İlişkili Karaciğer Yağlanması Hastalığının Önlenmesine Ve Yönetilmesine Yönelik Güncel Yaklaşımlar”. Artuklu International Journal of Health Sciences 3, no. 3 (December 2023): 343-48. https://doi.org/10.58252/artukluder.1359823.
EndNote Çelik F, Yüksel M, Bektaş H (December 1, 2023) Sessiz Epidemi: Metabolik Disfonksiyon İlişkili Karaciğer Yağlanması Hastalığının Önlenmesine ve Yönetilmesine Yönelik Güncel Yaklaşımlar. Artuklu International Journal of Health Sciences 3 3 343–348.
IEEE F. Çelik, M. Yüksel, and H. Bektaş, “Sessiz Epidemi: Metabolik Disfonksiyon İlişkili Karaciğer Yağlanması Hastalığının Önlenmesine ve Yönetilmesine Yönelik Güncel Yaklaşımlar”, Artuklu International Journal of Health Sciences, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 343–348, 2023, doi: 10.58252/artukluder.1359823.
ISNAD Çelik, Ferya et al. “Sessiz Epidemi: Metabolik Disfonksiyon İlişkili Karaciğer Yağlanması Hastalığının Önlenmesine Ve Yönetilmesine Yönelik Güncel Yaklaşımlar”. Artuklu International Journal of Health Sciences 3/3 (December 2023), 343-348. https://doi.org/10.58252/artukluder.1359823.
JAMA Çelik F, Yüksel M, Bektaş H. Sessiz Epidemi: Metabolik Disfonksiyon İlişkili Karaciğer Yağlanması Hastalığının Önlenmesine ve Yönetilmesine Yönelik Güncel Yaklaşımlar. Artuklu International Journal of Health Sciences. 2023;3:343–348.
MLA Çelik, Ferya et al. “Sessiz Epidemi: Metabolik Disfonksiyon İlişkili Karaciğer Yağlanması Hastalığının Önlenmesine Ve Yönetilmesine Yönelik Güncel Yaklaşımlar”. Artuklu International Journal of Health Sciences, vol. 3, no. 3, 2023, pp. 343-8, doi:10.58252/artukluder.1359823.
Vancouver Çelik F, Yüksel M, Bektaş H. Sessiz Epidemi: Metabolik Disfonksiyon İlişkili Karaciğer Yağlanması Hastalığının Önlenmesine ve Yönetilmesine Yönelik Güncel Yaklaşımlar. Artuklu International Journal of Health Sciences. 2023;3(3):343-8.

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