Research Article
Türkiye’de Turizm ve Karbondioksit Salımı Arasındaki İlişki: Rals-Engle ve Granger Eşbütünleşme Yaklaşımı
Abstract
Turizm sektöründeki son gelişmeler ve ev sahibi ülkeye gelen turist sayısının artması, yalnızca ev sahibi ülke ekonomisine katkıda bulunmakla kalmamakta, aynı zamanda çevre kirliliğine de neden olmaktadır. Ev sahibi ülkeye gelen turistlerin çevre kirliliği üzerindeki etkisi, son yıllarda araştırmacılar tarafından incelenmeye başlanmıştır. Bu nedenle, bu çalışmada turist sayısı ve CO2 salımı arasındaki ilişkilerin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Kalıntılarla Genişletilmiş EKK-Engle ve Granger eşbütünleşme testi, 1980-2014 dönemi için yıllık veriler kullanılarak uygulanmıştır. Eş-bütünleşme testinin sonuçları, turist sayısı ve CO2 salımı arasında eş-bütünleşme ilişkisinin olduğunu göstermiştir. Öte yandan, hata düzeltme modeline dayanan nedensellik testi sonuçlarına göre, turist sayısı ve CO2 salımı arasında çift yönlü bir nedensellik ilişkisi tespit edilmiştir. Bu ampirik bulguların önemi, turist sayısının CO2 salım miktarını artırması ve Türkiye'de çevre kirliliğine neden olmasıdır. Sonuçta çalışma, daha temiz bir çevrenin sürdürülebilir turizm uygulamalarını desteklediğini öne sürmektedir.
References
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- Engle, R. F. ve Granger, C. W. J. (1987). Cointegration and Error Correction: Representation, Estimation and Testing, Econometrica, 55 (2): 251-276.
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- Hansen, B. (1995). Rethinking the Univariate Approach to Unit Root Testing, Econometric Theory, 11: 1148–1171.
- Im, K. ve P. Schmidt. (2008). More Efficient Estimation under Non-normality When Higher Moments Do Not Depend on the Regressors, Using Residual-augmented Least Squares, Journal of Econometrics, 144: 219–233.
- Jebli, M. B., Youssef, S. B. ve Apergis, Ni. (2014). The Dynamic Interaction between Combustible Renewables and Waste Consumption and International Tourism: The Case of Tunisia, MPRA Munich Personal RePEc Archive, 59827, 1-16. http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/59827/, Erişim tarihi: 8 Eylül 2018.
- Jebli, M. B. ve Hadhri, W. (2018). The Dynamic Causal Links between CO2 Emissions from Transport, Real GDP, Energy Use and İnternational Tourism, International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 25 (6): 568-577.
- Katırcıoğlu, S, T., Feridun, M. ve Kılınç, C. (2014). Estimating Tourism-Induced Energy Consumption and CO2 Emissions: The Case of Cyprus, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 29: 634-640.
- Katırcıoğlu, S. (2014). International Tourism, Energy Consumption, and Environmental Pollution: The Case of Turkey, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 36: 180-187.
- Lee, H., Lee, J. ve Im, K. (2015). More Powerful Cointegration Tests with Non-Normal Errors, Studies in Nonlinear Dynamics & Econometrics, 19 (4), 397-413.
- Lee, J. W. ve Brahmasrene, T. (2013). Investigating the Influence of Tourism on Economic Growth and Carbon Emissions: Evidence from Panel Analysis of the European Union, Tourism Management, 38:69-76.
- Leitao N. C. ve Muhammad S. (2016). Economic Growth, Tourism Arrivals and Climate Change, Bulletin of Energy Economics, 4 (1): 35-43.
- Leon, C. J., Arana,J. E., ve Aleman, A. H. (2014). CO2 Emissions and Tourism in Developed and Less Developed Countries, Applied Economics Letters, 21 (16): 1169-1173.
- Özcan, C. C., Gerçeker, M. ve Özmen, İ. (2016). Turizm ve Çevre İlişkisinin Ekonometrik Bir Analizi. International Congress on Political, Economic and Social Studies (ICPESS) (ss. 125-136). 24-26 Ağustos, İstanbul, Türkiye.
- Paramati, S. R., Alam, S. ve Chen, C. (2017). The Effects of Tourism on Economic Growth and CO2 Emissions: A Comparison between Developed and Developing Economies, Journal of Travel Research, 56 (6): 712-724.
- Sghaier, A., Guizani, A., Ben Jabeur, S. ve Nurunnabi, M. (2018). Tourism Development, Energy Consumption and Environmental Quality in Tunisia, Egypt and Morocco: A Trivariate Analysis, GeoJournal, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-018-9878-z, Erişim tarihi: 8 Eylül 2018.
- Shakouri, B., Yazdi, S. K. ve Ghorchebigi, E. (2017). Does Tourism Development Promote CO2 Emissions?, Anatolia: Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 28 (3): 444-452.
- Sharif, A., Afshan, S. ve Nisha, N. (2017). Impact of Tourism on CO2 Emission: Evidence from Pakistan, Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 22 (4): 408-421.
- Solarin, S. A. (2014). Tourist Arrivals and Macroeconomic Determinants of CO2 Emissions in Malaysia, Anatolia: An International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research, 25 (2): 228-241.
- Şahin, D. (2018). APEC Ülkelerinde Turizm, Ekonomik Büyüme ve Çevresel Kalite İlişkisi: Panel Veri Analizi, İktisadi Yenilik Dergisi, 5 (2): 32-44.
- The World Bank, http://data.worldbank.org/indicator, Erişim tarihi: 10 Ekim 2018.
- Tiwari, A. K. Öztürk, İ. ve Aruna, M. (2013). Tourism, Energy Consumption and Climate Change in OECD Countries, International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 13 (3): 247-261.
- Tuğcu, C. T. ve Topçu, M. (2018). The Impact Of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emissions on Tourism: Does the Source of Emission Matter?, Theoretical and Applied Economics, 25 (614): 125-136.
- TUİK (2014). İstatistik Göstergeler 1923-2013 https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/yayin/views/visitorPages/index.zul, Erişim tarihi: 20 Aralık 2018.
- UNWTO (2009). From Davos to Copenhagen and Beyond: Advancing Tourism’s Response to Climate Change Background Paper, http://sdt.unwto.org/sites/all/files/pdf/537_from_davos_to_copenhagen_and_beyond_unwto_paper_electronic-version_lr.pdf, Erişim tarihi: 21 Aralık 2018.
- Yazdi, S. K. Shakouri, B. ve Khanalizadeh, B. (2014). The Granger Causality among Tourist Arrival, Economic Growth and CO2 Emissions in Iran, Advances in Environmental Biology, 8 (13): 632-637.
- Yılancı, V. ve Aydın, M. (2018). Türkiye’de Kadın Okullaşmasının Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerindeki Etkisi: Rals-Eg Eşbütünleşme Testi Yaklaşımı, UİİİD-IJEAS, 2018 (Prof. Dr. Harun Terzi Özel Sayısı): 101-112.
- Yorucu, V. (2016). Growth Impact of CO2 Emissions Caused By Tourist Arrivals in Turkey: An Econometric Approach, International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management, 8 (1): 19-37, https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCCSM-12-2014-0148, Erişim tarihi: 8 Eylül 2018.
- Zaman, K. Khan, M. M. ve Ahmad, M. (2011). Exploring the Relationship between Tourism Development Indicators and Carbon Emissions: A Case Study of Pakistan, World Applied Sciences Journal, 15 (5): 690-701.
- Zhang, L. ve Gao, J. (2016). Exploring the Effects of International Tourism on China's Economic Growth, Energy Consumption and Environmental Pollution: Evidence from a Regional Panel Analysis, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 53: 225-234.
The Relationship between Tourism and Carbon Dioxide Emission in Turkey: Rals-Engle and Granger Cointegration Approach
Abstract
The recent developments in the tourism sector and the increasing number of tourists arriving to the host country not only contribute to host country's economy but also cause the environmental pollution. The impact on environmental pollution of tourists arriving to the host country has been started to be investigate by the researchers in the recent decades. Hence it has been aimed to determine on the relations between number of tourists and the CO2 emission in this study. The Residual Augmented OLS-Engle and Granger Cointegration test has been employed by using annual data for the period 1980-2014. The results of the cointegration test have indicated that there is cointegration relationship between number of tourists and CO2 emission. On the other hand, a bidirectional causality relationship has detected between number of tourists and CO2 emission according to the results of causality test based on the error correction model. The significance of these empirical findings has been that number of tourists increases the amount of CO2 emission and causes environmental pollution in Turkey. Overall the paper suggests that a cleaner environment supports sustainable tourism practices.
References
- Başarır, Ç. ve Çakır, Y. N. (2015). Causal Interactions between CO2 Emissions, Financial Development, Energy and Tourism, Asian Economic and Financial Review, 5 (11): 1227-1238.
- Doğan, E., Şeker, F. ve Bülbül, S. (2017). Investigating the Impacts of Energy Consumption, Real GDP, Tourism and Trade on CO2 Emissions by Accounting for Cross-Sectional Dependence: A Panel Study of OECD Countries, Current Issues in Tourism, 20 (16): 1701-1719.
- Doğan, E. (2017). CO2 Emissions, Real GDP, Renewable Energy and Tourism: Evidence from Panel of the Most-Visited Countries, Statistika, 97 (3): 63-76.
- Engle, R. F. ve Granger, C. W. J. (1987). Cointegration and Error Correction: Representation, Estimation and Testing, Econometrica, 55 (2): 251-276.
- Gamage, S. K. N., Kuruppuge, R. H. ve Haq, I. U. (2017). Energy consumption, tourism development, and environmental degradation in Sri Lanka, Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy, 12 (10): 910-916.
- Gössling, S. (2010). Sustainable Tourism Development in Developing Countries: Some Aspects of Energy Use, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 8 (5): 410-425.
- Güriş, S., Akay, E. Ç., Zeytinoğlu, F. Ç., Saçıldı, İ. S. ve Sadıç, C. (2016). Sustainable Tourism: Linking between Tourism, Economic Growth and Carbon Dioxide Emission, http://www.cuneytsadic.com/makaleler/2016_02_03_Sustainable_Tourism_Linking_Between_Tourism_Economic_Growth_and_Carbon_Dioxide_Emission.pdf, Erişim tarihi: 8 Eylül 2018.
- Hansen, B. (1995). Rethinking the Univariate Approach to Unit Root Testing, Econometric Theory, 11: 1148–1171.
- Im, K. ve P. Schmidt. (2008). More Efficient Estimation under Non-normality When Higher Moments Do Not Depend on the Regressors, Using Residual-augmented Least Squares, Journal of Econometrics, 144: 219–233.
- Jebli, M. B., Youssef, S. B. ve Apergis, Ni. (2014). The Dynamic Interaction between Combustible Renewables and Waste Consumption and International Tourism: The Case of Tunisia, MPRA Munich Personal RePEc Archive, 59827, 1-16. http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/59827/, Erişim tarihi: 8 Eylül 2018.
- Jebli, M. B. ve Hadhri, W. (2018). The Dynamic Causal Links between CO2 Emissions from Transport, Real GDP, Energy Use and İnternational Tourism, International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 25 (6): 568-577.
- Katırcıoğlu, S, T., Feridun, M. ve Kılınç, C. (2014). Estimating Tourism-Induced Energy Consumption and CO2 Emissions: The Case of Cyprus, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 29: 634-640.
- Katırcıoğlu, S. (2014). International Tourism, Energy Consumption, and Environmental Pollution: The Case of Turkey, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 36: 180-187.
- Lee, H., Lee, J. ve Im, K. (2015). More Powerful Cointegration Tests with Non-Normal Errors, Studies in Nonlinear Dynamics & Econometrics, 19 (4), 397-413.
- Lee, J. W. ve Brahmasrene, T. (2013). Investigating the Influence of Tourism on Economic Growth and Carbon Emissions: Evidence from Panel Analysis of the European Union, Tourism Management, 38:69-76.
- Leitao N. C. ve Muhammad S. (2016). Economic Growth, Tourism Arrivals and Climate Change, Bulletin of Energy Economics, 4 (1): 35-43.
- Leon, C. J., Arana,J. E., ve Aleman, A. H. (2014). CO2 Emissions and Tourism in Developed and Less Developed Countries, Applied Economics Letters, 21 (16): 1169-1173.
- Özcan, C. C., Gerçeker, M. ve Özmen, İ. (2016). Turizm ve Çevre İlişkisinin Ekonometrik Bir Analizi. International Congress on Political, Economic and Social Studies (ICPESS) (ss. 125-136). 24-26 Ağustos, İstanbul, Türkiye.
- Paramati, S. R., Alam, S. ve Chen, C. (2017). The Effects of Tourism on Economic Growth and CO2 Emissions: A Comparison between Developed and Developing Economies, Journal of Travel Research, 56 (6): 712-724.
- Sghaier, A., Guizani, A., Ben Jabeur, S. ve Nurunnabi, M. (2018). Tourism Development, Energy Consumption and Environmental Quality in Tunisia, Egypt and Morocco: A Trivariate Analysis, GeoJournal, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-018-9878-z, Erişim tarihi: 8 Eylül 2018.
- Shakouri, B., Yazdi, S. K. ve Ghorchebigi, E. (2017). Does Tourism Development Promote CO2 Emissions?, Anatolia: Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 28 (3): 444-452.
- Sharif, A., Afshan, S. ve Nisha, N. (2017). Impact of Tourism on CO2 Emission: Evidence from Pakistan, Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 22 (4): 408-421.
- Solarin, S. A. (2014). Tourist Arrivals and Macroeconomic Determinants of CO2 Emissions in Malaysia, Anatolia: An International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research, 25 (2): 228-241.
- Şahin, D. (2018). APEC Ülkelerinde Turizm, Ekonomik Büyüme ve Çevresel Kalite İlişkisi: Panel Veri Analizi, İktisadi Yenilik Dergisi, 5 (2): 32-44.
- The World Bank, http://data.worldbank.org/indicator, Erişim tarihi: 10 Ekim 2018.
- Tiwari, A. K. Öztürk, İ. ve Aruna, M. (2013). Tourism, Energy Consumption and Climate Change in OECD Countries, International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 13 (3): 247-261.
- Tuğcu, C. T. ve Topçu, M. (2018). The Impact Of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emissions on Tourism: Does the Source of Emission Matter?, Theoretical and Applied Economics, 25 (614): 125-136.
- TUİK (2014). İstatistik Göstergeler 1923-2013 https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/yayin/views/visitorPages/index.zul, Erişim tarihi: 20 Aralık 2018.
- UNWTO (2009). From Davos to Copenhagen and Beyond: Advancing Tourism’s Response to Climate Change Background Paper, http://sdt.unwto.org/sites/all/files/pdf/537_from_davos_to_copenhagen_and_beyond_unwto_paper_electronic-version_lr.pdf, Erişim tarihi: 21 Aralık 2018.
- Yazdi, S. K. Shakouri, B. ve Khanalizadeh, B. (2014). The Granger Causality among Tourist Arrival, Economic Growth and CO2 Emissions in Iran, Advances in Environmental Biology, 8 (13): 632-637.
- Yılancı, V. ve Aydın, M. (2018). Türkiye’de Kadın Okullaşmasının Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerindeki Etkisi: Rals-Eg Eşbütünleşme Testi Yaklaşımı, UİİİD-IJEAS, 2018 (Prof. Dr. Harun Terzi Özel Sayısı): 101-112.
- Yorucu, V. (2016). Growth Impact of CO2 Emissions Caused By Tourist Arrivals in Turkey: An Econometric Approach, International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management, 8 (1): 19-37, https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCCSM-12-2014-0148, Erişim tarihi: 8 Eylül 2018.
- Zaman, K. Khan, M. M. ve Ahmad, M. (2011). Exploring the Relationship between Tourism Development Indicators and Carbon Emissions: A Case Study of Pakistan, World Applied Sciences Journal, 15 (5): 690-701.
- Zhang, L. ve Gao, J. (2016). Exploring the Effects of International Tourism on China's Economic Growth, Energy Consumption and Environmental Pollution: Evidence from a Regional Panel Analysis, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 53: 225-234.
There are 34 citations in total.
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Journal Section | Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | December 6, 2019 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2019 Volume: 30 Issue: 3 |
