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Ekonomik Krizlerin Sosyal Etkileri: Türkiye Üzerine Bir Uygulama (1980-2016)

Year 2019, Volume: 33 Issue: 2, 415 - 434, 29.03.2019

Abstract

Bu
çalışmada, 1980-2016 dönemi Türkiye ekonomisinde gerçekleşen ekonomik krizlerin
sosyal etkileri boşanma, evlenme ve intihar kapsamında anlık ve gecikmeli dönemler
itibariyle analize tabi tutulmuştur. En Küçük Kareler Yöntemi ve Wald testinden
yararlanılarak gerçekleştirilen analiz sonucunda, ekonomik krizlerin boşanma ve
intihar sayıları üzerindeki anlık etkisi istatistiki olarak anlamlı
bulunmuştur. Sonuçlara göre, ekonomik krizlerin boşanma ve intihar sayısını arttırdığı,
evlenme sayısını ise etkilemediği tespit edilmiştir. Bununla birlikte, söz
konusu etkinin gecikmeli dönemler kapsamında üç değişken için de artış yönünde
olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Bulgulara göre, boşanma ve intihar sayılarının krizlerin
etkisiyle hem t döneminde hem de gecikmeli dönemler itibariyle artış göstermesi,
evlenme sayısının ise bireylerin evlenme kararlarını geciktirmesi sonucu
gecikmeli olarak artması dikkat çekmektedir. Bu bağlamda ekonomik krizlerin
sosyal açıdan olumsuz bir uyarıcı niteliği taşıdığı söylenebilecektir. Krizler,
özellikle toplumun temel yapı taşı olan aile kurumunun sarsılmasına ve
bireylerin intihara sürüklenmelerine neden olması açısından önem arz
etmektedir. Bu açıdan kriz dönemlerinde sıklıkla gözlemlenen söz konusu negatif
sosyal sonuçların azaltılmasına yönelik politika önlemlerinin arttırılması
gerekmektedir. Nitekim aile ve yaşam dinamiklerinin sağlamlaştırılabilmesi
adına krizlerin bireyler üzerindeki yıkıcı etkilerinin azaltılabilmesi ekonomi
politikalarının da etkinliğine bağlıdır.

References

  • Amato, P.R. ve Beattie, Brett (2011), “Does The Unemployment Rate Affect The Divorce Rate? An Analysis of State Data 1960-2005”, 40, 3, ss. 705-715.
  • Amato, P.R., Booth, A., Johnson, D. ve Rogers, S. (2007), Alone Together: How Marriage in America is Changing, Harward University Press, Cambridge, MA.
  • Aytaç, I. ve Rankin, B. (2009), “Economic Crisis and Marital Problems in Turkey: Testing The Family Stress Model”, Journal of Marriage and Family, 71, ss. 756-767.
  • Bakan, İsmail, Akyüz, Müslüme, Eyitmiş, A. Melih ve Doğan, İnci Fatma (2011), “Ekonomik krizin İnsan Davranışları Üzerine Etkilerine Yönelik Malatya’da Bir Alan Çalışması”, Bingöl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 1(1), ss. 1-24.
  • Barr, B., Taylor-Robinson D., Scott-Samuel A., McKee M. ve Stuckler D. (2012), “Suicides Associated with The 2008-10 Economic Recession in England: Time Trend Analysis”, BMJ, 345, ss. 1-7.
  • Benson, D. E. ve Ritter, Christian (1990), “Belief in a Just World, Job Loss, and Depression”, Sociological Focus, 23(1), ss. 49-61.
  • Bergmark, Ake ve Palme, Joakim (2003), “Welfare and The Unemployment Crisis: Sweden in The 1990”, International Journal of Social Welfare, 12, ss. 108-122.
  • Bernier, B. ve Mirza, V. (2001), “Crisis and Strategies of Reduction of Labour Costs in Japanese Companies”, Labour, Capital & Society, 34, 146-165.
  • Bronfenbrenner, U. (1977), “Toward an Experimental Ecology of Human Development”, American Psychologist, 32, ss. 513–531.
  • Bronfenbrenner, U. ve Ceci S. J (1994), “Nature-Nurture Reconceptualized in Developmental Perspective”, Psychological Review, 101(4), ss. 568–586.
  • Budak, Füsun (2012), “Ekonomik Krizin Psikolojik Etkileri”, Erişim Tarihi: 14.12.2017, http://www.tpf.com.tr/ekonomik-krizin-psikolojik-etkileri/
  • Chang, Shu-Sen, Gunnel, David, Sterne, Jonathan A. C., Lu, Tsung-Hsueh ve Cheng, Andrew T. A. (2009), “Was The Economic Crisis1997-1998 Responsible for
  • Rising Suicide Rates in East/Southeast Asia? A Time Trend-Analysis for Japan, Hong Kong, South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore and Thailand”, Social Science & Medicine, 68, ss. 1322-1331.
  • Chen, J., Choi, Y. C., Mori, K., Sawada, Y. ve Sugano, S. R. (2012), “Unemployment and Suicide in Japan”, Japan Labor Review, 9(2), ss. 75–92.
  • Chen, Joe, Choi, Yun Jeong ve Sawada, Yasuyuki (2009), “How is Suicide Diffirent in Japan?”, Japan and The World Economy, 21(2), ss. 140-150.
  • Cheung, Chau-kiu ve Hung Ng, Sik (2012), “Impacts of Financial Crisis on Social Engagement in Hong Kong”, The Journal of Socia-Economics, 41, ss. 623-632.
  • Choi, Y. ve Chung, C. S. (2002), “Social Impacts of The Korean Economic Crisis”, EADN Regional Project on The Social Impact of The Asian Financial Crisis, EADN RP1-4, ss. 1-19.
  • Chowdhury, A. T. (2013), “Recession Do Us Part: Booms, Busts and Divorce in the United States”, Applied Economics Letters, 20(3), ss. 255–261.
  • Cohen, P. N. (2012), “Recession and Divorce in The United States: Economic Conditions and The Odds of Divorce”, 2008– 2010. Maryland Population Research Center, Working Paper, ss. 1–22.
  • Conger, R. D. ve Conger, K. J. (2002), “Resilience in Midwestern Families: Selected Findings from The First Decade of a Prospective”, Longitudinal Study, Journal of Marriage and Familiy, 64, ss. 361-373.
  • Conger, R.D. ve Elder, G. H. (1994), Families in Troubled Times: Adapting to Change in Rural America, Aldine de Gruyter, New York.
  • Conger, R.D., Elder, G. H., Lorenz, F. O., Conger, K. J., Simons, R. L., Whitbeck, L. B., Huck, S. ve Melby, J. N. (1990), “Linking Economic Hardship to Marital Quality and Instability”, Journal of Marriage and The Family, 52, ss. 643-656.
  • Dickey, D. A. ve Fuller, W. A. (1981), “Likelihood Ratio Statistics for Autoregressive Time Series with a Unit Root”, Econometrica, 49(4), ss. 1057-1072.
  • Durkheim, E. (1952), Suicide: A Study in Sociology, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London.Economoua, M., Madianos, M., Theleritis, C., Peppou, L. E., Stefanis, C. N. (2011), “Increased Suicidality Amid Economic Crisis in Greece”, The Lancet, 378(9801), ss. 1459–1522.
  • Elder, G. H., Conger, R. D., Foster, E. M. ve Ardelt, M. (1992), “Families under Economic Pressure”, Journal of Family Issues, 13, ss. 5-37.
  • Enders, W. (1995), Applied Econometric Time Series, John Wiley&Sons, New York.
  • Hoffman, S. D. ve Duncan, G. J. (1995), “The Effect of Incomes, Wages, and AFDC Benefits on Marital Disruption”, Journal of Human Resources, 30, ss. 19-42.
  • Jang, Jiho (2003), “Economic Crisis and Its Consequences”, Social Indicators Research, 62(63), ss. 51-70.
  • Johnson, D. ve Booth, A. (1990), “Rural Economic Decline and Marital Quality: A Panel Study of Farm Families”, Family Relations, 39, ss. 159-165.
  • Jung, EeHwan ve Cheon, Byung-you (2006), “Economic Crisis and Changes and Employment Relations in Japan and Korea”, Asian Survey, 46(3), ss. 457-476.
  • Kanberoğlu, Zafer ve Kara, Oğuz (2013), “Küresel Krizlerin Sosyal Yaşam Üzerindeki Etkisi: Van İli Örneği”, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 31, ss. 35-48.
  • Kendler, Kenneth, S., Gardner, Charles O. ve Prescott, Carol A. (2006), “Toward a Comprehensive Developmental Model for Major Depression in Men”, American Journal of Psychiatry, 163(1), ss. 115-124.
  • Khang, Y. H., Lynch, J. W. ve Kaplan, G. A. (2005), “Impact of Economic Crisis on Cause-Specific Mortality in South Korea”, International Journal of Epidemiology, 34, ss. 1291-1301.
  • Kılıç, Cüneyt, Kılınç Savrul, Burcu ve Bayar, Yılmaz (2014), “Türkiye Ekonomisinde 2000 Yılı ve Sonrasında Yaşanan Finansal Krizlerin Evlenme-Boşanma ve İntiharlar Üzerindeki Etkileri”, Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 40, ss. 131-146.
  • Kim, Andrew Enungi (2004), "The Social Perils of The Korean Financial Crisis”, Journal of Contemporary Asia, 34(2), ss. 221-337.
  • Kim, H., Song, Y. J., Yi, J.J., Chung, W. J. and Nam, C. M. (2004), “Changes in Mortality After The Recent Economic Crisis in South Korea”, Annals of Epidemiology, 14, ss. 442-446.
  • Lazarus, R.S. ve Folkman, S. (1984), Stress Appraisal and Coping, Springer, New York.
  • Lim, Hyun-Chin ve Han, Joon (2003), “The Social and political Impact of Economic Crisis in South Korea: A Comparative Note”, Asian Journal of Social Science, 31(2), ss. 198-220.
  • Lopez Bernal, James A., Gasparrini, Antonoi, Artundo, Carlos M. ve McKee, Martin (2013), “The Effect of The Late 2000s Financial Crisis on Suicides in Spain: An Interrupted Time-Series Analysis”, The European Journal of Public Health Advance Access, 23(5), ss. 732-736.
  • Miller, P. H. (2008), Gelişim Psikolojisi Kuramları, (Yayına hazırlayan: Onur, B) (Çev: Gültekin, Z.), İmge Kitapevi, Ankara.
  • Morselli, H. (1882), Suicide: An Essay an Comparative Moral Statistics, New York: D. Appleton and Company.
  • Ono, H. H. (1998), “Husbands and Wives Resources and Marital Dissolution”, Journal of Marriage and The Family, 60, ss. 674-689. Povoledo, E. ve Carvajal, D. (2013), “Increasingly in Europe”, Suicides by EconomicCrisis.http://www.dasschaufenster.at/suicide/material/1/www.nytimes.com%20-%20increasingly-in-.pdf Erişim Tarihi (18.01. 2018).
  • Ravallion, Martin ve Lokshin, Michael (2007), “Lasting Impacts of Indonesia’s Financial Crisis”, Economic Development & Culturel Change, 56(1), ss. 27-56.
  • Reeves, A., Stuckler, D., Mckee, M., Gunnell, D., Chang, S.S. ve Basu, S. (2012), “Increase in State Suicide Rates in the USA During Economic Recession”, The Lancet, 380(9850), ss. 1813–1814.
  • Roberts, Marcus (1996), Analytical Marxism: ACritique, Verso, London.
  • Santrock, J. W. (2015), Yaşam Boyu Gelişim: Gelişim Psikolojisi (Life-span development), Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık Eğitim Danışmanlık Tic. Limited Şti.
  • Shugrue, Noreen ve Robison, Julie (2009), “Intensifying Individual, Family, and Caregiver Stress: Health and Social Effects of Economic Crisis”, Generations, 33(3), ss. 34-39.
  • Skoufias, Emmanuel (2003), “Economic Crisis and Naturel Disasters: Coping Strategies and Policy Implications”, World Development, 31(7), ss. 1087-1102.
  • Swinscow, D. (1951), “Some Suicide Statistics”, Br. Med. J., 1(4720), ss. 1417-1423.
  • Weyerer, S. ve Wiedenmann, A. (1995), “Economic Factors and The Rates of Suicide in Germany Between 1881 and 1989”, Psychological Reports, 76, ss. 1331-41.
  • Yamak, R. ve Köseoğlu, M. (2011), Uygulamalı İstatistik ve Ekonometri, 6. baskı, Derya Kitabevi, Trabzon.
  • Yang, B. D. ve Lester, D. (1990), “Time-Series Analyses of the American Suiciderate”, The Lancet, 25, ss. 274–275.
  • Yip, P. S., Law, C. K. ve Law, Y. W. (2003), “Suicide in Hong Kong: Epidemiological Profile and Burden Analysis 1981 to 2001”, Hong Kong Medical Journal, 9, ss. 419-426.
Year 2019, Volume: 33 Issue: 2, 415 - 434, 29.03.2019

Abstract

References

  • Amato, P.R. ve Beattie, Brett (2011), “Does The Unemployment Rate Affect The Divorce Rate? An Analysis of State Data 1960-2005”, 40, 3, ss. 705-715.
  • Amato, P.R., Booth, A., Johnson, D. ve Rogers, S. (2007), Alone Together: How Marriage in America is Changing, Harward University Press, Cambridge, MA.
  • Aytaç, I. ve Rankin, B. (2009), “Economic Crisis and Marital Problems in Turkey: Testing The Family Stress Model”, Journal of Marriage and Family, 71, ss. 756-767.
  • Bakan, İsmail, Akyüz, Müslüme, Eyitmiş, A. Melih ve Doğan, İnci Fatma (2011), “Ekonomik krizin İnsan Davranışları Üzerine Etkilerine Yönelik Malatya’da Bir Alan Çalışması”, Bingöl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 1(1), ss. 1-24.
  • Barr, B., Taylor-Robinson D., Scott-Samuel A., McKee M. ve Stuckler D. (2012), “Suicides Associated with The 2008-10 Economic Recession in England: Time Trend Analysis”, BMJ, 345, ss. 1-7.
  • Benson, D. E. ve Ritter, Christian (1990), “Belief in a Just World, Job Loss, and Depression”, Sociological Focus, 23(1), ss. 49-61.
  • Bergmark, Ake ve Palme, Joakim (2003), “Welfare and The Unemployment Crisis: Sweden in The 1990”, International Journal of Social Welfare, 12, ss. 108-122.
  • Bernier, B. ve Mirza, V. (2001), “Crisis and Strategies of Reduction of Labour Costs in Japanese Companies”, Labour, Capital & Society, 34, 146-165.
  • Bronfenbrenner, U. (1977), “Toward an Experimental Ecology of Human Development”, American Psychologist, 32, ss. 513–531.
  • Bronfenbrenner, U. ve Ceci S. J (1994), “Nature-Nurture Reconceptualized in Developmental Perspective”, Psychological Review, 101(4), ss. 568–586.
  • Budak, Füsun (2012), “Ekonomik Krizin Psikolojik Etkileri”, Erişim Tarihi: 14.12.2017, http://www.tpf.com.tr/ekonomik-krizin-psikolojik-etkileri/
  • Chang, Shu-Sen, Gunnel, David, Sterne, Jonathan A. C., Lu, Tsung-Hsueh ve Cheng, Andrew T. A. (2009), “Was The Economic Crisis1997-1998 Responsible for
  • Rising Suicide Rates in East/Southeast Asia? A Time Trend-Analysis for Japan, Hong Kong, South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore and Thailand”, Social Science & Medicine, 68, ss. 1322-1331.
  • Chen, J., Choi, Y. C., Mori, K., Sawada, Y. ve Sugano, S. R. (2012), “Unemployment and Suicide in Japan”, Japan Labor Review, 9(2), ss. 75–92.
  • Chen, Joe, Choi, Yun Jeong ve Sawada, Yasuyuki (2009), “How is Suicide Diffirent in Japan?”, Japan and The World Economy, 21(2), ss. 140-150.
  • Cheung, Chau-kiu ve Hung Ng, Sik (2012), “Impacts of Financial Crisis on Social Engagement in Hong Kong”, The Journal of Socia-Economics, 41, ss. 623-632.
  • Choi, Y. ve Chung, C. S. (2002), “Social Impacts of The Korean Economic Crisis”, EADN Regional Project on The Social Impact of The Asian Financial Crisis, EADN RP1-4, ss. 1-19.
  • Chowdhury, A. T. (2013), “Recession Do Us Part: Booms, Busts and Divorce in the United States”, Applied Economics Letters, 20(3), ss. 255–261.
  • Cohen, P. N. (2012), “Recession and Divorce in The United States: Economic Conditions and The Odds of Divorce”, 2008– 2010. Maryland Population Research Center, Working Paper, ss. 1–22.
  • Conger, R. D. ve Conger, K. J. (2002), “Resilience in Midwestern Families: Selected Findings from The First Decade of a Prospective”, Longitudinal Study, Journal of Marriage and Familiy, 64, ss. 361-373.
  • Conger, R.D. ve Elder, G. H. (1994), Families in Troubled Times: Adapting to Change in Rural America, Aldine de Gruyter, New York.
  • Conger, R.D., Elder, G. H., Lorenz, F. O., Conger, K. J., Simons, R. L., Whitbeck, L. B., Huck, S. ve Melby, J. N. (1990), “Linking Economic Hardship to Marital Quality and Instability”, Journal of Marriage and The Family, 52, ss. 643-656.
  • Dickey, D. A. ve Fuller, W. A. (1981), “Likelihood Ratio Statistics for Autoregressive Time Series with a Unit Root”, Econometrica, 49(4), ss. 1057-1072.
  • Durkheim, E. (1952), Suicide: A Study in Sociology, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London.Economoua, M., Madianos, M., Theleritis, C., Peppou, L. E., Stefanis, C. N. (2011), “Increased Suicidality Amid Economic Crisis in Greece”, The Lancet, 378(9801), ss. 1459–1522.
  • Elder, G. H., Conger, R. D., Foster, E. M. ve Ardelt, M. (1992), “Families under Economic Pressure”, Journal of Family Issues, 13, ss. 5-37.
  • Enders, W. (1995), Applied Econometric Time Series, John Wiley&Sons, New York.
  • Hoffman, S. D. ve Duncan, G. J. (1995), “The Effect of Incomes, Wages, and AFDC Benefits on Marital Disruption”, Journal of Human Resources, 30, ss. 19-42.
  • Jang, Jiho (2003), “Economic Crisis and Its Consequences”, Social Indicators Research, 62(63), ss. 51-70.
  • Johnson, D. ve Booth, A. (1990), “Rural Economic Decline and Marital Quality: A Panel Study of Farm Families”, Family Relations, 39, ss. 159-165.
  • Jung, EeHwan ve Cheon, Byung-you (2006), “Economic Crisis and Changes and Employment Relations in Japan and Korea”, Asian Survey, 46(3), ss. 457-476.
  • Kanberoğlu, Zafer ve Kara, Oğuz (2013), “Küresel Krizlerin Sosyal Yaşam Üzerindeki Etkisi: Van İli Örneği”, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 31, ss. 35-48.
  • Kendler, Kenneth, S., Gardner, Charles O. ve Prescott, Carol A. (2006), “Toward a Comprehensive Developmental Model for Major Depression in Men”, American Journal of Psychiatry, 163(1), ss. 115-124.
  • Khang, Y. H., Lynch, J. W. ve Kaplan, G. A. (2005), “Impact of Economic Crisis on Cause-Specific Mortality in South Korea”, International Journal of Epidemiology, 34, ss. 1291-1301.
  • Kılıç, Cüneyt, Kılınç Savrul, Burcu ve Bayar, Yılmaz (2014), “Türkiye Ekonomisinde 2000 Yılı ve Sonrasında Yaşanan Finansal Krizlerin Evlenme-Boşanma ve İntiharlar Üzerindeki Etkileri”, Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 40, ss. 131-146.
  • Kim, Andrew Enungi (2004), "The Social Perils of The Korean Financial Crisis”, Journal of Contemporary Asia, 34(2), ss. 221-337.
  • Kim, H., Song, Y. J., Yi, J.J., Chung, W. J. and Nam, C. M. (2004), “Changes in Mortality After The Recent Economic Crisis in South Korea”, Annals of Epidemiology, 14, ss. 442-446.
  • Lazarus, R.S. ve Folkman, S. (1984), Stress Appraisal and Coping, Springer, New York.
  • Lim, Hyun-Chin ve Han, Joon (2003), “The Social and political Impact of Economic Crisis in South Korea: A Comparative Note”, Asian Journal of Social Science, 31(2), ss. 198-220.
  • Lopez Bernal, James A., Gasparrini, Antonoi, Artundo, Carlos M. ve McKee, Martin (2013), “The Effect of The Late 2000s Financial Crisis on Suicides in Spain: An Interrupted Time-Series Analysis”, The European Journal of Public Health Advance Access, 23(5), ss. 732-736.
  • Miller, P. H. (2008), Gelişim Psikolojisi Kuramları, (Yayına hazırlayan: Onur, B) (Çev: Gültekin, Z.), İmge Kitapevi, Ankara.
  • Morselli, H. (1882), Suicide: An Essay an Comparative Moral Statistics, New York: D. Appleton and Company.
  • Ono, H. H. (1998), “Husbands and Wives Resources and Marital Dissolution”, Journal of Marriage and The Family, 60, ss. 674-689. Povoledo, E. ve Carvajal, D. (2013), “Increasingly in Europe”, Suicides by EconomicCrisis.http://www.dasschaufenster.at/suicide/material/1/www.nytimes.com%20-%20increasingly-in-.pdf Erişim Tarihi (18.01. 2018).
  • Ravallion, Martin ve Lokshin, Michael (2007), “Lasting Impacts of Indonesia’s Financial Crisis”, Economic Development & Culturel Change, 56(1), ss. 27-56.
  • Reeves, A., Stuckler, D., Mckee, M., Gunnell, D., Chang, S.S. ve Basu, S. (2012), “Increase in State Suicide Rates in the USA During Economic Recession”, The Lancet, 380(9850), ss. 1813–1814.
  • Roberts, Marcus (1996), Analytical Marxism: ACritique, Verso, London.
  • Santrock, J. W. (2015), Yaşam Boyu Gelişim: Gelişim Psikolojisi (Life-span development), Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık Eğitim Danışmanlık Tic. Limited Şti.
  • Shugrue, Noreen ve Robison, Julie (2009), “Intensifying Individual, Family, and Caregiver Stress: Health and Social Effects of Economic Crisis”, Generations, 33(3), ss. 34-39.
  • Skoufias, Emmanuel (2003), “Economic Crisis and Naturel Disasters: Coping Strategies and Policy Implications”, World Development, 31(7), ss. 1087-1102.
  • Swinscow, D. (1951), “Some Suicide Statistics”, Br. Med. J., 1(4720), ss. 1417-1423.
  • Weyerer, S. ve Wiedenmann, A. (1995), “Economic Factors and The Rates of Suicide in Germany Between 1881 and 1989”, Psychological Reports, 76, ss. 1331-41.
  • Yamak, R. ve Köseoğlu, M. (2011), Uygulamalı İstatistik ve Ekonometri, 6. baskı, Derya Kitabevi, Trabzon.
  • Yang, B. D. ve Lester, D. (1990), “Time-Series Analyses of the American Suiciderate”, The Lancet, 25, ss. 274–275.
  • Yip, P. S., Law, C. K. ve Law, Y. W. (2003), “Suicide in Hong Kong: Epidemiological Profile and Burden Analysis 1981 to 2001”, Hong Kong Medical Journal, 9, ss. 419-426.
There are 53 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Dilara Ayla 0000-0002-0206-250X

Çiğdem Karış 0000-0002-7534-0494

Alaattin Kızıltan 0000-0002-7239-7874

Publication Date March 29, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 33 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Ayla, D., Karış, Ç., & Kızıltan, A. (2019). Ekonomik Krizlerin Sosyal Etkileri: Türkiye Üzerine Bir Uygulama (1980-2016). Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 33(2), 415-434.

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