Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Investigation of EFL Students' Readiness and Metaphorical Perceptions for Emergency Remote Teaching

Year 2024, Volume: 15 Issue: 1, 116 - 150, 28.04.2024
https://doi.org/10.51460/baebd.1395369

Abstract

Çalışma, yükseköğretim öğrencilerinin kriz sonrası acil uzaktan öğretime (AUÖ) hazır olma durumlarını ve metaforik algılarını belirlemeyi amaçlamıştır. Bu amaçla çoklu araştırma yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Bu kapsamda öğrencilerin AUÖ'e yönelik hazır bulunuşluklarını belirlemek için tarama modeli, öğrencilerin metaforik algılarını belirlemek için ise fenomenolojik desen kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın örneklemini bir devlet üniversitesinin İngiliz Dili ve Edebiyatı bölümünde öğrenim gören 411 öğrenci oluşturmaktadır. Verilerin toplanmasında öğrencilerin AUÖ'e yönelik hazır bulunuşluklarını ortaya koymak için bir ölçek ve metaforik algılarına ışık tutmak için "Acil Uzaktan Öğretim.......... gibidir çünkü........" formu kullanılmıştır. Nicel verileri analiz etmek için betimsel ve kestirimsel analiz yöntemleri kullanılırken, nitel verileri analiz etmek için metaforik analiz kullanılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda, öğrencilerin hazırbulunuşlukları açısından sınıf düzeyi, kullanılan cihaz ve bilgisayar ve teknoloji kullanım becerisi yeterlilik algısına göre anlamlı bir fark bulunurken; cinsiyet ve uzaktan eğitim deneyimi açısından gruplar arasında anlamlı bir fark bulunmamıştır. Ayrıca öğrencilerin AUÖ'e yönelik hazırbulunuşluk puanının (X=3.27) ortalamanın üzerinde olduğu görülmüştür. Nitel veri analizi sonuçlarına göre, katılımcıların çoğu AUÖ’e ilişkin olumsuz algılara sahip olmakla birlikte, olumlu çağrışımlara sahip bazı metaforlar da ortaya çıkmıştır. Örneğin, metaforik algı çalışmasında, sadece zorlayıcı, yetersiz, etkisiz, sistematik olmayan ve sınırlı gibi olumsuz algıların değil, aynı zamanda rahat, etkili, destekleyici ve geliştirici gibi olumlu algıların da ortaya çıktığı görülmüştür.

References

  • Abbasi, S., Ayoob, T., Malik, A., & Memon, S. I. (2020). Perceptions of students regarding E-learning during Covid-19 at a private medical college. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, 36(COVID19-S4), S57.
  • Acar, K. (2022). Perceptions of sport sciences faculty students regarding distance education during COVID-19 process: A metaphor analysis. Kırşehir Faculty of Education Journal, 23(2), 1764-1796. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1941388
  • Adams, D., Chuah, K. M., Sumintono, B., & Mohamed, A. (2022). Students' readiness for e-learning during the COVID-19 pandemic in a South-East Asian university: A Rasch analysis. Asian Education and Development Studies, 11(2), 324-339. https://doi.org/10.1108/AEDS-05-2020-0100
  • Adnan, M., & Yaman, B. B. (2017). Engineering students' expectations and readiness for e-learning availability and satisfaction levels. Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education, 8(2), 218-243. http://dx.doi.org/10.16949/turkbilmat.280165
  • Aksoy, D. A., Bozkurt, A., & Kurşun, E. (2021). Higher education students' perceptions of distance education during the coronavirus (covid-19) pandemic. AUJEF, 5(3), 285-308. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1651651
  • Aktaş, C., & Çaycı, B. (2013, November). Yeni enformasyon ve iletişim teknolojilerinin sosyal hayattaki rolü [The role of new information and communication technologies in social life]. 1st International Symposium on Media Studies. Antalya/Türkiye. http://web.hitit.edu.tr/dosyalar/yayinlar/canayumunc@hititedutr221020150D7P9Z0B.pdf
  • Akyıldız, S., & Yurtbakan, E. (2021). The views of school administrators and teachers about the coronavirus outbreak, the effects of the process on attitudes and behaviors, and investigation of distance education perceptions. MANAS Journal of Social Studies, 10(4), 2191-2203. https://doi.org/10.33206/mjss.848566
  • Alan, Y. (2021). Metaphors of academics in Turkey for distance education. International Journal of Progressive Education, 17(4), 171-187. https://doi.org/10.29329/ijpe.2021.366.11
  • Alqurashi, E. (2016). Self-efficacy in online learning environments: A literatüre review. Contemporary Issues in Education Research (CIER), 9(1), 45-52. https://doi.org/10.19030/cier.v9i1.9549
  • Almahasees, Z., Mohsen, K., & Amin, M. O. (2021, May). Faculty’s and students’ perceptions of online learning during COVID-19. In Frontiers in Education (Vol. 6, p. 638470). Frontiers Media SA.
  • Alsancak Sırakaya, D., & Yurdugül, H. (2016). Investigation of online learning readiness level of teacher candidates: The sample of Ahi Evran University. KEFAD, 17(1), 185-200. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/1489159
  • Arthur-Nyarko, E., Agyei, D. D., & Armah, J. K. (2020). Digitising distance learning materials: Measuring students' readiness and intended challenges. Education and Information Technologies, 25, 2987-3002. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-019-10060-y
  • Aslan, B. (2022). Acil uzaktan eğitimde, üniversite öğrencilerinin çevrimiçi öğrenmeye yönelik hazırbulunuşlukları ile doyumları arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi [Examining the relationship between university students' readiness and satisfaction towards online learning in emergency distance education]. [Master Thesis, Ege University]. CHE National Thesis Center.
  • Ateş, A., & Altun, E. (2008). Investigating preservice computer teachers attitudes towards distance learning regarding various variables. Journal of Gazi University Gazi Faculty of Education, 28(3), 125-145. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/gefad/issue/6746/90705
  • Atmaca, Ç. (2023). "Thinking about drinking tea but not drinking tea": Pre-service English teacher education during the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkish EFL context. E-Learning and Digital Media, 20(3), 207-223. https://doi.org/10.1177/20427530231155722
  • Banit, O., Shtepura, A., Rostoka, M., Cherevychnyi, G., & Dyma, O. (2022, January). Students' Readiness to Distance Learning: Results of Research in the Institutions of Higher Education. In Mobility for Smart Cities and Regional Development-Challenges for Higher Education: Proceedings of the 24th ICL2021, 1 (pp. 426-434). Springer International Publishing.
  • Benlioğlu, B., & Kesen Mutlu, A. (2022). Online education through the eyes of Turkish EFL instructors: A study on metaphorical perceptions. Yıldız Journal of Educational Research, 7(2), 88-100. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/yjer/issue/75131/1231854
  • Borotis, S., & Poulymenakou, A. (2004). E-learning readiness components: Key issues to consider before adopting e-learning interventions. In E-Learn: World Conference on E-Learning in Corporate, Government, Healthcare, and Higher Education (pp. 1622-1629). Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE).
  • Bozkurt, A. (2020). Images and perceptions of primary school students towards distance education during Coronavirus (Covid-19) pandemic: A metaphor analysis. Uşak University Journal of Educational Research, 6(2), 1-23. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/1229726
  • Bozkus-Genc, G. (2022). Metaphorical perceptions of pre-service special education teachers towards distance education during the coronavirus (covid-19) pandemic. Asian Journal of Distance Education, 17(2). https://www.asianjde.com/ojs/index.php/AsianJDE/article/view/672
  • Campbell, D. T., & Fiske, D. W. (1959). Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix. Psychological Bulletin, 56(2), 81-105. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0046016
  • Çay, T., & Tanrıseven, I. (2022). Distance and face-to-face education from the perspective of preparatory year students: A metaphor study. IJOESS, 13(50), 1494-1509. http://dx.doi.org/10.35826/ijoess.3209
  • Çetinkaya, N.C. (2021). Türkçe öğretmeni adaylarının çevrim içi öğrenmeye yönelik hazırbulunuşluk düzeylerinin incelenmesi [Investigation of Turkish teacher candidates' readiness levels for online learning]. [Master Thesis, Akdeniz University]. CHE National Thesis Center.
  • Cheon, J., Cheng, J., & Cho, M. H. (2021). Validation of the online learning readiness self-check survey. Distance Education, 42(4), 599-619. https://doi.org/10.1080/01587919.2021.1986370
  • Chung, E., Noor, N. M., & Mathew, V. N. (2020). Are you ready? An assessment of online learning readiness among university students. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, 9(1), 301-317. http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARPED/v9-i1/7128
  • Çiğdem, H., & Yıldırım, O. G. (2014). Effects of students' characteristics on online learning readiness: A vocational college example. TOJDE, 15(3), 80-93. https://doi.org/10.17718/tojde.69439
  • Çivril, H., Aruğaslan, E., & Özkara, B. Ö. (2018). Distance education perceptions of distance education students: A metaphor analysis. Educational Technology Theory and Practice, 8(1), 39-59. https://doi.org/10.17943/etku.310168
  • Çokyaman, M., & Ünal, M. (2021). Distance education perceptions of students and teachers during covid-19 epidemic: A metaphor analysis. OPUS International Journal of Society Researches, 18(Special Issue), 1684-1715. http://doi.org/10.26466/opus.913396
  • Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. Sage.
  • Demir Kaymak, Z., & Horzum, M. B. (2013). Relationship between online learning readiness and structure and interaction of online learning students. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 13(3), 1792-1797. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1017736.pdf
  • Demirbilek, N. (2021). Üniversite öğrencilerinin uzaktan öğretime ilişkin metaforik algıları [Metaphoric perceptions of university students on distance education]. E-International Journal of Educational Research, 12(1), 1-15. http://dx.doi.org/10.19160/ijer.786303
  • Doe, R., Castillo, M. S., & Musyoka, M. M. (2017). Assessing online readiness of students. Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration, 20(1), 1-13. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1140361
  • Dolmacı, M., & Dolmacı, A. (2020). The views of the university students from foreign language preparation program on synchronous distance education. National Education Journal, 49(1), 657-684. https://doi.org/10.37669/milliegitim.782906
  • Dönertaş, A. B., Akkaya, B., & Erkılıç, T. A. (2022). In the covid-19 pandemic; metaphorical perceptions of administrators and teachers on the concepts of distance education, teacher and student. Journal of Bayburt Faculty of Education, 17(36), 1174-1206. https://doi.org/10.35675/befdergi.1145922
  • Elkatmış, M., & Tanık, M. (2022). Metaphorical perceptions of university students on distance education "The sample of Kırıkkale University". Ahi Evran University Institute of Social Sciences Journal, 8(1), 219-238. https://doi.org/10.31592/aeusbed.1030963
  • Fadhilah, F., & Husin, M. (2023). Student readiness on online learning in higher education: An empirical study. International Journal of Instruction, 16(3), 489-504. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2023.16326a
  • Fer, S. (2011). Instructional Design. Anı Publication.
  • Fırat, M., & Bozkurt, A. (2020). Variables affecting online learning readiness in an open and distance learning university. Educational Media International, 57(2), 112-127. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523987.2020.1786772
  • Groves, R. M., Fowler Jr, F. J., Couper, M. P., Lepkowski, J. M., Singer, E., & Tourangeau, R. (2011). Survey methodology. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Hartley, K., & Bendixen, L. D. (2001). Educational research in the Internet age: Examining the role of individual characteristics. Educational Researcher, 30(9), 22-26. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X030009022
  • Haznedar, Ö. (2012). Üniversite öğrencilerinin bilgi ve iletişim teknolojileri becerilerinin ve eöğrenmeye yönelik tutumlarının farklı değişkenler açısından incelenmesi [The investigation of undergraduate students' information and communication technology skills and attitudes to e-learning in terms of different variables] (Master Thesis, Dokuz Eylül University). CHE National Thesis Center.
  • Hung, M. L., Chou, C., Chen, C. H., & Own, Z. Y. (2010). Learner readiness for online learning: Scale development and student perceptions. Computers & Education, 55(3), 1080-1090. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2010.05.004
  • İbicioğlu, H., & Antalyalı, U. Ö. L. (2005). Opportunity, perception, motivation, and motivation in the success of distance education the effects of interaction factors: A comparative application. Çukurova University Journal of Institute of Social Sciences, 14(2), 325-338. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/50240
  • Joosten, T., & Cusatis, R. (2020). Online learning readiness. American Journal of Distance Education, 34(3), 180-193. https://doi.org/10.1080/08923647.2020.1726167
  • Karakuş, N., & Karacaoğlu, M. Ö. (2021). A close look at distance education: A metaphor study. RumeliDE Journal of Language and Literature Studies, (10), 44-62. https://doi.org/10.29000/rumelide.1009038
  • Kaya, S. (2020). Uzaktan eğitimde başarının önkoşulları [Prerequisites for success in distance education]. F. Tanhan & H.İ. Özok (Eds.). Pandemi ve eğitim [Pandemic and education] (ss. 145-158). Pegem Academy.
  • Martin, F., Stamper, B., & Flowers, C. (2020). Examining student perception of readiness for online learning: Importance and confidence. Online Learning, 24(2), 38-58. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1260328.pdf
  • Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (2016). Qualitative data analysis. Pegem Academy.
  • Mirabolghasemi, M., Choshaly, S. H., & Lahad, N. A. (2019). Using the HOT-fit model to predict the determinants of E-learning readiness in higher education: A developing Country's perspective. Education and Information Technologies, 24, 3555-3576. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-019-09945-9
  • MoNE. (2020). Minister Selçuk Announces Measures Taken in Education Against Coronavirus. Ministry of National Education. https://www.meb.gov.tr/bakan-selcuk-koronaviruse-karsiegitim-alaninda-alinan-tedbirleri-acikladi/haber/20497/tr
  • Moore, M. G., & Kearsley, G. (2011). Distance education: A systems view of online learning. Cengage Learning.
  • Offir, B., Barth, I., Lev, Y., & Shteinbok, A. (2003). Teacher–student interactions and learning outcomes in a distance learning environment. The Internet and Higher Education, 6(1), 65-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1096-7516(02)00162-8
  • Öner, S. Ç., Çelik, G., Habibe, B., Yeşil, Y., & Turfan, E. Ç. (2018). Evaluation of midwifery distance education students e-learning readiness. Medical Sciences, 13(1), 10-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.12739/NWSA.2018.13.1.1
  • Özbay, Ö. (2015). The current status of distance education in the world and Turkey. International Journal of Education Sciences, (5), 376-394. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/562769
  • Öztürk, D. S., Öztürk, F., & Özen, R. (2018). The relationship between prospective teachers' readiness and satisfactions about internet-based distance education. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 19(1), 147-162. https://doi.org/10.17718/tojde.382791
  • Paechter, M., Maier, B., & Macher, D. (2010). Students' expectations of and experiences in e-learning: Their relation to learning achievements and course satisfaction. Computers & Education, 54, 222-229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2009.08.005
  • Patton, M. Q. (2014). Qualitative research and evaluation methods. Pegem Academy.
  • Rafique, G. M., Mahmood, K., Warraich, N. F., & Rehman, S. U. (2021). Readiness for online learning during covid-19 pandemic: A survey of Pakistani LIS students. The Journal of Academic Librarianship, 47(3), 102346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acalib.2021.102346
  • Reyes, J. R. S., Grajo, J. D., Comia, L. N., Talento, M. S. D., Ebal, L. P. A., & Mendoza, J. J. O. (2021). Assessment of Filipino higher education students' readiness for e-learning during a pandemic: A rasch technique application. Philippine Journal of Science, 150(3). http://dx.doi.org/10.56899/150.03.34
  • Saban, A. (2006). Functions of metaphor in teaching and teacher education: A review essay. Teaching Education, 17(4), 299-315.
  • Saban, A. (2008). Metaphors about school. Educational Administration: Theory and Practice, 55(55), 459-496.
  • Saban, A. (2010). Prospective teachers' metaphorical conceptualisations of learner. Teaching and Teacher Education, 26(2), 290-305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2009.03.017
  • Sağlamel, H., & Erbay Çetinkaya, Ş. (2022). Unraveling college students' conceptualisation of ERT: A metaphor analysis. JETOL, 5(3), 481-499. https://doi.org/10.31681/jetol.1034422
  • Şahingöz, S. A., & Öztürk, B. (2021). Food and drink preferences of individuals in the process of normalising the covid- 19 epidemic. Haliç University Journal of Social Sciences, 4(2), 187-214. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/husbd/issue/65738/795968
  • Sakal, M. (2017). Investigation on the demographic characteristics of readiness levels of online educated students. Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Researches, 18(39), 81-102. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/453771
  • Samson. P. (2020). The coronavirus and class broadcasts. Educause Review Magazine. https://er.educause.edu/blogs/2020/3/the-coronavirus-and-class-broadcasts
  • Sarıtaş, E., & Barutçu, S. (2020). Digital transformation in education and students' readiness to learn online: A research on Pamukkale University students in the period of pandemic. Journal of Internet Applications and Management, 11(1), 5-22. https://doi.org/10.34231/iuyd.706397
  • Scherer, R., Howard, S. K., Tondeur, J., & Siddiq, F. (2021). Profiling teachers' readiness for online teaching and learning in higher education: Who's ready?. Computers in Human Behavior, 118, 106675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106675
  • Sekyere-Asiedu, D., Mashkin, N. A., Mochelevskaya, E. V., Petrova, M. G., & Zheltukhina, M. R. (2022). Determining the readiness of the mechanical engineering programme candidates for distance education. International Journal of Engineering Pedagogy, 12(2). https://doi.org/10.3991/ijep.v12i2.29319
  • Smith, P. J., Murphy, K. L., & Mahoney, S. E. (2003). Towards identifying factors underlying readiness for online learning: An exploratory study. Distance education, 24(1), 57-67. https://doi.org/10.1080/01587910303043
  • Söğüt, A. (2020). Covid-19 pandemisi sonrası normalleşme sürecinin sürdürülebilirliğe etkisi [The impact of the normalization process on sustainability after the Covid-19 pandemic]. A. Kılıçer (Ed.), Mühendislik ve mimarlık bilimlerinde güncel araştırmalar [Mühendislik ve mimarlık bilimlerinde güncel araştırmalar] In (s. 55-67). Ivpe Cetinje, Montenegro.
  • Tang, S. F., & Lim, C. L. (2013). Undergraduate students' readiness in e-learning: A study at the business school in a Malaysian private university. International Journal of Management & Information Technology, 4(2), 198-204. https://doi.org/10.24297/ijmit.v4i2.1900
  • Tang, Y. M., Chen, P. C., Law, K. M., Wu, C. H., Lau, Y. Y., Guan, J., ... & Ho, G. T. (2021). Comparative analysis of Student's live online learning readiness during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic in the higher education sector. Computers & Education, 168, 104211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2021.104211
  • Telli, S. G., & Altun, D. (2020). The coronavirus and the rising of online education. Journal of University Research, 3(1), 25-34. https://doi.org/10.32329/uad.711110
  • Telli, S. G., & Altun, D. (2021). Online learning during coronavirus (covid-19) pandemic period. Journal of University Research, 4(2), 90-107. https://doi.org/10.32329/uad.916837
  • Telli, S. G., & Altun, D. (2023). The indispensability of online learning after earthquake in Türkiye. Journal of University Research, 6(2), 125-136. https://doi.org/10.32329/uad.1268747
  • Topalak, Ş. (2022). Metaphorical perceptions of music teacher candidates about piano lessons in the online education process of the pandemic period. TOJET, 21(4), 30. https://doi.org/10.47750/jett.2023.14.04.004
  • Torun, E. D. (2020). Online distance learning in higher education: E-learning readiness as a predictor of academic achievement. Open Praxis, 12(2), 191-208. https://dx.doi.org/10.5944/openpraxis.12.2.1092
  • Tsai, C. L., Cho, M. H., Marra, R., & Shen, D. (2020). The self-efficacy questionnaire for online learning (SeQoL). Distance Education, 41(4), 472-489. https://doi.org/10.1080/01587919.2020.1821604
  • Tu, C. H. (2002). The measurement of social presence in an online learning environment. International Journal on E-learning, 1(2), 34-45. https://www.learntechlib.org/primary/p/10820/
  • Turgut, F., & Baykul, Y. (2010). Eğitimde Ölçme ve Değerlendirme [Measurement and Evaluation in Education.]. Pegem A Publishing.
  • Ulas, S. D., Kurt, H. İ., Bayindir, S., Cihan, Ö., Vural, Ö. F., & Basaran, M. (2021). Teachers' metaphoric perceptions of COVID-19 and school in the process of COVID-19. Psycho-Educational Research Reviews, 10(3), 393-410. https://doi.org/10.52963/PERR_Biruni_V10.N3.25
  • Ünal, N., Şanlıer, N., & Şengil, A. Z. (2021). Investigating the online learning readiness and evaluating the experiences of distance education among university students during the pandemic period. Journal of Vocational School of Health Service, 9(1), 89-104. https://doi.org/10.33715/inonusaglik.812109
  • UNESCO. (2020). COVID-19 educational disruption and response. UNESCO. https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/covid-19-educational-disruption-and-response
  • Vonderwell, S., & Savery, J. (2004). Online learning: Student role and readiness. Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology-TOJET, 3(3), 38-42. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1101894
  • Warner, D., Christie, G., & Choy, S. (1998). Readiness of VET clients for flexible delivery including online learning. Brisbane: Australian National Training Authority. http://hdl.voced.edu.au/10707/33256
  • WHO. (2020). Pneumonia of Unknown Cause – China. World Health Organisation. https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2020-DON229
  • Yakar, L., & Yakar, Z. Y. (2021). Investigation of attitudes towards distance education and readiness for e-learning of education faculty students. Mersin University Journal of the Faculty of Education, 17(1), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.17860/mersinefd.781097
  • YÖK. (2020). Press release (18.03.2020). Council of Higher Education. https://www.yok.gov.tr/Sayfalar/Haberler/2020/universitelerde-uygulanacak-uzaktan-egitime-iliskin-aciklama.aspx
  • YÖK. (2023a). Press Statement by Erol Özvar, President of the Council of Higher Education, on the Spring Semester of 2022-2023 Academic Year (17.02.2023). Council of Higher Education. https://www.yok.gov.tr/Sayfalar/Haberler/2023/yok-baskani-ozvar-in-2022-2023-akademik-yili-bahar-donemine-iliskin-aciklamasi.aspx
  • YÖK. (2023b). Decisions taken by the General Assembly of Higher Education regarding the 2022-2023 Spring Semester Education Process (17.02.2023). Council of Higher Education. https://www.yok.gov.tr/Sayfalar/Haberler/2023/yuksekogretim-genel-kurulunca-2022-2023-bahar-yariyili-egitim-surecine-iliskin-alinan-kararlar.aspx
  • Zine, M., Harrou, F., Terbeche, M., Bellahcene, M., Dairi, A., & Sun, Y. (2023). E-learning readiness assessment using machine learning methods. Sustainability, 15(11), 8924. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15118924

Are EFL Students Ready for Emergency Remote Teaching after the Crisis? A Readiness and Metaphorical Perception Study

Year 2024, Volume: 15 Issue: 1, 116 - 150, 28.04.2024
https://doi.org/10.51460/baebd.1395369

Abstract

The study aimed to determine higher education students' readiness and metaphorical perceptions of emergency remote teaching (ERT) after the crisis. Multiple research methods were used for this purpose. In this context, the survey model was used to determine students' readiness for ERT, and the phenomenological design was used to determine students' metaphorical perceptions. The study sample consisted of 411 students studying in the English Language and Literature department at a state university. In data collection, a scale was used to reveal students' readiness for ERT and the form "Emergency Remote Teaching is like .......... because........" was used to shed light on their metaphorical perceptions of it. While descriptive and predictive analysis methods were used to analyse quantitative data, metaphorical analysis was used to analyse qualitative data. As a result of the study, a significant difference was found in terms of students' readiness according to the grade level, the device used, and the perception of computer and technology usage skill competence, while no significant difference was found between the groups in terms of gender and distance education experience. It was also observed that the students' readiness score for ERT (X=3.27) was above the average. As for the qualitative data analysis results, most participants had negative perceptions of ERT, but some positive metaphors with favourable connotations regarding it emerged. To illustrate, in the study on metaphorical perception, it was seen that not only negative perceptions, such as challenging, inadequate, ineffective, unsystematic, and limited, but positive perceptions, such as comfortable, effective, supportive, and developing also emerged.

References

  • Abbasi, S., Ayoob, T., Malik, A., & Memon, S. I. (2020). Perceptions of students regarding E-learning during Covid-19 at a private medical college. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, 36(COVID19-S4), S57.
  • Acar, K. (2022). Perceptions of sport sciences faculty students regarding distance education during COVID-19 process: A metaphor analysis. Kırşehir Faculty of Education Journal, 23(2), 1764-1796. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1941388
  • Adams, D., Chuah, K. M., Sumintono, B., & Mohamed, A. (2022). Students' readiness for e-learning during the COVID-19 pandemic in a South-East Asian university: A Rasch analysis. Asian Education and Development Studies, 11(2), 324-339. https://doi.org/10.1108/AEDS-05-2020-0100
  • Adnan, M., & Yaman, B. B. (2017). Engineering students' expectations and readiness for e-learning availability and satisfaction levels. Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education, 8(2), 218-243. http://dx.doi.org/10.16949/turkbilmat.280165
  • Aksoy, D. A., Bozkurt, A., & Kurşun, E. (2021). Higher education students' perceptions of distance education during the coronavirus (covid-19) pandemic. AUJEF, 5(3), 285-308. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1651651
  • Aktaş, C., & Çaycı, B. (2013, November). Yeni enformasyon ve iletişim teknolojilerinin sosyal hayattaki rolü [The role of new information and communication technologies in social life]. 1st International Symposium on Media Studies. Antalya/Türkiye. http://web.hitit.edu.tr/dosyalar/yayinlar/canayumunc@hititedutr221020150D7P9Z0B.pdf
  • Akyıldız, S., & Yurtbakan, E. (2021). The views of school administrators and teachers about the coronavirus outbreak, the effects of the process on attitudes and behaviors, and investigation of distance education perceptions. MANAS Journal of Social Studies, 10(4), 2191-2203. https://doi.org/10.33206/mjss.848566
  • Alan, Y. (2021). Metaphors of academics in Turkey for distance education. International Journal of Progressive Education, 17(4), 171-187. https://doi.org/10.29329/ijpe.2021.366.11
  • Alqurashi, E. (2016). Self-efficacy in online learning environments: A literatüre review. Contemporary Issues in Education Research (CIER), 9(1), 45-52. https://doi.org/10.19030/cier.v9i1.9549
  • Almahasees, Z., Mohsen, K., & Amin, M. O. (2021, May). Faculty’s and students’ perceptions of online learning during COVID-19. In Frontiers in Education (Vol. 6, p. 638470). Frontiers Media SA.
  • Alsancak Sırakaya, D., & Yurdugül, H. (2016). Investigation of online learning readiness level of teacher candidates: The sample of Ahi Evran University. KEFAD, 17(1), 185-200. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/1489159
  • Arthur-Nyarko, E., Agyei, D. D., & Armah, J. K. (2020). Digitising distance learning materials: Measuring students' readiness and intended challenges. Education and Information Technologies, 25, 2987-3002. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-019-10060-y
  • Aslan, B. (2022). Acil uzaktan eğitimde, üniversite öğrencilerinin çevrimiçi öğrenmeye yönelik hazırbulunuşlukları ile doyumları arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi [Examining the relationship between university students' readiness and satisfaction towards online learning in emergency distance education]. [Master Thesis, Ege University]. CHE National Thesis Center.
  • Ateş, A., & Altun, E. (2008). Investigating preservice computer teachers attitudes towards distance learning regarding various variables. Journal of Gazi University Gazi Faculty of Education, 28(3), 125-145. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/gefad/issue/6746/90705
  • Atmaca, Ç. (2023). "Thinking about drinking tea but not drinking tea": Pre-service English teacher education during the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkish EFL context. E-Learning and Digital Media, 20(3), 207-223. https://doi.org/10.1177/20427530231155722
  • Banit, O., Shtepura, A., Rostoka, M., Cherevychnyi, G., & Dyma, O. (2022, January). Students' Readiness to Distance Learning: Results of Research in the Institutions of Higher Education. In Mobility for Smart Cities and Regional Development-Challenges for Higher Education: Proceedings of the 24th ICL2021, 1 (pp. 426-434). Springer International Publishing.
  • Benlioğlu, B., & Kesen Mutlu, A. (2022). Online education through the eyes of Turkish EFL instructors: A study on metaphorical perceptions. Yıldız Journal of Educational Research, 7(2), 88-100. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/yjer/issue/75131/1231854
  • Borotis, S., & Poulymenakou, A. (2004). E-learning readiness components: Key issues to consider before adopting e-learning interventions. In E-Learn: World Conference on E-Learning in Corporate, Government, Healthcare, and Higher Education (pp. 1622-1629). Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE).
  • Bozkurt, A. (2020). Images and perceptions of primary school students towards distance education during Coronavirus (Covid-19) pandemic: A metaphor analysis. Uşak University Journal of Educational Research, 6(2), 1-23. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/1229726
  • Bozkus-Genc, G. (2022). Metaphorical perceptions of pre-service special education teachers towards distance education during the coronavirus (covid-19) pandemic. Asian Journal of Distance Education, 17(2). https://www.asianjde.com/ojs/index.php/AsianJDE/article/view/672
  • Campbell, D. T., & Fiske, D. W. (1959). Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix. Psychological Bulletin, 56(2), 81-105. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0046016
  • Çay, T., & Tanrıseven, I. (2022). Distance and face-to-face education from the perspective of preparatory year students: A metaphor study. IJOESS, 13(50), 1494-1509. http://dx.doi.org/10.35826/ijoess.3209
  • Çetinkaya, N.C. (2021). Türkçe öğretmeni adaylarının çevrim içi öğrenmeye yönelik hazırbulunuşluk düzeylerinin incelenmesi [Investigation of Turkish teacher candidates' readiness levels for online learning]. [Master Thesis, Akdeniz University]. CHE National Thesis Center.
  • Cheon, J., Cheng, J., & Cho, M. H. (2021). Validation of the online learning readiness self-check survey. Distance Education, 42(4), 599-619. https://doi.org/10.1080/01587919.2021.1986370
  • Chung, E., Noor, N. M., & Mathew, V. N. (2020). Are you ready? An assessment of online learning readiness among university students. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, 9(1), 301-317. http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARPED/v9-i1/7128
  • Çiğdem, H., & Yıldırım, O. G. (2014). Effects of students' characteristics on online learning readiness: A vocational college example. TOJDE, 15(3), 80-93. https://doi.org/10.17718/tojde.69439
  • Çivril, H., Aruğaslan, E., & Özkara, B. Ö. (2018). Distance education perceptions of distance education students: A metaphor analysis. Educational Technology Theory and Practice, 8(1), 39-59. https://doi.org/10.17943/etku.310168
  • Çokyaman, M., & Ünal, M. (2021). Distance education perceptions of students and teachers during covid-19 epidemic: A metaphor analysis. OPUS International Journal of Society Researches, 18(Special Issue), 1684-1715. http://doi.org/10.26466/opus.913396
  • Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. Sage.
  • Demir Kaymak, Z., & Horzum, M. B. (2013). Relationship between online learning readiness and structure and interaction of online learning students. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 13(3), 1792-1797. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1017736.pdf
  • Demirbilek, N. (2021). Üniversite öğrencilerinin uzaktan öğretime ilişkin metaforik algıları [Metaphoric perceptions of university students on distance education]. E-International Journal of Educational Research, 12(1), 1-15. http://dx.doi.org/10.19160/ijer.786303
  • Doe, R., Castillo, M. S., & Musyoka, M. M. (2017). Assessing online readiness of students. Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration, 20(1), 1-13. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1140361
  • Dolmacı, M., & Dolmacı, A. (2020). The views of the university students from foreign language preparation program on synchronous distance education. National Education Journal, 49(1), 657-684. https://doi.org/10.37669/milliegitim.782906
  • Dönertaş, A. B., Akkaya, B., & Erkılıç, T. A. (2022). In the covid-19 pandemic; metaphorical perceptions of administrators and teachers on the concepts of distance education, teacher and student. Journal of Bayburt Faculty of Education, 17(36), 1174-1206. https://doi.org/10.35675/befdergi.1145922
  • Elkatmış, M., & Tanık, M. (2022). Metaphorical perceptions of university students on distance education "The sample of Kırıkkale University". Ahi Evran University Institute of Social Sciences Journal, 8(1), 219-238. https://doi.org/10.31592/aeusbed.1030963
  • Fadhilah, F., & Husin, M. (2023). Student readiness on online learning in higher education: An empirical study. International Journal of Instruction, 16(3), 489-504. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2023.16326a
  • Fer, S. (2011). Instructional Design. Anı Publication.
  • Fırat, M., & Bozkurt, A. (2020). Variables affecting online learning readiness in an open and distance learning university. Educational Media International, 57(2), 112-127. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523987.2020.1786772
  • Groves, R. M., Fowler Jr, F. J., Couper, M. P., Lepkowski, J. M., Singer, E., & Tourangeau, R. (2011). Survey methodology. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Hartley, K., & Bendixen, L. D. (2001). Educational research in the Internet age: Examining the role of individual characteristics. Educational Researcher, 30(9), 22-26. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X030009022
  • Haznedar, Ö. (2012). Üniversite öğrencilerinin bilgi ve iletişim teknolojileri becerilerinin ve eöğrenmeye yönelik tutumlarının farklı değişkenler açısından incelenmesi [The investigation of undergraduate students' information and communication technology skills and attitudes to e-learning in terms of different variables] (Master Thesis, Dokuz Eylül University). CHE National Thesis Center.
  • Hung, M. L., Chou, C., Chen, C. H., & Own, Z. Y. (2010). Learner readiness for online learning: Scale development and student perceptions. Computers & Education, 55(3), 1080-1090. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2010.05.004
  • İbicioğlu, H., & Antalyalı, U. Ö. L. (2005). Opportunity, perception, motivation, and motivation in the success of distance education the effects of interaction factors: A comparative application. Çukurova University Journal of Institute of Social Sciences, 14(2), 325-338. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/50240
  • Joosten, T., & Cusatis, R. (2020). Online learning readiness. American Journal of Distance Education, 34(3), 180-193. https://doi.org/10.1080/08923647.2020.1726167
  • Karakuş, N., & Karacaoğlu, M. Ö. (2021). A close look at distance education: A metaphor study. RumeliDE Journal of Language and Literature Studies, (10), 44-62. https://doi.org/10.29000/rumelide.1009038
  • Kaya, S. (2020). Uzaktan eğitimde başarının önkoşulları [Prerequisites for success in distance education]. F. Tanhan & H.İ. Özok (Eds.). Pandemi ve eğitim [Pandemic and education] (ss. 145-158). Pegem Academy.
  • Martin, F., Stamper, B., & Flowers, C. (2020). Examining student perception of readiness for online learning: Importance and confidence. Online Learning, 24(2), 38-58. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1260328.pdf
  • Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (2016). Qualitative data analysis. Pegem Academy.
  • Mirabolghasemi, M., Choshaly, S. H., & Lahad, N. A. (2019). Using the HOT-fit model to predict the determinants of E-learning readiness in higher education: A developing Country's perspective. Education and Information Technologies, 24, 3555-3576. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-019-09945-9
  • MoNE. (2020). Minister Selçuk Announces Measures Taken in Education Against Coronavirus. Ministry of National Education. https://www.meb.gov.tr/bakan-selcuk-koronaviruse-karsiegitim-alaninda-alinan-tedbirleri-acikladi/haber/20497/tr
  • Moore, M. G., & Kearsley, G. (2011). Distance education: A systems view of online learning. Cengage Learning.
  • Offir, B., Barth, I., Lev, Y., & Shteinbok, A. (2003). Teacher–student interactions and learning outcomes in a distance learning environment. The Internet and Higher Education, 6(1), 65-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1096-7516(02)00162-8
  • Öner, S. Ç., Çelik, G., Habibe, B., Yeşil, Y., & Turfan, E. Ç. (2018). Evaluation of midwifery distance education students e-learning readiness. Medical Sciences, 13(1), 10-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.12739/NWSA.2018.13.1.1
  • Özbay, Ö. (2015). The current status of distance education in the world and Turkey. International Journal of Education Sciences, (5), 376-394. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/562769
  • Öztürk, D. S., Öztürk, F., & Özen, R. (2018). The relationship between prospective teachers' readiness and satisfactions about internet-based distance education. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 19(1), 147-162. https://doi.org/10.17718/tojde.382791
  • Paechter, M., Maier, B., & Macher, D. (2010). Students' expectations of and experiences in e-learning: Their relation to learning achievements and course satisfaction. Computers & Education, 54, 222-229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2009.08.005
  • Patton, M. Q. (2014). Qualitative research and evaluation methods. Pegem Academy.
  • Rafique, G. M., Mahmood, K., Warraich, N. F., & Rehman, S. U. (2021). Readiness for online learning during covid-19 pandemic: A survey of Pakistani LIS students. The Journal of Academic Librarianship, 47(3), 102346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acalib.2021.102346
  • Reyes, J. R. S., Grajo, J. D., Comia, L. N., Talento, M. S. D., Ebal, L. P. A., & Mendoza, J. J. O. (2021). Assessment of Filipino higher education students' readiness for e-learning during a pandemic: A rasch technique application. Philippine Journal of Science, 150(3). http://dx.doi.org/10.56899/150.03.34
  • Saban, A. (2006). Functions of metaphor in teaching and teacher education: A review essay. Teaching Education, 17(4), 299-315.
  • Saban, A. (2008). Metaphors about school. Educational Administration: Theory and Practice, 55(55), 459-496.
  • Saban, A. (2010). Prospective teachers' metaphorical conceptualisations of learner. Teaching and Teacher Education, 26(2), 290-305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2009.03.017
  • Sağlamel, H., & Erbay Çetinkaya, Ş. (2022). Unraveling college students' conceptualisation of ERT: A metaphor analysis. JETOL, 5(3), 481-499. https://doi.org/10.31681/jetol.1034422
  • Şahingöz, S. A., & Öztürk, B. (2021). Food and drink preferences of individuals in the process of normalising the covid- 19 epidemic. Haliç University Journal of Social Sciences, 4(2), 187-214. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/husbd/issue/65738/795968
  • Sakal, M. (2017). Investigation on the demographic characteristics of readiness levels of online educated students. Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Researches, 18(39), 81-102. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/453771
  • Samson. P. (2020). The coronavirus and class broadcasts. Educause Review Magazine. https://er.educause.edu/blogs/2020/3/the-coronavirus-and-class-broadcasts
  • Sarıtaş, E., & Barutçu, S. (2020). Digital transformation in education and students' readiness to learn online: A research on Pamukkale University students in the period of pandemic. Journal of Internet Applications and Management, 11(1), 5-22. https://doi.org/10.34231/iuyd.706397
  • Scherer, R., Howard, S. K., Tondeur, J., & Siddiq, F. (2021). Profiling teachers' readiness for online teaching and learning in higher education: Who's ready?. Computers in Human Behavior, 118, 106675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106675
  • Sekyere-Asiedu, D., Mashkin, N. A., Mochelevskaya, E. V., Petrova, M. G., & Zheltukhina, M. R. (2022). Determining the readiness of the mechanical engineering programme candidates for distance education. International Journal of Engineering Pedagogy, 12(2). https://doi.org/10.3991/ijep.v12i2.29319
  • Smith, P. J., Murphy, K. L., & Mahoney, S. E. (2003). Towards identifying factors underlying readiness for online learning: An exploratory study. Distance education, 24(1), 57-67. https://doi.org/10.1080/01587910303043
  • Söğüt, A. (2020). Covid-19 pandemisi sonrası normalleşme sürecinin sürdürülebilirliğe etkisi [The impact of the normalization process on sustainability after the Covid-19 pandemic]. A. Kılıçer (Ed.), Mühendislik ve mimarlık bilimlerinde güncel araştırmalar [Mühendislik ve mimarlık bilimlerinde güncel araştırmalar] In (s. 55-67). Ivpe Cetinje, Montenegro.
  • Tang, S. F., & Lim, C. L. (2013). Undergraduate students' readiness in e-learning: A study at the business school in a Malaysian private university. International Journal of Management & Information Technology, 4(2), 198-204. https://doi.org/10.24297/ijmit.v4i2.1900
  • Tang, Y. M., Chen, P. C., Law, K. M., Wu, C. H., Lau, Y. Y., Guan, J., ... & Ho, G. T. (2021). Comparative analysis of Student's live online learning readiness during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic in the higher education sector. Computers & Education, 168, 104211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2021.104211
  • Telli, S. G., & Altun, D. (2020). The coronavirus and the rising of online education. Journal of University Research, 3(1), 25-34. https://doi.org/10.32329/uad.711110
  • Telli, S. G., & Altun, D. (2021). Online learning during coronavirus (covid-19) pandemic period. Journal of University Research, 4(2), 90-107. https://doi.org/10.32329/uad.916837
  • Telli, S. G., & Altun, D. (2023). The indispensability of online learning after earthquake in Türkiye. Journal of University Research, 6(2), 125-136. https://doi.org/10.32329/uad.1268747
  • Topalak, Ş. (2022). Metaphorical perceptions of music teacher candidates about piano lessons in the online education process of the pandemic period. TOJET, 21(4), 30. https://doi.org/10.47750/jett.2023.14.04.004
  • Torun, E. D. (2020). Online distance learning in higher education: E-learning readiness as a predictor of academic achievement. Open Praxis, 12(2), 191-208. https://dx.doi.org/10.5944/openpraxis.12.2.1092
  • Tsai, C. L., Cho, M. H., Marra, R., & Shen, D. (2020). The self-efficacy questionnaire for online learning (SeQoL). Distance Education, 41(4), 472-489. https://doi.org/10.1080/01587919.2020.1821604
  • Tu, C. H. (2002). The measurement of social presence in an online learning environment. International Journal on E-learning, 1(2), 34-45. https://www.learntechlib.org/primary/p/10820/
  • Turgut, F., & Baykul, Y. (2010). Eğitimde Ölçme ve Değerlendirme [Measurement and Evaluation in Education.]. Pegem A Publishing.
  • Ulas, S. D., Kurt, H. İ., Bayindir, S., Cihan, Ö., Vural, Ö. F., & Basaran, M. (2021). Teachers' metaphoric perceptions of COVID-19 and school in the process of COVID-19. Psycho-Educational Research Reviews, 10(3), 393-410. https://doi.org/10.52963/PERR_Biruni_V10.N3.25
  • Ünal, N., Şanlıer, N., & Şengil, A. Z. (2021). Investigating the online learning readiness and evaluating the experiences of distance education among university students during the pandemic period. Journal of Vocational School of Health Service, 9(1), 89-104. https://doi.org/10.33715/inonusaglik.812109
  • UNESCO. (2020). COVID-19 educational disruption and response. UNESCO. https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/covid-19-educational-disruption-and-response
  • Vonderwell, S., & Savery, J. (2004). Online learning: Student role and readiness. Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology-TOJET, 3(3), 38-42. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1101894
  • Warner, D., Christie, G., & Choy, S. (1998). Readiness of VET clients for flexible delivery including online learning. Brisbane: Australian National Training Authority. http://hdl.voced.edu.au/10707/33256
  • WHO. (2020). Pneumonia of Unknown Cause – China. World Health Organisation. https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2020-DON229
  • Yakar, L., & Yakar, Z. Y. (2021). Investigation of attitudes towards distance education and readiness for e-learning of education faculty students. Mersin University Journal of the Faculty of Education, 17(1), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.17860/mersinefd.781097
  • YÖK. (2020). Press release (18.03.2020). Council of Higher Education. https://www.yok.gov.tr/Sayfalar/Haberler/2020/universitelerde-uygulanacak-uzaktan-egitime-iliskin-aciklama.aspx
  • YÖK. (2023a). Press Statement by Erol Özvar, President of the Council of Higher Education, on the Spring Semester of 2022-2023 Academic Year (17.02.2023). Council of Higher Education. https://www.yok.gov.tr/Sayfalar/Haberler/2023/yok-baskani-ozvar-in-2022-2023-akademik-yili-bahar-donemine-iliskin-aciklamasi.aspx
  • YÖK. (2023b). Decisions taken by the General Assembly of Higher Education regarding the 2022-2023 Spring Semester Education Process (17.02.2023). Council of Higher Education. https://www.yok.gov.tr/Sayfalar/Haberler/2023/yuksekogretim-genel-kurulunca-2022-2023-bahar-yariyili-egitim-surecine-iliskin-alinan-kararlar.aspx
  • Zine, M., Harrou, F., Terbeche, M., Bellahcene, M., Dairi, A., & Sun, Y. (2023). E-learning readiness assessment using machine learning methods. Sustainability, 15(11), 8924. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15118924
There are 92 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Other Fields of Education (Other)
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Mehmet Yavuz 0000-0001-6218-232X

Yaşar Üstün Kaplan 0000-0002-2479-6029

Early Pub Date April 21, 2024
Publication Date April 28, 2024
Submission Date November 24, 2023
Acceptance Date February 24, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 15 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Yavuz, M., & Kaplan, Y. Ü. (2024). Investigation of EFL Students’ Readiness and Metaphorical Perceptions for Emergency Remote Teaching. Batı Anadolu Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 15(1), 116-150. https://doi.org/10.51460/baebd.1395369