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SSCB’de Plan-Bürokrasi Çatışması: Sovyet Tipi Firma Örgütlenmesi

Year 2022, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 33 - 57, 30.06.2022

Kerim Eser Afşar Emircan Yıldırım Özgür Saraç

https://doi.org/10.25229/beta.1092152

Abstract

SSCB’nin çöküş sürecinin merkezi planlama ve bürokrasi kapsamında tartışıldığı bu çalışma, Sovyet tipi firma örgütlenmesine odaklanmıştır. Literatürde merkezi planlamayla bürokrasi genellikle birlikte çalışan bir alan olarak ele alınmış, bu iki ayrı yapı arasındaki nüanslar çoğunlukla ihmal edilmiştir. Bu da bürokratik yapıdan kaynaklı sorunların hatalı biçimde merkezi planlamaya mal edilmesine yol açmıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, SSCB’deki bürokratik mekanizmalarla merkezi planlama olguları arasındaki çatışmayı/ayrımı vurgulamaktır. Birincil kaynakları ele alan literatürden türetilen teorik argümanlardan elde edilen temel bulgu şudur: etkinsizliğin nedeni merkezi planlama değildir. Çöküşü hazırlayan koşullar, ağırlıklı olarak siyasi saiklerle oluşan bürokratik amaçların merkezi planlarla olan çatışmasından ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu tezden yola çıkan çalışma, SSCB’nin merkezi planlama hiyerarşisindeki en küçük karar birimi olan firmaların yönetim ilkelerini analiz ederek bürokrasi ve merkezi planlama arasındaki çelişkiyi ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır.

Keywords

Sosyalist Planlama Bürokratik Örgütlenme Sovyet Tipi Firma Teknokrasi Kara Borsa.

References

  • Anderson, G. M., & Boettke, P. J. (1997). Soviet venality: A rent-seeking model of the communist state. Public Choice, 93(1), 37-53.
  • Baberowski, J. (2011). Criticism as Crisis, or Why the Soviet Union Collapsed. Journal of Modern European History, 9(2), 148-166.
  • Baron, N. (2004). Stalinist planning as political practice: control and repression on the Soviet periphery, 1935–1938. Europe-Asia Studies, 56(3), 439-462.
  • Belova, E., & Gregory, P. (2002). Dictator, loyal, and opportunistic agents: The Soviet archives on creating the Soviet economic system. Public Choice, 113(3), 265-286.
  • Benson, L. (1990). Partynomialism, bureaucratism, and economic reform in the Soviet power-system. Theory and Society, 87-105.
  • Berkowitz, B. D., & Richelson, J. T. (1995). The CIA vindicated: the Soviet collapse was predicted. The National Interest, (41), 36-47.
  • Berliner, J. S. (1952). The informal organization of the Soviet firm. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 66(3), 342-365.
  • Boratav, K. (1982). Sosyalist Planlamada Gelişmeler. Ankara: Savaş Yayınları.
  • Bornstein, M. (1985). Improving the Soviet economic mechanism. Soviet Studies, 37(1), 1-30.
  • Bunce, V. (1998). Subversive institutions: The end of the Soviet state in comparative perspective. Post-Soviet Affairs, 14(4), 323-354.
  • Clark, W. A. (1993). Crime and punishment in Soviet officialdom, 1965–90. Europe-Asia Studies, 45(2), 259-279.
  • Constas, H. (1958). Max Weber's two conceptions of Bureaucracy. American Journal of Sociology, 63(4), 400-409.
  • Cooper, J. (1991). Military cuts and conversion in the Defense Industry. Soviet Economy, 7(2), 121-142.
  • Cox, M. (2008). 1989 and why we got it wrong. Working Paper Series of the Research Network, (1), 1-14.
  • Dallin, A. (1992). Causes of the Collapse of the USSR. Post-Soviet Affairs, 8(4), 279-302.
  • Davies, R. W. (1993). Soviet military expenditure and the armaments industry, 1929–33: A reconsideration. Europe-Asia Studies, 45(4), 577-608.
  • Duhamel, L. (2004). The last campaign against corruption in Soviet Moscow. Europe-Asia Studies, 56(2), 187-212.
  • Ellman, M., & Kontorovich, V. (1997). The collapse of the Soviet system and the memoir literature. Europe-Asia Studies, 49(2), 259-279.
  • Ericson, R. E. (1991). The classical Soviet-type economy: Nature of the system and implications for reform. Journal of Economic perspectives, 5(4), 11-27.
  • Ericson, R. E. (2006). Command versus ‘shadow’: the conflicted soul of the Soviet economy. Comparative Economic Studies, 48(1), 50-76.
  • Evans Jr, A. B. (1977). Developed socialism in Soviet ideology. Soviet Studies, 29(3), 409-428.
  • Fedorenko, N. (1967). Price and optimal planning. Problems in Economics, 10(7), 11-21.
  • Feldbrugge, F. J. (1984). Government and shadow economy in the Soviet Union. Soviet Studies, 36(4), 528-543.
  • Finckenauer, J. O. (2004). The Russian “mafia”. Society, 41(5), 61-64.
  • Frisby, T. (1998). The rise of organised crime in Russia: Its roots and social significance. Europe-Asia Studies, 50(1), 27-49.
  • Goldman, M. I. (1983). Economic Problems in the Soviet Union. Current History, 82(486), 322-339.
  • Gregory, P. R. (1989). Soviet bureaucratic behaviour: Khozyaistvenniki and apparatchiki. Soviet Studies, 41(4), 511-525.
  • Grossman, G. (1963). Notes for a Theory of the Command Economy.
  • Grossman, G. (1998). Subverted sovereignty: historic role of the Soviet underground. Research Series-Institute of International Studies University of California Berkeley, 24-50.
  • Hajda, L. (1988). The nationalities problem in the Soviet Union. Current History, 87(531), 325-352.
  • Handelman, S. (1994). The Russian'Mafiya'. Foreign Affairs, 83-96.
  • Harrison, M. (2016). Foundations of the Soviet Command Economy, 1917 to 1941. The Cambridge History of Communism, 1, 327-47.
  • Harrison, M., & Kim, B. Y. (2001). Plan, siphoning, and corruption in the soviet command economy (No. 2068-2018-1336).
  • Harrison, M., & Kim, B. Y. (2006). Plans, prices, and corruption: the Soviet firm under partial centralization, 1930 to 1990. The Journal of Economic History, 66(1), 1-41.
  • Ioffe, G. (2007). Belarus and Chernobyl: Separating seeds from chaff. Post-Soviet Affairs, 23(4), 353-366.
  • Jameson, L., & Reiss, M. (1991). The New Soviet Union: An unfinished revolution. The RUSI Journal, 136(4), 29-32.
  • Jensen, R. G. (1979). The AAG Project on Soviet Natural Resources in the World Economy. The Professional Geographer, 31(1), 75-78.
  • Johanson, M. (2000). Anonymity, hierarchy and stability some retrospective observations on soviet industrial networks in the planned economy. In 16th IMP Conference.
  • Kaufman, R. F. (1985). Causes of the slowdown in Soviet defense. Soviet Economy, 1(1), 9-31.
  • Kennedy-Pipe, C. (1999). Getting it right, getting it wrong: the Soviet collapse revisited.
  • Kneen, P. (2000). Political corruption in Russia and the Soviet legacy. Crime, Law and Social Change, 34(4), 349-367.
  • Knight, F. H. (1940). Socialism: The Nature of the Problem. Ethics, 50(3), 253-289.
  • Kontorovich, V., & Wein, A. (2009). What did the Soviet rulers maximise?. Europe-Asia Studies, 61(9), 1579-1601.
  • Kotz, D. M. (1995). Lessons for a future socialism from the Soviet collapse. Review of Radical Political Economics, 27(3), 1-11.
  • Kramer, J. M. (1977). Political Corruption in the USSR. Western Political Quarterly, 30(2), 213-224.
  • Kuczynski, W. (1979). Planning and economic reforms under socialism. Soviet Studies, 31(4), 505-522.
  • Kuromiya, H. (1984). Edinonachalie and the Soviet industrial manager, 1928–1937. Soviet Studies, 36(2), 185-204.
  • Lazarev, V. & Gregory, P. R. (2002). The wheels of a command economy: allocating Soviet vehicles. The Economic History Review, 55(2), 324-348.
  • Lee, R. (1994). The organized crime morass in the former Soviet Union. Demokratizatsiya, 2(3), 392-411.
  • Limberg, W. P. (2019). World turned upside down: Ethnic conflict in the former Soviet Union. In Ethnic Nationalism and Regional Conflict (pp. 53-76). Routledge.
  • Linz, S. J. (1988). Managerial autonomy in Soviet firms. Soviet Studies, 40(2), 175-195.
  • Litwack, J. M. (1991). Discretionary behaviour and Soviet economic reform. Soviet Studies, 43(2), 255-279.
  • Markevich, A. (2005). Soviet Planning Archives: the Files that Bergson could not see. Comparative Economic Studies, 47(2), 364-386.
  • Markevich, A. (2011). How much control is enough? monitoring and enforcement under Stalin. Europe-Asia Studies, 63(8), 1449-1468.
  • Marples, D. R. (1991). Chernobyl': Observations on the Fifth Anniversary. Soviet Economy, 7(2), 175-188.
  • Murphy, K. M., Shleifer, A., & Vishny, R. W. (1992). The transition to a market economy: Pitfalls of partial reform. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 107(3), 889-906.
  • Noren, J. H. (1995). The controversy over Western measures of Soviet defense expenditures. Post-Soviet Affairs, 11(3), 238-276.
  • Nove, A. (1975). Is there a ruling class in the USSR?. Soviet Studies, 27(4), 615-638.
  • Ogushi, A. (2007). Why did CPSU reform fail? The 28th Party Congress Reconsidered. Europe-Asia Studies, 59(5), 709-733.
  • O'Hearn, D. (1980). The consumer second economy: size and effects. Soviet Studies, 32(2), 218-234.
  • Pakulski, J. (1986). Bureaucracy and the Soviet system. Studies in Comparative Communism, 19(1), 3-24.
  • Pirani, S. (2006). The party elite, the industrial managers and the cells: Early stages in the formation of the Soviet ruling class in Moscow, 1922–23. Revolutionary Russia, 19(2), 197-228.
  • Resnick, S., & Wolff, R. (1994). Between state and private capitalism: what was Soviet “socialism”?. Rethinking Marxism, 7(1), 9-30.
  • Rigby, T. H. (1972). Birth of the central Soviet bureaucracy. Politics, 7(2), 121-135.
  • Rosser Jr, J. B., & Rosser, M. V. (1997). Schumpeterian evolutionary dynamics and the collapse of Soviet-bloc socialism. Review of Political Economy, 9(2), 211-223.
  • Rowney, D. (2019). Transition to technocracy. Cornell University Press.
  • Ruble, B. A. (1989). Ethnicity and Soviet cities. Soviet Studies, 41(3), 401-414.
  • Rumer, B. (2019). Problems of Soviet Investment Policy. In The Soviet Union 1984/85 (pp. 139-148). Routledge.
  • Ryavec, K. W. (1969). Soviet industrial managers, their superiors and the economic reform: A study of an attempt at planned behavioural change. Soviet Studies, 21(2), 208-229.
  • Schroeder, G. E. (1972). The ‘reform’of the supply system in Soviet industry. Soviet Studies, 24(1), 97-119.
  • Shanin, T. (1989). Ethnicity in the Soviet Union: analytical perceptions and political strategies. Comparative studies in society and history, 31(3), 409-424.
  • Shaw, D. J. (1985). Spatial dimensions in Soviet central planning. Transactions of the institute of British Geographers, 401-412.
  • Shelley, L. I. (1990). The second economy in the Soviet Union. In The Second Economy in Marxist States (pp. 11-26). Palgrave Macmillan, London.
  • Shelley, L. I. (1995). Organized crime in the former Soviet Union. Problems of Post-Communism, 42(1), 56-60.
  • Slovo, J. (1990). Has socialism failed? (p. 1). London: Inkululeko publications.
  • Spechler, M. C. (1970). Decentralizing the Soviet economy: Legal regulation of price and quality. Soviet Studies, 22(2), 222-254.
  • Stahl II, D. O., & Alexeev, M. (1985). The influence of black markets on a queue-rationed centrally planned economy. Journal of Economic Theory, 35(2), 234-250.
  • Steinberg, D. (1990). Trends in Soviet military expenditure. Soviet Studies, 42(4), 675-699.
  • Strayer, R. (2001). Decolonization, democratization, and Communist reform: The Soviet collapse in comparative perspective. Journal of World History, 375-406.
  • Tarschys, D. (1993). The success of a failure: Gorbachev's alcohol policy, 1985–88. Europe-Asia Studies, 45(1), 7-25.
  • Treml, V. G. (1975). Alcohol in the USSR: a fiscal dilemma. Soviet Studies, 27(2), 161-177.
  • Vanous, J. (1983). The Impact of the Oil Price Decline on the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. The Energy Journal, 4(3).
  • Veen, M. V. D. (2013). After Fukushima: revisiting Chernobyl and the collapse of the Soviet Union. Rethinking Marxism, 25(1), 121-129.
  • Warhola, J. W. (1991). The religious dimension of ethnic conflict in the Soviet Union. International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society, 5(2), 249-270.
  • Wellisz, S., & Findlay, R. (1986). Central Planning and theSecond Economy'in Soviet-Type Systems. The Economic Journal, 96(383), 646-658.
  • Wilhelm, J. H. (1985). TheSovietUnion has an administered, not a planned, economy. SovietStudies, 37(1), 118-130.
  • Ziegler, C. E. (1982). Centrally planned economies and environmental information: A rejoinder. Soviet Studies, 34(2), 296-299.

Plan-Bureaucracy Conflict in the USSR: Soviet Type Firm Organization

Year 2022, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 33 - 57, 30.06.2022

Kerim Eser Afşar Emircan Yıldırım Özgür Saraç

https://doi.org/10.25229/beta.1092152

Abstract

This study, in which the collapse of the USSR is discussed within the scope of central planning and bureaucracy, focuses on Soviet type firm organization. In the literature, central planning and bureaucracy are generally considered as fields that work together, and the nuances between these two separate structures are mostly neglected. This has led to the erroneous attribution of problems arising from the bureaucratic structure to central planning. The aim of this study is to emphasize the conflict/difference between bureaucratic mechanisms and central planning phenomena in the USSR. The main finding from the theoretical arguments derived from the literature based on primary sources is that central planning is not the cause of inefficiency. The conditions that prepared the collapse emerged from the conflict of bureaucratic aims, mainly political motives, with central plans. Starting from this thesis, the study aims to reveal the contradiction between bureaucracy and central planning by analyzing the management principles of firms, which are the smallest decision units in the central planning hierarchy of the USSR.

Keywords

Socialist Planning Bureaucratic Organisation Soviet Type Firm Technocracy Black Market.

References

  • Anderson, G. M., & Boettke, P. J. (1997). Soviet venality: A rent-seeking model of the communist state. Public Choice, 93(1), 37-53.
  • Baberowski, J. (2011). Criticism as Crisis, or Why the Soviet Union Collapsed. Journal of Modern European History, 9(2), 148-166.
  • Baron, N. (2004). Stalinist planning as political practice: control and repression on the Soviet periphery, 1935–1938. Europe-Asia Studies, 56(3), 439-462.
  • Belova, E., & Gregory, P. (2002). Dictator, loyal, and opportunistic agents: The Soviet archives on creating the Soviet economic system. Public Choice, 113(3), 265-286.
  • Benson, L. (1990). Partynomialism, bureaucratism, and economic reform in the Soviet power-system. Theory and Society, 87-105.
  • Berkowitz, B. D., & Richelson, J. T. (1995). The CIA vindicated: the Soviet collapse was predicted. The National Interest, (41), 36-47.
  • Berliner, J. S. (1952). The informal organization of the Soviet firm. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 66(3), 342-365.
  • Boratav, K. (1982). Sosyalist Planlamada Gelişmeler. Ankara: Savaş Yayınları.
  • Bornstein, M. (1985). Improving the Soviet economic mechanism. Soviet Studies, 37(1), 1-30.
  • Bunce, V. (1998). Subversive institutions: The end of the Soviet state in comparative perspective. Post-Soviet Affairs, 14(4), 323-354.
  • Clark, W. A. (1993). Crime and punishment in Soviet officialdom, 1965–90. Europe-Asia Studies, 45(2), 259-279.
  • Constas, H. (1958). Max Weber's two conceptions of Bureaucracy. American Journal of Sociology, 63(4), 400-409.
  • Cooper, J. (1991). Military cuts and conversion in the Defense Industry. Soviet Economy, 7(2), 121-142.
  • Cox, M. (2008). 1989 and why we got it wrong. Working Paper Series of the Research Network, (1), 1-14.
  • Dallin, A. (1992). Causes of the Collapse of the USSR. Post-Soviet Affairs, 8(4), 279-302.
  • Davies, R. W. (1993). Soviet military expenditure and the armaments industry, 1929–33: A reconsideration. Europe-Asia Studies, 45(4), 577-608.
  • Duhamel, L. (2004). The last campaign against corruption in Soviet Moscow. Europe-Asia Studies, 56(2), 187-212.
  • Ellman, M., & Kontorovich, V. (1997). The collapse of the Soviet system and the memoir literature. Europe-Asia Studies, 49(2), 259-279.
  • Ericson, R. E. (1991). The classical Soviet-type economy: Nature of the system and implications for reform. Journal of Economic perspectives, 5(4), 11-27.
  • Ericson, R. E. (2006). Command versus ‘shadow’: the conflicted soul of the Soviet economy. Comparative Economic Studies, 48(1), 50-76.
  • Evans Jr, A. B. (1977). Developed socialism in Soviet ideology. Soviet Studies, 29(3), 409-428.
  • Fedorenko, N. (1967). Price and optimal planning. Problems in Economics, 10(7), 11-21.
  • Feldbrugge, F. J. (1984). Government and shadow economy in the Soviet Union. Soviet Studies, 36(4), 528-543.
  • Finckenauer, J. O. (2004). The Russian “mafia”. Society, 41(5), 61-64.
  • Frisby, T. (1998). The rise of organised crime in Russia: Its roots and social significance. Europe-Asia Studies, 50(1), 27-49.
  • Goldman, M. I. (1983). Economic Problems in the Soviet Union. Current History, 82(486), 322-339.
  • Gregory, P. R. (1989). Soviet bureaucratic behaviour: Khozyaistvenniki and apparatchiki. Soviet Studies, 41(4), 511-525.
  • Grossman, G. (1963). Notes for a Theory of the Command Economy.
  • Grossman, G. (1998). Subverted sovereignty: historic role of the Soviet underground. Research Series-Institute of International Studies University of California Berkeley, 24-50.
  • Hajda, L. (1988). The nationalities problem in the Soviet Union. Current History, 87(531), 325-352.
  • Handelman, S. (1994). The Russian'Mafiya'. Foreign Affairs, 83-96.
  • Harrison, M. (2016). Foundations of the Soviet Command Economy, 1917 to 1941. The Cambridge History of Communism, 1, 327-47.
  • Harrison, M., & Kim, B. Y. (2001). Plan, siphoning, and corruption in the soviet command economy (No. 2068-2018-1336).
  • Harrison, M., & Kim, B. Y. (2006). Plans, prices, and corruption: the Soviet firm under partial centralization, 1930 to 1990. The Journal of Economic History, 66(1), 1-41.
  • Ioffe, G. (2007). Belarus and Chernobyl: Separating seeds from chaff. Post-Soviet Affairs, 23(4), 353-366.
  • Jameson, L., & Reiss, M. (1991). The New Soviet Union: An unfinished revolution. The RUSI Journal, 136(4), 29-32.
  • Jensen, R. G. (1979). The AAG Project on Soviet Natural Resources in the World Economy. The Professional Geographer, 31(1), 75-78.
  • Johanson, M. (2000). Anonymity, hierarchy and stability some retrospective observations on soviet industrial networks in the planned economy. In 16th IMP Conference.
  • Kaufman, R. F. (1985). Causes of the slowdown in Soviet defense. Soviet Economy, 1(1), 9-31.
  • Kennedy-Pipe, C. (1999). Getting it right, getting it wrong: the Soviet collapse revisited.
  • Kneen, P. (2000). Political corruption in Russia and the Soviet legacy. Crime, Law and Social Change, 34(4), 349-367.
  • Knight, F. H. (1940). Socialism: The Nature of the Problem. Ethics, 50(3), 253-289.
  • Kontorovich, V., & Wein, A. (2009). What did the Soviet rulers maximise?. Europe-Asia Studies, 61(9), 1579-1601.
  • Kotz, D. M. (1995). Lessons for a future socialism from the Soviet collapse. Review of Radical Political Economics, 27(3), 1-11.
  • Kramer, J. M. (1977). Political Corruption in the USSR. Western Political Quarterly, 30(2), 213-224.
  • Kuczynski, W. (1979). Planning and economic reforms under socialism. Soviet Studies, 31(4), 505-522.
  • Kuromiya, H. (1984). Edinonachalie and the Soviet industrial manager, 1928–1937. Soviet Studies, 36(2), 185-204.
  • Lazarev, V. & Gregory, P. R. (2002). The wheels of a command economy: allocating Soviet vehicles. The Economic History Review, 55(2), 324-348.
  • Lee, R. (1994). The organized crime morass in the former Soviet Union. Demokratizatsiya, 2(3), 392-411.
  • Limberg, W. P. (2019). World turned upside down: Ethnic conflict in the former Soviet Union. In Ethnic Nationalism and Regional Conflict (pp. 53-76). Routledge.
  • Linz, S. J. (1988). Managerial autonomy in Soviet firms. Soviet Studies, 40(2), 175-195.
  • Litwack, J. M. (1991). Discretionary behaviour and Soviet economic reform. Soviet Studies, 43(2), 255-279.
  • Markevich, A. (2005). Soviet Planning Archives: the Files that Bergson could not see. Comparative Economic Studies, 47(2), 364-386.
  • Markevich, A. (2011). How much control is enough? monitoring and enforcement under Stalin. Europe-Asia Studies, 63(8), 1449-1468.
  • Marples, D. R. (1991). Chernobyl': Observations on the Fifth Anniversary. Soviet Economy, 7(2), 175-188.
  • Murphy, K. M., Shleifer, A., & Vishny, R. W. (1992). The transition to a market economy: Pitfalls of partial reform. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 107(3), 889-906.
  • Noren, J. H. (1995). The controversy over Western measures of Soviet defense expenditures. Post-Soviet Affairs, 11(3), 238-276.
  • Nove, A. (1975). Is there a ruling class in the USSR?. Soviet Studies, 27(4), 615-638.
  • Ogushi, A. (2007). Why did CPSU reform fail? The 28th Party Congress Reconsidered. Europe-Asia Studies, 59(5), 709-733.
  • O'Hearn, D. (1980). The consumer second economy: size and effects. Soviet Studies, 32(2), 218-234.
  • Pakulski, J. (1986). Bureaucracy and the Soviet system. Studies in Comparative Communism, 19(1), 3-24.
  • Pirani, S. (2006). The party elite, the industrial managers and the cells: Early stages in the formation of the Soviet ruling class in Moscow, 1922–23. Revolutionary Russia, 19(2), 197-228.
  • Resnick, S., & Wolff, R. (1994). Between state and private capitalism: what was Soviet “socialism”?. Rethinking Marxism, 7(1), 9-30.
  • Rigby, T. H. (1972). Birth of the central Soviet bureaucracy. Politics, 7(2), 121-135.
  • Rosser Jr, J. B., & Rosser, M. V. (1997). Schumpeterian evolutionary dynamics and the collapse of Soviet-bloc socialism. Review of Political Economy, 9(2), 211-223.
  • Rowney, D. (2019). Transition to technocracy. Cornell University Press.
  • Ruble, B. A. (1989). Ethnicity and Soviet cities. Soviet Studies, 41(3), 401-414.
  • Rumer, B. (2019). Problems of Soviet Investment Policy. In The Soviet Union 1984/85 (pp. 139-148). Routledge.
  • Ryavec, K. W. (1969). Soviet industrial managers, their superiors and the economic reform: A study of an attempt at planned behavioural change. Soviet Studies, 21(2), 208-229.
  • Schroeder, G. E. (1972). The ‘reform’of the supply system in Soviet industry. Soviet Studies, 24(1), 97-119.
  • Shanin, T. (1989). Ethnicity in the Soviet Union: analytical perceptions and political strategies. Comparative studies in society and history, 31(3), 409-424.
  • Shaw, D. J. (1985). Spatial dimensions in Soviet central planning. Transactions of the institute of British Geographers, 401-412.
  • Shelley, L. I. (1990). The second economy in the Soviet Union. In The Second Economy in Marxist States (pp. 11-26). Palgrave Macmillan, London.
  • Shelley, L. I. (1995). Organized crime in the former Soviet Union. Problems of Post-Communism, 42(1), 56-60.
  • Slovo, J. (1990). Has socialism failed? (p. 1). London: Inkululeko publications.
  • Spechler, M. C. (1970). Decentralizing the Soviet economy: Legal regulation of price and quality. Soviet Studies, 22(2), 222-254.
  • Stahl II, D. O., & Alexeev, M. (1985). The influence of black markets on a queue-rationed centrally planned economy. Journal of Economic Theory, 35(2), 234-250.
  • Steinberg, D. (1990). Trends in Soviet military expenditure. Soviet Studies, 42(4), 675-699.
  • Strayer, R. (2001). Decolonization, democratization, and Communist reform: The Soviet collapse in comparative perspective. Journal of World History, 375-406.
  • Tarschys, D. (1993). The success of a failure: Gorbachev's alcohol policy, 1985–88. Europe-Asia Studies, 45(1), 7-25.
  • Treml, V. G. (1975). Alcohol in the USSR: a fiscal dilemma. Soviet Studies, 27(2), 161-177.
  • Vanous, J. (1983). The Impact of the Oil Price Decline on the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. The Energy Journal, 4(3).
  • Veen, M. V. D. (2013). After Fukushima: revisiting Chernobyl and the collapse of the Soviet Union. Rethinking Marxism, 25(1), 121-129.
  • Warhola, J. W. (1991). The religious dimension of ethnic conflict in the Soviet Union. International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society, 5(2), 249-270.
  • Wellisz, S., & Findlay, R. (1986). Central Planning and theSecond Economy'in Soviet-Type Systems. The Economic Journal, 96(383), 646-658.
  • Wilhelm, J. H. (1985). TheSovietUnion has an administered, not a planned, economy. SovietStudies, 37(1), 118-130.
  • Ziegler, C. E. (1982). Centrally planned economies and environmental information: A rejoinder. Soviet Studies, 34(2), 296-299.
There are 87 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Business Administration
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Kerim Eser Afşar 0000-0002-9853-0186

Emircan Yıldırım 0000-0001-5020-7788

Özgür Saraç 0000-0001-8029-6646

Publication Date June 30, 2022
Submission Date March 23, 2022
Acceptance Date May 24, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 7 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Afşar, K. E., Yıldırım, E., & Saraç, Ö. (2022). SSCB’de Plan-Bürokrasi Çatışması: Sovyet Tipi Firma Örgütlenmesi. Bulletin of Economic Theory and Analysis, 7(1), 33-57. https://doi.org/10.25229/beta.1092152
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