Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Meta-Migrant or Modern Slavery A Conceptual Study on Human Trade

Year 2018, Volume: 2 Issue: 2, 79 - 102, 28.12.2018
https://doi.org/10.33399/biibfad.472260

Abstract

Human traffi cking, as modern slavery, is the trade of humans who enters legally or illegally to the land of a foreign country. It could be defi ned as commodifi cation of people as if they are commodities to exchange. Also, human traffi cking is a kind of trade that individual loses power of controlling on functions of his/her body as whole or partially and has to consent to commodifi cation. The victims of this trade presents themselves to the buyers, and they, especially women and children, serve their organs and labour as cheap workforce. Human traffi cking which is based on harming the body integrity and exploiting of victims abolishes fundamental rights and freedoms. Besides, women have become victims of human traffi cking increasingly and they have been undergone heavy conditons of poverty with the feminization of migration and poverty. It is a matter of fact that development and growth of the unregistered sectors generally base on commodifi cation of women. Actually, exploiting of migrants and women as disadvantegous groups is vital for unregistered sectors. Human traffickers exploit women with professional methods, such as deceit, threat, violence, abuse of networks, benefi t from their desperation and controlling mechanisms.

References

  • Arslan, Ç. (2004). “İnsan Ticareti Suçu (TCK Md. 201/d)”. Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Derg), s. 19-83. 53 (4).
  • Boretsky, Alexey V. and Zhetpisov, Serik K. (2013). “Human Trafficking: Issues of Investigation Techniques". World Applied Sciences Journal. 23 (1), s.13-17. ISSN 1818-4952 © IDOSI Publications, 2013 DOI: 10.5829/idosi.wasj.2013.23.01.13047. https://zdoc.site/human-trafficking-issues-of-investigation.html. E.T.: 26.08.2018
  • Castles, S and Miller, M. J. (2008). Göçler Çağı Modern Dünyada Uluslararası Göç Hareketleri, İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • CATW (Coalition Against Trafficking in Women). (2018). http://www.catwinternational.org/Resources/Trafficking. E.T.: 25.09.2018
  • EC.EUROPA.EU (European Commission). (2007). https://ec.europa.eu/migrant-integration/intpract/tampep-austria-hiv/sti-prevention-and-health-promotion-for-migrant-sex-workers?lang=de. E.T.: 05.07.2018
  • Erder, S., Kaska,S. (2003). Irregular Migration and Trafficking in Women: The Case of Turkey. Geneva: International Organization for Migration.
  • Erkan, E. (2017). Neo-Liberalizm, Hegemonya ve Kimlik Politikaları”. İçinde Yağanak, E. ve Sayın H. (Ed.), Kimlik siyaseti ve azınlıklar, ss. 63-84, Bursa: Sentez Yayınları.
  • EUROPOL. https://www.europol.europa.eu/newsroom/news/europol-supports-fight-against-modern-day-slavery. E.T.: 21.09.2018
  • GAATW (Global Alliance Against Traffic in Women). (2018). https://www.gaatw.org/faqs/158-frequently-asked-questions/faq/454-understanding-trafficking. E.T.: 30.09.2018
  • Gallagher, A. (2002). “Trafficking, Smuggling and Human Rights: Tricks and Treaties”. Forced Migration Review.
  • Goldhammer, A. L. (2006). “Human Trafficking for Sexual Exploitation”. California: California State University, the Degree Master of Science.
  • Güral, D. (2006). “İnsan Ticareti Mağdurları”. Uluslararası Göç Sempozyumu. Zeytinburnu Belediye Başkanlığı. İstanbul-Türkiye
  • IOM (International Organization for Migration). https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/wmr_2018_en.pdf. E.T.: 30.09.2018
  • IOM. (2006). "Türkiye’de İnsan Ticareti İle Mücadelede Yasa Uygulama İle İlgili Stratejik Bir Yaklaşım”. Ankara: Uluslararası Göç Örgütü Raporu. http://www.countertrafficking.org/tr/default.html. E.T.: 06.03.2017.
  • Kelly, L., Regan, L. (2000). “Stopping Traffic: Exploring the Extent of, and Responses to, Trafficking in Women for Sexual Exploitation in the UK”. Willis, Carole F. (Ed. By). Police Research Series, Paper 125. London.
  • Kyle, D., Koslowski, R. (2001). Global Human Smuggling. Baltimore, Londra: John Hopkins University Pres.
  • Patton, A. (2008). “Menschenhandel: Die Ware Frau”. http://www.cafebabel.com/ger/article/25373/trans-finding-the-human-in-human-trafficking.html.E.T.: 23.06.2018.
  • Popović, D. J.; Šabić, D., Vujadinović, S., aO. (2014). Modern Slavery – Trafficking in Human Beings in Serbia. The Indian Journal of Social Work Tata Institute of Social Sciences, 75 (2), Pp. 259-280. https://zapdoc.tips/modern-slavery-trafficking-in-human-beings-in-serbia.html. E.T.: 17.05.2018.
  • Salt, J., Hogarth, J. (2000). “Migrant Trafficking and Human Smuggling in Europe: A Rewiew of the Evidence”. Laczko, F., Thompson, D. (Ed. By.). Migrant Trafficking and Human Smuggling in Europa: A Review of the Evidence with Case Studies from Hungary, Poland and Ukraine. Geneva: International Organization for Migration.
  • TAMPEP.EU (European Network for HIV/STI Prevention and Health Promotion Among Migrant Sex Workers) https://tampep.eu/wpcontent/uploads/2017/11/report_tampep_7.pdf. E.T.: 15.08.2018
  • TDK. Türk Dil Kurumu Sözlüğü. www.tdk.org.tr/. E.T.: 07.07.2018
  • TBMM. https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/kanunlar/k4804.html. E.T.: 12.05.2018.
  • UNICEF. (2003). Trafficking in Human Beings, Especially Women and Children, in Africa. https://zdoc.site/trafficking-in-human-unicef.html. E.T.: 02.07.2018.
  • Yenidünya, A. C. (2007). İnsan Ticareti Suçu (TCK.m.80). Ankara: Turhan Kitabevi Yayınları

Modern Kölelik Olarak Meta-Göçmen İnsan Ticareti Üzerine Kavramsal Bir İnceleme

Year 2018, Volume: 2 Issue: 2, 79 - 102, 28.12.2018
https://doi.org/10.33399/biibfad.472260

Abstract

Modern bir kölelik olan insan ticareti, yasal ya da yasa dışı bir başka egemenlik alanına girmiş veya sınır aşmasına aracılık edilmiş yabancı uyruklu bireyin, girilen ülkede kar elde etmek üzere bir mal gibi alınıp, satılması, değişim değeri olan bir metaya dönüşmesidir. Birey, bu ticaret ile bütünlüğünün tamamını, bir bölümünü ya da işlevlerini yi bütünlüğüne zarar vermek üzere organları, bizzat çocuk ve kadın olarak kendisi tezgâha konulmakta ve alıcısının beğenisine sunulmaktadır. Mağdurun bütünlüğünü yaralayan, istismarına zemin hazırlayan bu ticaret, temel haklarını ve özgürlüğünü ortadan kaldırır. Göçün ve yoksulluğun kadınlaşması, bu yoksulluğun ağır bedelinin kadınlar tarafından ödenme zorunluluğunu getirmiş ve onları gittikçe daha büyük oranda insan ticaretinin mağduru haline getirmiştir. Kayıtdışı sektörler büyüme ve gelişmelerini kadının metalaşması üzerinden gerçekleştirmekte, göçmenliğin ve kadınlığın dezavantajlarını sömürüleri için uygun fırsatlara dönüştürmektedir. İnsan tacirleri, göçmen kadın özneyi, kandırma, tehdit, nüfuzun kötüye kullanılması ve şiddet içeren zor kullanma, çaresizlik ve sahip olunan denetim olanaklarından yararlanma şeklinde kendilerine özgü profesyonel iş yöntemileri sömürür.

References

  • Arslan, Ç. (2004). “İnsan Ticareti Suçu (TCK Md. 201/d)”. Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Derg), s. 19-83. 53 (4).
  • Boretsky, Alexey V. and Zhetpisov, Serik K. (2013). “Human Trafficking: Issues of Investigation Techniques". World Applied Sciences Journal. 23 (1), s.13-17. ISSN 1818-4952 © IDOSI Publications, 2013 DOI: 10.5829/idosi.wasj.2013.23.01.13047. https://zdoc.site/human-trafficking-issues-of-investigation.html. E.T.: 26.08.2018
  • Castles, S and Miller, M. J. (2008). Göçler Çağı Modern Dünyada Uluslararası Göç Hareketleri, İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • CATW (Coalition Against Trafficking in Women). (2018). http://www.catwinternational.org/Resources/Trafficking. E.T.: 25.09.2018
  • EC.EUROPA.EU (European Commission). (2007). https://ec.europa.eu/migrant-integration/intpract/tampep-austria-hiv/sti-prevention-and-health-promotion-for-migrant-sex-workers?lang=de. E.T.: 05.07.2018
  • Erder, S., Kaska,S. (2003). Irregular Migration and Trafficking in Women: The Case of Turkey. Geneva: International Organization for Migration.
  • Erkan, E. (2017). Neo-Liberalizm, Hegemonya ve Kimlik Politikaları”. İçinde Yağanak, E. ve Sayın H. (Ed.), Kimlik siyaseti ve azınlıklar, ss. 63-84, Bursa: Sentez Yayınları.
  • EUROPOL. https://www.europol.europa.eu/newsroom/news/europol-supports-fight-against-modern-day-slavery. E.T.: 21.09.2018
  • GAATW (Global Alliance Against Traffic in Women). (2018). https://www.gaatw.org/faqs/158-frequently-asked-questions/faq/454-understanding-trafficking. E.T.: 30.09.2018
  • Gallagher, A. (2002). “Trafficking, Smuggling and Human Rights: Tricks and Treaties”. Forced Migration Review.
  • Goldhammer, A. L. (2006). “Human Trafficking for Sexual Exploitation”. California: California State University, the Degree Master of Science.
  • Güral, D. (2006). “İnsan Ticareti Mağdurları”. Uluslararası Göç Sempozyumu. Zeytinburnu Belediye Başkanlığı. İstanbul-Türkiye
  • IOM (International Organization for Migration). https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/wmr_2018_en.pdf. E.T.: 30.09.2018
  • IOM. (2006). "Türkiye’de İnsan Ticareti İle Mücadelede Yasa Uygulama İle İlgili Stratejik Bir Yaklaşım”. Ankara: Uluslararası Göç Örgütü Raporu. http://www.countertrafficking.org/tr/default.html. E.T.: 06.03.2017.
  • Kelly, L., Regan, L. (2000). “Stopping Traffic: Exploring the Extent of, and Responses to, Trafficking in Women for Sexual Exploitation in the UK”. Willis, Carole F. (Ed. By). Police Research Series, Paper 125. London.
  • Kyle, D., Koslowski, R. (2001). Global Human Smuggling. Baltimore, Londra: John Hopkins University Pres.
  • Patton, A. (2008). “Menschenhandel: Die Ware Frau”. http://www.cafebabel.com/ger/article/25373/trans-finding-the-human-in-human-trafficking.html.E.T.: 23.06.2018.
  • Popović, D. J.; Šabić, D., Vujadinović, S., aO. (2014). Modern Slavery – Trafficking in Human Beings in Serbia. The Indian Journal of Social Work Tata Institute of Social Sciences, 75 (2), Pp. 259-280. https://zapdoc.tips/modern-slavery-trafficking-in-human-beings-in-serbia.html. E.T.: 17.05.2018.
  • Salt, J., Hogarth, J. (2000). “Migrant Trafficking and Human Smuggling in Europe: A Rewiew of the Evidence”. Laczko, F., Thompson, D. (Ed. By.). Migrant Trafficking and Human Smuggling in Europa: A Review of the Evidence with Case Studies from Hungary, Poland and Ukraine. Geneva: International Organization for Migration.
  • TAMPEP.EU (European Network for HIV/STI Prevention and Health Promotion Among Migrant Sex Workers) https://tampep.eu/wpcontent/uploads/2017/11/report_tampep_7.pdf. E.T.: 15.08.2018
  • TDK. Türk Dil Kurumu Sözlüğü. www.tdk.org.tr/. E.T.: 07.07.2018
  • TBMM. https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/kanunlar/k4804.html. E.T.: 12.05.2018.
  • UNICEF. (2003). Trafficking in Human Beings, Especially Women and Children, in Africa. https://zdoc.site/trafficking-in-human-unicef.html. E.T.: 02.07.2018.
  • Yenidünya, A. C. (2007). İnsan Ticareti Suçu (TCK.m.80). Ankara: Turhan Kitabevi Yayınları
There are 24 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Hüdayi Sayın 0000-0002-8994-4088

Publication Date December 28, 2018
Submission Date October 19, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 2 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Sayın, H. (2018). Modern Kölelik Olarak Meta-Göçmen İnsan Ticareti Üzerine Kavramsal Bir İnceleme. Bingöl Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 2(2), 79-102. https://doi.org/10.33399/biibfad.472260


Creative Commons Lisansı