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Sağlık Harcamaları, Hükümet Etkinliği ve Beklenen Yaşam Süresi: OECD Ülkelerinden Yeni Kanıtlar

Year 2021, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 65 - 97, 20.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.33399/biibfad.735419

Abstract

Sağlık sonuçlarını etkileyen birçok farklı etken vardır. Bu etkenlerden bazıları sağlık sonuçlarını iyileştirirken bazıları ise sağlık sonuçlarını kötüleştirmektedir. Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, 2002-2019 dönemi için 35 OECD (Ekonomik İşbirliği ve Kalkınma Örgütü) ülkesinde yönetişim göstergelerinden olan hükümet etkinliğinin yanında kişi başına gelirin, kişi başına sağlık harcamalarının ve eğitimin beklenen yaşam süresi üzerindeki etkisini araştırmaktır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda serilerin durağanlık özellikleri Pesaran (2007) tarafından önerilen CIPS (yatay kesitsel genişletilmiş Im, Pesaran, Shin) testi ile incelenmiştir. Durbin-Hausman (D-H) testi ile değişkenler arasındaki uzun dönemli ilişki incelenmiş ve uzun dönem katsayı tahminleri için Panel ARDL tahmincilerinden Havuzlanmış Ortalama Grup (PMG) metodu uygulanmıştır. D-H eşbütünleşme testi, beklenen yaşam süresi, kişi başına gelir, kişi başına sağlık harcamaları, hükümet etkinliği ve eğitim arasında uzun dönemde ilişki olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. PMG tahmincisi, beklenen yaşam süresini iyileştirmede kişi başına gelirin, kişi başına sağlık harcamalarının, hükümet etkinliğinin ve eğitimin olumlu etkisi olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Elde edilen sonuçlar ampirik çalışmaların sonuçlarını doğrular niteliktedir. 

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Health Expenditure, Government Effectiveness and Life Expectancy: New Evidence from OECD Countries

Year 2021, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 65 - 97, 20.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.33399/biibfad.735419

Abstract

There are many different factors that affect health outcomes. Some of these factors improve health outcomes, while others worsen health outcomes. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of per capita income, per capita health expenditures and education on life expectancy, as well as government effectiveness, which is one of the governance indicators in 35 OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ) countries for the period 2002-2019. For this purpose, the stationarity properties of the series is examined with the CIPS (cross-sectionally augmented Im-Pesaran-Shin (CIPS)) test proposed by Pesaran (2007). The long-term relationship between the variables is examined with the Durbin-Hausman (D-H) test and the Pooled Mean Group (PMG) method, one of the Panel ARDL estimators, was applied for long-term coefficient estimations. The D-H cointegration test revealed a long-term relationship between life expectancy, per capita income, per capita health expenditures, government effectiveness, and education. The PMG estimator found that per capita income, per capita health expenditures, government effectiveness and education has a positive impact on improving life expectancy. The results obtained confirm the results of empirical studies.

References

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  • Al‐Azri, M., Al‐Mamari, F., & Mondal, S. (2020). Healthcare expenditure and health outcome nexus: Exploring the evidences from Oman. Journal of Public Affairs, 20(4), e2329.
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  • Ampon-Wireko, S. (2020). The role of governance and health expenditure on health outcome: Empirical evidence from selected emerging economies. Journal of Health and Medical Research, S(5), 48-48.
  • Anser, M. K., Apergis, N., & Syed, Q. R. (2021). Impact of economic policy uncertainty on CO2 emissions: evidence from top ten carbon emitter countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-10.
  • Arthur, E., & Oaikhenan, H. E. (2017). The effects of health expenditure on health outcomes in Sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA). African Development Review, 29(3), 524-536.
  • Asemane, Z., Emamgholipour, S., & Rshidian, A. (2015). Governance and public health outcome in OPEC countries. Int J Rev Life Sci, 5(10), 855-60.
  • Atasoy, B. S. (2017). Testing the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis across the US: Evidence from panel mean group estimators. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 77, 731-747.
  • Baltagi, Badi H. (2008). Econometric Analysis of Panel Data. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
  • Barenberg, A. J., Basu, D., & Soylu, C. (2017). The effect of public health expenditure on infant mortality: evidence from a panel of Indian states, 1983–1984 to 2011–2012. The Journal of Development Studies, 53(10), 1765-1784.
  • Baş, H., & Kocakaya, M. E. (2020). Identifying the relationship between health expenditures and life expectancy at birth: A Cointegration analysis for MENA countries. In Multidimensional perspectives and global analysis of universal health coverage (pp. 285-308). IGI Global.
  • Blazquez-Fernández, C., Cantarero-Prieto, D., & Pascual-Saez, M. (2017). Health expenditure and socio-economic determinants of life expectancy in the OECD Asia/Pacific area countries. Applied Economics Letters, 24(3), 167-169.
  • Bokhari, F. A., Gai, Y., & Gottret, P. (2007). Government health expenditures and health outcomes. Health economics, 16(3), 257-273.
  • Breusch, T. S., & Pagan, A. R. (1980). The Lagrange multiplier test and its applications to model specification in econometrics. The review of economic studies, 47(1), 239-253.
  • Chan, E. Y., Cheng, D., & Martin, J. (2021). Impact of COVID-19 on excess mortality, life expectancy, and years of life lost in the United States. PloS one, 16(9), e0256835.
  • Chen, Z., Ma, Y., Hua, J., Wang, Y., & Guo, H. (2021). Impacts from economic development and environmental factors on life expectancy: A comparative study based on data from both developed and developing countries from 2004 to 2016. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(16), 8559.
  • Chireshe, J., & Ocran, M. K. (2020). Health care expenditure and health outcomes in sub‐Saharan African countries. African Development Review, 32(3), 349-361.
  • Cutler, D. M., & Lleras-Muney, A. (2006). Education and health: evaluating theories and evidence. Working Paper 12352, https://www.nber.org/papers/w12352.
  • Çağlayan-Akay, E., & Oskonbaeva, Z. (2021). Socioeconomic and environmental determinants of health outcomes: The case of transition economies. Problemy Ekorozwoju, 16(2), 94-107.
  • Danish, -, Ulucak, R. (2020). How do environmental technologies affect green growth? Evidence from BRICS economies. Science of the Total Environment, 712, 136504.
  • Davies, N. M., Dickson, M., Smith, G. D., Van Den Berg, G. J., & Windmeijer, F. (2018). The causal effects of education on health outcomes in the UK Biobank. Nature Human Behaviour, 2(2), 117-125.
  • Doucouliagos, C., Hennessy, J., & Mallick, D. (2021). Health aid, governance and infant mortality. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (Statistics in Society), 184(2), 761-783.
  • Dünya Bankası (2019). https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators
  • Farag, M., Nandakumar, A. K., Wallack, S., Hodgkin, D., Gaumer, G., & Erbil, C. (2013). Health expenditures, health outcomes and the role of good governance. International Journal of Health Care Finance and Economics, 13(1), 33-52.
  • Gallet, C. A., & Doucouliagos, H. (2017). The impact of healthcare spending on health outcomes: A meta-regression analysis. Social Science & Medicine, 179, 9-17.
  • Hu, B., & Mendoza, R. U. (2013). Public health spending, governance and child health outcomes: revisiting the links. Journal of Human Development and Capabilities, 14(2), 285-311.
  • Ibukun, C. O. (2021). The role of governance in the health expenditure–health outcomes nexus: insights from West Africa. International Journal of Social Economics. 48(4), 557-570
  • Issa, H., & Ouattara, B. (2005). The effect of private and public health expenditure on infant mortality rates: does the level of development matters. Economics Department, University Of Wales Swansea, United Kingdom. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.63.9133&rep=rep1&type=pdf
  • Jaba, E., Balan, C. B., & Robu, I. B. (2014). The relationship between life expectancy at birth and health expenditures estimated by a cross-country and time-series analysis. Procedia Economics and Finance, 15, 108-114.
  • Kafili, V., & Ghasemzade, M. (2019). The role of good governance in the influence of government expenditure on health. The Journal of Planning and Budgeting, 23(4), 137-161.
  • Kaufmann, D., Kraay, A., & Mastruzzi, M. (2010). The Worldwide Governance Indicators: A Summary of Methodology, Data and Analytical Issues. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 5430
  • Kim, T. K., & Lane, S. R. (2013). Government health expenditure and public health outcomes: A comparative study among 17 countries and implications for US health care reform. American International Journal of Contemporary Research, 3(9), 8-13.
  • Kiross, G. T., Chojenta, C., Barker, D., & Loxton, D. (2020). The effects of health expenditure on infant mortality in sub-Saharan Africa: evidence from panel data analysis. Health economics review, 10(1), 1-9.
  • Klomp, J., & De Haan, J. (2008). Effects of governance on health: A cross‐national analysis of 101 countries. Kyklos, 61(4), 599-614.
  • Langnel, Z., & Buracom, P. (2020). Governance, health expenditure and infant mortality in sub‐Saharan Africa. African Development Review, 32(4), 673-685.
  • Linden, M., & Ray, D. (2017). Life expectancy effects of public and private health expenditures in OECD countries 1970–2012: Panel time series approach. Economic Analysis and Policy, 56, 101-113.
  • Lone, T. A., Sheereen, Z., Dar, J. A., & Lone, P. A. (2021). Does health expenditure affect health outcomes? A cointegration based approach to the Indian healthcare system. International Journal of Behavioural and Healthcare Research, 7(3), 227-240.
  • Lopreite, M., & Zhu, Z. (2020). The effects of ageing population on health expenditure and economic growth in China: A Bayesian-VAR approach. Social Science & Medicine, 265, 113513.
  • Luy, M., Zannella, M., Wegner-Siegmundt, C., Minagawa, Y., Lutz, W., & Caselli, G. (2019). The impact of increasing education levels on rising life expectancy: a decomposition analysis for Italy, Denmark, and the USA. Genus, 75(1), 1-21.
  • Makuta, I., & O’Hare, B. (2015). Quality of governance, public spending on health and health status in Sub Saharan Africa: a panel data regression analysis. BMC public health, 15(1), 1-11.
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There are 82 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Economics
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Halim Tatlı 0000-0002-7940-0087

Doğan Barak 0000-0002-8812-7668

Publication Date December 20, 2021
Submission Date May 11, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 5 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Tatlı, H., & Barak, D. (2021). Sağlık Harcamaları, Hükümet Etkinliği ve Beklenen Yaşam Süresi: OECD Ülkelerinden Yeni Kanıtlar. Bingöl Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 5(2), 65-97. https://doi.org/10.33399/biibfad.735419


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