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İNSANİ GELİŞME VE EKONOMİK BÜYÜME İLİŞKİSİ: BAZI AFRİKA ÜLKELERİ ÜZERİNE BİR UYGULAMA

Year 2019, Volume: 9 Issue: 17, 13 - 36, 23.04.2019
https://doi.org/10.29029/busbed.490667

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, Afrika kıtasında
bulunan 52 ülke arasından verilerin elverişlilik durumuna göre seçilen 33
Afrika ülkesinin, 1995-2014 yıllarına ait verilerinden yararlanılarak insani
gelişme ile ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişki incelenmiştir. Çalışmamızda;
insani gelişme endeksi bağımlı değişken, eğitim harcamaları, kişi başına düşen
sağlık harcamaları ve GSYH ise bağımsız değişkenler olarak seçilmiştir. Analiz
kısmında öncelikle serilerin yatay kesit bağımlılıkları incelenmiştir. Daha
sonra panel durağanlık testleri kullanılarak serilerin durağanlık seviyeleri
test edilmiştir. Seriler durağan hale geldikten sonra, panel ARDL kısa dönem
analizi sonucunda insani gelişme ile gelir değişkeni arasında pozitif ve
anlamlı ilişki tespit edilmiştir. Fakat insani gelişme ve eğitim değişkeni
arasındaki ilişki negatif ve anlamlı bulunmuştur. İnsani gelişme ve sağlık
değişkeni arasındaki ilişkinin ise pozitif fakat istatistiksel olarak anlamsız
olduğu belirlenmiştir. Kısa dönem analiz sonuçlarının aksine uzun dönem ARDL sonuçlarına
göre insani gelişme ve gelir değişkeni arasındaki ilişki negatif ve
istatistiksel olarak anlamlı, insani gelişme ile hem eğitim hem de sağlık
değişkenleri arasındaki ilişki ise pozitif ve istatistiksel olarak anlamlı
oldukları tespit edilmiştir. Dumitrescu-Hurlin panel nedensellik testi
sonuçlarına göre insani gelişme ile gelir, sağlık ve eğitim değişkenlerinin %5
anlamlılık düzeyinde karşılıklı olarak birbirlerinin nedeni olduğu tespit
edilmiştir. Bütün bu sonuçlardan hareketle teorinin de öngördüğü gibi Afrika
ülkeleri için ekonomik büyümeyi açıklamada sadece gelir değişkenin göz önünde
bulundurulmasının yeterli olmadığı buna ilave olarak eğitim ve sağlık
değişkenlerinin de hesaba katılmasının doğru olacağı tespit edilmiştir.
Politika yapıcılar ekonomik büyüme ve kalkınma planları yaparken etki gücünü
göz önünde bulundurarak kısa dönemde gelir değişkenini, uzun dönemde ise eğitim
değişkenini temel alan politikaları devreye sokmalıdır.

References

  • ANAND, S.; Sen, A. (1994), Human Development Index: Methodology and Measurement, New York: Human Development Report Office Occasional Paper 12.
  • ANAND, S.; Sen, A. (1997), Concepts of Human Development and Poverty: A Multidimensional Perspective, New York: Human Development Working Papers.
  • BOOZER M.; Ranis, G.; Stewart, F.; Tavneet, S. (2003), “Paths to Success: The Relationship Between Human Development and Economic Growth”, Economic Growth Center, ss. 1-48.
  • BOZKURT, Hilal (2010), “Eğitim, Sağlık ve iktisadi Büyüme Arasındaki İlişkiler: Türkiye İçin Bir Analiz”, Bilgi Ekonomisi ve Yönetimi Dergisi, Cilt 5, Sayı 1, ss. 7-27.
  • COSTANTİNİ, V.; Monni, S. (2008), “Environment, Human Development and Economic Growth”, Ecological Economics, Vol. 64, No. 4, ss. 867-880.
  • DİCKEY, D.; W. Fuller (1981), “Likelihood Ratio Statistics for Autoregressive Time Series with a Unit Root,” Econometrica, No. 49, ss. 1057-1072.
  • DİKMEN, Meltem K. (2004), “Büyüme ve İnsani Gelişme Arasındaki Bağlantılar: Uluslararası Ampirik Bir Çalışma”, İktisat, İşletme ve Finans/İnceleme Araştırma Dergisi, Sayı 222, ss. 39-54.
  • DJİRİMU, A. M.; Tombolotutu, A. D. (2014), “The Effect of Human Development Index Indicators on Economic Growth in Central Sulawesi Province”, Central Sulawesi of Agency for Regional Development Planning, ss. 1-8.
  • DUMİTRESCU, E.; Hurlin, C. (2012), “Testing for Granger Non-causality in Heterogeneous Panels”, Economic Modelling, Vol. 29, No. 4, ss. 1450-1460.
  • E’GERT, B.; Halpern, L.; MacDonald, R. (2006), “Equilibrium Exchange Rates In Transition Economies: Taking Stock Of The Issues”, Journal Of Economıc Surveys, Vol. 20, No. 2, ss. 257-324.
  • FUKUDA-PAR, S. (2003), “The Human Development Paradigm: Operationalizing Sen’s İdeas On Capabilities”, Feminist Economics, Vol. 9, No. 2, ss. 301-317.
  • GRANGER, C. W. J.; Newbold, P. (1974), “Spurıous Regressıons In Econometrıcs”, Journal of Econometrics, Vol. 2, ss. 111-120.
  • GÜRLÜK, Serkan (2009), “Economic Growth, İndustrial Pollution and Human Development in The Mediterranean Region”, Ecological Economics, Vol. 68, ss. 2327-2335.
  • GYLFASON, Thorvaldur (2001), “Natural Resources, Education and Economic Development”, European Economic Review, Vol. 45, ss. 847-859.
  • HAQ, Mahbub ul (1995), Reflections on Human Development, Oxford: University Press.
  • IM, K. S.; Pesaran, M. H.; Shin, Y. (2003), “Testing for Unit Roots in Heterogeneous Panels”, Journal of Econometrics, Vol. 115, ss. 53-74.
  • KAR, M.; Ağır, H. (2003), “Türkiye’de Beşeri Sermaye ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Nedensellik Testi (Neo-Klasik Büyüme Teorisi)”, II. Ulusal Bilgi, Ekonomi ve Yönetim Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı, ss. 181-192.
  • KAR, M.; Taban, S. (2003), “Kamu Harcama Çeşitlerinin Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerine Etkileri”, Ankara SBF Dergisi, Cilt:58, Sayı 3, ss. 145-169.
  • KARABULUT, T.; Kaya, N.; Gürsoy, Z. (2009), “Ekonomik Kalkınma ve İşbirliği Örgütü’ne Üye Ülkelerin 2006 Yılı İnsani Gelişmişlik Düzeylerinin Analizi”, Niğde Üniversitesi İ.İ.B.F. Dergisi, Cilt 2, Sayı 2, ss. 1-18.
  • KESİKOĞLU, F.; Öztürk, Z. (2013), “Relationship Between Human Capital and Economic Growth: Panel Causality Analysis for Selected OECD Countries”, Journal of Economic and Social Studies, Vol. 3, No. 1, ss. 153-162.
  • KESKİN, Abdullah (2011), “Ekonomik Kalkınmada Beşeri Sermayenin Rolü ve Türkiye”, Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, Cilt 25, Sayı 3, ss. 125-153.
  • KOÇ, Aylin (2013), “Beşeri Sermaye ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Yatay Kesit Analizi ile AB Ülkeleri Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme”, Maliye Dergisi, Sayı 165, ss. 241-258.
  • LEVİN, A.; Lin, C.; Chu, C. (2002), “Unit Root Tests in Panel Data: Asymtotic and Finite-Sample Properties”, Journal of Econometrics, No. 108, ss. 1-24.
  • LI, H.; Huang, L. (2008), “Health, Education and Economic Growth in China: Emprical Findings and İmplications”, China Economic Review, Vol. 20, ss. 374-387.
  • NG’HABİ, Ntogwa B. (2012), “Economic Growth and Human Development; A link Mechanism An Empirical Approach”, Munich Personal RePEc Archive, ss. 1-48.
  • PESARAN, M. H.; Shin, Y.; Smith, R. P. (1999), “Pooled Mean Group Estimation of Dynamic Heterogeneous Panels”, Journal of the American Statistical Association, Vol. 94, No. 446, ss. 621-634.
  • PHİLLİPS, P. C. B.; Perron, P. (1988), “Testing for a Unit Root in Time Series Regression”, Biometrica, No. 75, ss. 335-346.
  • RANİS, G.; Stewart, F. (2002), “Economic Growth and Human Development in Latin America”, Cepal Review, Vol. 78, ss. 7-23.
  • RANİS, G.; Stewart, F. (2005), “The Priority of Human Development”, The Development İmperative, ss. 37-51.
  • RANİS, G.; Stewart, F.; Ramirez, A. (2000), “Economic Growth and Human Development”, World Development, Vol. 28, No. 2, ss. 197-219.
  • SHARİFİ-RENANİ, H.; Mirfatah, M.; Honarvar, N. (2012), “Effects of Human Development İndexes on Economic Growth in MENA Countries: An Emphasis on Education and Literacy İndexes”, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2103360, 2012.
  • SHOME, S.; Tondon, S. (2010), “Balancing Human Development with Economic Growth: A Study of ASEAN 5”, Annals of the University of Petroşani, Economics, Vol. 10, No. 1, ss. 335-348.
  • SURİ, T.; Boozer, A. M.; Ranis, G.; Stewart, F. (2010), “Paths to Success: The Relationship Between Human Development and Economic Growth”, World Development, Vol. 39, No. 4, ss. 506-522.
  • TABAN, S. ve Kar, M. (2006), “Beşeri Sermaye ve Ekonomik Büyüme: Nedensellik Analizi, (1969-2001)”, Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, ss. 59-182.
  • TODARO, Michael P.; Smith, Stephen C. (2012), Economic Development, Boston: Addison-Wesly.
  • UNDP (1990), Human Development Report, New York: Oxford University Press.
  • UNDP (1996), Human Development Report, New York: Oxford University Press.
  • UNDP (2005), Human Development Report, New York: Oxford University Press.
  • UNDP (2010), Human Development Report, New York: Oxford University Press.
  • UNDP (2014), Human Development Report, New York: Oxford University Press.
  • UYGUR, S.; Yıldırım, F. (2011), “Cinsiyete Bağlı İnsani Gelişme Endeks Yaklaşımları: Türkiye Örneği”, Tisk Akademi, ss. 30-59.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND ECONOMIC GROWTH: AN APPLICATION ON SOME AFRICAN COUNTRIES

Year 2019, Volume: 9 Issue: 17, 13 - 36, 23.04.2019
https://doi.org/10.29029/busbed.490667

Abstract

This study examined the relationship between human development and economic growth by using data from the 1995 to 2014 years of the 33 African countries selected according to the availability of data from 52 countries in the African continent. In our study; human development index was selected as the dependent variable, education expenditure, health expenditure per capita and GDP were selected as independent variables. In the analysis section, primarily cross-sectional dependence of series was examined. Then, stationary levels of series were tested by using panel stationary tests. After the series became stationary, as a result of panel ARDL short-run analysis a positive and significant relationship was detected between human development and income variables. But the relationship between human development and education variables was found to be negative and significant. However, the relationship between human development and health variables has been identified to be positive but not statistically significant. In contrast to the results of the short run analysis, according to long-run ARDL results, the relationship between human development and income variables was negative and statistically significant, the relationship between human development with both education and health variables were found to be positive and statistically significant. According to Dumitrescu-Hurlin panel causality test results, human development and income, health and education were found to be mutually interrelated at the 5% significance level. Based on these results, as also predicted by theory, it was determined that not only income variable but also education and health variables should be considered in explaining economic growth for African countries. While policymakers are making economic growth and development plans, they should implement the policies based on the income variable in the short run and the education variable in the long run with regard to the power of influence.

References

  • ANAND, S.; Sen, A. (1994), Human Development Index: Methodology and Measurement, New York: Human Development Report Office Occasional Paper 12.
  • ANAND, S.; Sen, A. (1997), Concepts of Human Development and Poverty: A Multidimensional Perspective, New York: Human Development Working Papers.
  • BOOZER M.; Ranis, G.; Stewart, F.; Tavneet, S. (2003), “Paths to Success: The Relationship Between Human Development and Economic Growth”, Economic Growth Center, ss. 1-48.
  • BOZKURT, Hilal (2010), “Eğitim, Sağlık ve iktisadi Büyüme Arasındaki İlişkiler: Türkiye İçin Bir Analiz”, Bilgi Ekonomisi ve Yönetimi Dergisi, Cilt 5, Sayı 1, ss. 7-27.
  • COSTANTİNİ, V.; Monni, S. (2008), “Environment, Human Development and Economic Growth”, Ecological Economics, Vol. 64, No. 4, ss. 867-880.
  • DİCKEY, D.; W. Fuller (1981), “Likelihood Ratio Statistics for Autoregressive Time Series with a Unit Root,” Econometrica, No. 49, ss. 1057-1072.
  • DİKMEN, Meltem K. (2004), “Büyüme ve İnsani Gelişme Arasındaki Bağlantılar: Uluslararası Ampirik Bir Çalışma”, İktisat, İşletme ve Finans/İnceleme Araştırma Dergisi, Sayı 222, ss. 39-54.
  • DJİRİMU, A. M.; Tombolotutu, A. D. (2014), “The Effect of Human Development Index Indicators on Economic Growth in Central Sulawesi Province”, Central Sulawesi of Agency for Regional Development Planning, ss. 1-8.
  • DUMİTRESCU, E.; Hurlin, C. (2012), “Testing for Granger Non-causality in Heterogeneous Panels”, Economic Modelling, Vol. 29, No. 4, ss. 1450-1460.
  • E’GERT, B.; Halpern, L.; MacDonald, R. (2006), “Equilibrium Exchange Rates In Transition Economies: Taking Stock Of The Issues”, Journal Of Economıc Surveys, Vol. 20, No. 2, ss. 257-324.
  • FUKUDA-PAR, S. (2003), “The Human Development Paradigm: Operationalizing Sen’s İdeas On Capabilities”, Feminist Economics, Vol. 9, No. 2, ss. 301-317.
  • GRANGER, C. W. J.; Newbold, P. (1974), “Spurıous Regressıons In Econometrıcs”, Journal of Econometrics, Vol. 2, ss. 111-120.
  • GÜRLÜK, Serkan (2009), “Economic Growth, İndustrial Pollution and Human Development in The Mediterranean Region”, Ecological Economics, Vol. 68, ss. 2327-2335.
  • GYLFASON, Thorvaldur (2001), “Natural Resources, Education and Economic Development”, European Economic Review, Vol. 45, ss. 847-859.
  • HAQ, Mahbub ul (1995), Reflections on Human Development, Oxford: University Press.
  • IM, K. S.; Pesaran, M. H.; Shin, Y. (2003), “Testing for Unit Roots in Heterogeneous Panels”, Journal of Econometrics, Vol. 115, ss. 53-74.
  • KAR, M.; Ağır, H. (2003), “Türkiye’de Beşeri Sermaye ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Nedensellik Testi (Neo-Klasik Büyüme Teorisi)”, II. Ulusal Bilgi, Ekonomi ve Yönetim Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı, ss. 181-192.
  • KAR, M.; Taban, S. (2003), “Kamu Harcama Çeşitlerinin Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerine Etkileri”, Ankara SBF Dergisi, Cilt:58, Sayı 3, ss. 145-169.
  • KARABULUT, T.; Kaya, N.; Gürsoy, Z. (2009), “Ekonomik Kalkınma ve İşbirliği Örgütü’ne Üye Ülkelerin 2006 Yılı İnsani Gelişmişlik Düzeylerinin Analizi”, Niğde Üniversitesi İ.İ.B.F. Dergisi, Cilt 2, Sayı 2, ss. 1-18.
  • KESİKOĞLU, F.; Öztürk, Z. (2013), “Relationship Between Human Capital and Economic Growth: Panel Causality Analysis for Selected OECD Countries”, Journal of Economic and Social Studies, Vol. 3, No. 1, ss. 153-162.
  • KESKİN, Abdullah (2011), “Ekonomik Kalkınmada Beşeri Sermayenin Rolü ve Türkiye”, Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, Cilt 25, Sayı 3, ss. 125-153.
  • KOÇ, Aylin (2013), “Beşeri Sermaye ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Yatay Kesit Analizi ile AB Ülkeleri Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme”, Maliye Dergisi, Sayı 165, ss. 241-258.
  • LEVİN, A.; Lin, C.; Chu, C. (2002), “Unit Root Tests in Panel Data: Asymtotic and Finite-Sample Properties”, Journal of Econometrics, No. 108, ss. 1-24.
  • LI, H.; Huang, L. (2008), “Health, Education and Economic Growth in China: Emprical Findings and İmplications”, China Economic Review, Vol. 20, ss. 374-387.
  • NG’HABİ, Ntogwa B. (2012), “Economic Growth and Human Development; A link Mechanism An Empirical Approach”, Munich Personal RePEc Archive, ss. 1-48.
  • PESARAN, M. H.; Shin, Y.; Smith, R. P. (1999), “Pooled Mean Group Estimation of Dynamic Heterogeneous Panels”, Journal of the American Statistical Association, Vol. 94, No. 446, ss. 621-634.
  • PHİLLİPS, P. C. B.; Perron, P. (1988), “Testing for a Unit Root in Time Series Regression”, Biometrica, No. 75, ss. 335-346.
  • RANİS, G.; Stewart, F. (2002), “Economic Growth and Human Development in Latin America”, Cepal Review, Vol. 78, ss. 7-23.
  • RANİS, G.; Stewart, F. (2005), “The Priority of Human Development”, The Development İmperative, ss. 37-51.
  • RANİS, G.; Stewart, F.; Ramirez, A. (2000), “Economic Growth and Human Development”, World Development, Vol. 28, No. 2, ss. 197-219.
  • SHARİFİ-RENANİ, H.; Mirfatah, M.; Honarvar, N. (2012), “Effects of Human Development İndexes on Economic Growth in MENA Countries: An Emphasis on Education and Literacy İndexes”, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2103360, 2012.
  • SHOME, S.; Tondon, S. (2010), “Balancing Human Development with Economic Growth: A Study of ASEAN 5”, Annals of the University of Petroşani, Economics, Vol. 10, No. 1, ss. 335-348.
  • SURİ, T.; Boozer, A. M.; Ranis, G.; Stewart, F. (2010), “Paths to Success: The Relationship Between Human Development and Economic Growth”, World Development, Vol. 39, No. 4, ss. 506-522.
  • TABAN, S. ve Kar, M. (2006), “Beşeri Sermaye ve Ekonomik Büyüme: Nedensellik Analizi, (1969-2001)”, Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, ss. 59-182.
  • TODARO, Michael P.; Smith, Stephen C. (2012), Economic Development, Boston: Addison-Wesly.
  • UNDP (1990), Human Development Report, New York: Oxford University Press.
  • UNDP (1996), Human Development Report, New York: Oxford University Press.
  • UNDP (2005), Human Development Report, New York: Oxford University Press.
  • UNDP (2010), Human Development Report, New York: Oxford University Press.
  • UNDP (2014), Human Development Report, New York: Oxford University Press.
  • UYGUR, S.; Yıldırım, F. (2011), “Cinsiyete Bağlı İnsani Gelişme Endeks Yaklaşımları: Türkiye Örneği”, Tisk Akademi, ss. 30-59.
There are 41 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Economics
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ekrem Erdem 0000-0002-5876-8747

Bekir Çelik 0000-0002-6345-4064

Publication Date April 23, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019Volume: 9 Issue: 17

Cite

APA Erdem, E., & Çelik, B. (2019). İNSANİ GELİŞME VE EKONOMİK BÜYÜME İLİŞKİSİ: BAZI AFRİKA ÜLKELERİ ÜZERİNE BİR UYGULAMA. Bingöl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 9(17), 13-36. https://doi.org/10.29029/busbed.490667

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