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Orta Gelir Tuzağı Bağlamında İhracatta Ürün Çeşitliliği ile Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi

Year 2019, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 145 - 168, 30.06.2019
https://doi.org/10.18074/ckuiibfd.484244

Abstract

Orta gelir tuzağı, ülkelerin uzun bir zaman diliminde aynı gelir
grubunda kalıp uluslararası rekabet düzeyini yitirmiş olması şeklinde ifade
edilen bir kavramdır. Kanchoochat ve Intarakumnerd (2014) çalışmasında, orta
gelir tuzağından çıkış amacıyla ifade edilen önemli stratejilerden biri,
ülkelerin ihracat kompozisyonlarında çeşitliliğe yönelmeleri gerektiği
şeklindedir. İhracat kompozisyonun çeşitlendirilmesinin, orta gelir tuzağı
riskine etkisinin test edilmesi amacıyla mevcut çalışmada
, seçilmiş ülkeler, 1995-2015 dönemi için Robertson ve Ye (2013)’nin orta gelir tuzağı
önerisine göre, orta gelir tuzağında olan ve orta gelir tuzağından kaçan
ülkeler olmak üzere ikiye ayrılmaktadır. Yapılan analizde, ihracat
kompozisyonunun çeşitliliğini gösteren
Herfindahl-Hirschman Endeksi ile ekonomik büyüme
arasındaki ilişki panel veri analiz yöntemleri ile test edilmektedir. Elde
edilen sonuçlar, orta gelir tuzağında olan ülkelerin ekonomik büyümelerinin
ihracatta ürün çeşitliliğinden pozitif, orta gelir tuzağından kaçan ülkelerin
ise negatif yönde etkilendiği yönündedir. Yapılan analizin bulguları, orta gelirli
ülkelerin ihracatta ürün çeşitliliğine, orta gelir tuzağından kaçan ülkelerin
ise ihracatta uzmanlaşmaya yönelmeleri gerektiğini göstermektedir. Bu
çerçevede, çalışmanın sonuç bölümünde, orta gelir tuzağında olan ülkeler için
yüksek gelirli ülkeler sınıfına yükselme aşamasına kadar ihracatta ürün
çeşitliliğinin desteklenmesine yönelik çeşitli politik önerilerde
bulunulmaktadır. 

References

  • Age´nor, PR, Canuto, O & Jelenic, M. (2012). Avoiding Middle-Income Growth Traps. Economic Premise, Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network (PREM), The World Bank, 98
  • Acemoglu, D., & Zilibotti, F. (1997). Was Prometheus unbound by chance? Risk, diversification, and growth. Journal of political economy, 105(4), 709-751.
  • Agosin, M. R. (2007). Export Diversification and Growth in Emerging Economies. Santiago, Chile, University of Chile.
  • Aiyar, M. S., Duval, M. R. A., Puy, M. D., Wu, M. Y., & Zhang, M. L. (2013). Growth Slowdowns and the Middle-Income Trap. International Monetary Fund, (13/71).
  • Ali, R., Alwang, J. R., & Siegel, P. B. (1991). Is Export Diversification The Best Way to AcHİEve Export Growth and Stability?: A Look at Three African Countries (Vol. 729). World Bank Publications.
  • Al-Marhubi, F. (2000). Export diversification and growth: an empirical investigation. Applied Economics Letters, 7(9), 559-562.
  • Aoiki, M. (2011).The Five-Phases of Economic Development and Institutional Evolution in China and Japan. ADBI Working Paper Series, 340
  • Arip, M.A., L.S. Yee & B. Abdul Karim. (2010). Export Diversification and Economic Growth in Malaysia. Munich Personal Repec Archive (MPRA), 20588
  • Ay, A., Akar, G., & Akar, T. (2016). Middle income trap: a comparison between BRICS countries and Turkey. Economic and Environmental Studies, 16(2 (38)), 279-301.
  • Balaguer, J., & Cantavella-Jorda, M. (2004). Structural change in exports and economic growth: cointegration and causality analysis for Spain (1961–2000). Applied Economics, 36(5), 473-477.
  • Baltagi, B. (2005). Econometric analysis of panel data. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Bartz, C. (2010). Export Diversification and Economic growth. Department of Economics Universitet van Amsterdam
  • Bebczuk, R. N. ve Berrettoni, N. D. (2006) Explaining export diversification: an empirical analysis, CAF research program on development issues, Department of Economics, Universidad Nacional de La Plata.
  • Berthelemy, J. C., & Chauvin, S. (2000). Structural changes in Asia and growth prospects after the Crisis. CEPII Working Papers, 00-09
  • Bonaglia, F., & Fukasaku, K. (2003). Export diversification in low-income countries: an international challenge after DOHA. OECD Development Centre, 209
  • Bulman, D., Eden M. & Nguyen, H. (2014) Transitioning from Low-Income Growth to High-Income Growth – Is There a Middle Income Trap. Policy Research Working Paper No. 7104, World Bank. Çeviker, A. ve Taş, İ. (2011), “Türkiye’de İhracat Çeşitlendirmesi ve Büyüme İlişkisi”, Ekonomi Bilimleri Dergisi, 3(2), 1-10.
  • Dennis, A., & Shepherd, B. (2007). Barriers to entry, trade costs, and export diversification in developing countries. The World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, 4(368), 1-40.
  • Dewitte, R. (2014). Middle Income Trap and Export Sophistication: Assessment and Economic Policy Implications. Unpublished Master Thesis, Ghent: Ghent University Faculty of Economic and Business Administration.
  • Doner, R. F. & Schneider B. R. (2016). The Middle-Income Trap: More Politics than Economics. World Politics, 68(4), 608– 644.
  • Egawa, A. (2013). Will Income Inequality Cause a Middle-income Trap in Asia? 797, Bruegel.
  • Eichengreen, B. & Park, D. ve Shin, K. (2011). When Fast Growing Economies Slow Down: International Evidence and Implications for China, NBER Working Paper Series, 16919, National Bureau of Economic Reseaarch, March.
  • Eichengreen, B. & Park, D. ve Shin, K. (2013). Growth Slowdowns Redux: New Evidence on the Middle-Income Trap, NBER Working Paper Series, 18673, National Bureau of Economic Reseaarch,
  • Felipe, J., Abdon, A., & Kumar, U. (2012). Tracking the middle-income trap: What is it, who is in it, and why?. Levy Economics Institute Working Paper, 715.January.
  • Fotros, M. H., Nemati, M., & Darabi, H. (2013). Relationship between Export Diversification and Economic Growth. International Journal of Basic Sciences & Applied Research. 2 (12), 991-999
  • Foxley, A. & Sossdorf, F. (2011). Making the Transition from Middle-Income to Advanced Economies. Carnegie Endowment, The Carnegie Papers.
  • Gill, I. & Kharas, H. (2007). An East Asian Renaissance – Ideas for Economic Growth. Washington, DC: World Bank.
  • Gutiérrez de Pineres, A. S. & Ferrantino, M.J. (2000) Export Dynamics and Economic Growth in Latin America, Ashgate, Aldershot, England.
  • Hartwell, C. (2013). The Growth Elixir: Escaping the Middle Income Trap in Emerging Market. Institute for Emerging Market Studies, Brief 13
  • Hausmann, R., & Rodrik, D. (2003). Economic development as self-discovery. Journal of development Economics, 72(2), 603-633.
  • Hausmann, R., F. Rodriguez, & R. Wagner (2008). Growth Collapses. C. Reinhart, C. Vegh, & A. Velasco, eds., Money, Crises and Transition. Cambridge: OGT Press.
  • Hausmann, R., Hwang, J., & Rodrik, D. (2007). What you export matters. Journal of economic growth, 12(1), 1-25.
  • Herzer, D., & Nowak-Lehnmann D, F. (2006). What does export diversification do for growth? An econometric analysis. Applied economics, 38(15), 1825-1838.
  • Hesse, H. (2008). Export Diversification and Economic Growth. Working Paper No.21. Commission on Growth and Development. World Bank, Washington, DC
  • Hirsch, S., & Lev, B. (1971). Sales stabilization through export diversification. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 270-277.
  • Islam, N. (2013). Beyond the middle income trap: What kind of high income country can China become?. The International Centre for the Study of East Asian Development, 20, 1-26
  • Islam, S. N. (2015). Will Inequality Lead China to the Middle Income Trap?. DESA Working Paper N. 142.
  • Kanchoochat, V. & Intarakumnerd, P. (2014). Tigers Trapped: Tracing the Middle-income Trap through the East and Southeast Asian Experience. Berlin Working Papers on Money, Finance, Trade and Development, Working Paper No. 04/2014.
  • Kanapathy, V., Hazri, H., Phongpaichit, P., & Benyaapikul, P. (2014). Middle income trap: economic myth, political reality. The Asia Foundation, Internet Address: http://asiafoundation. org/publications/pdf/1277, Date of Access, 25, 2014.
  • Kang, H. (2015). Agricultural exports and economic growth: Empirical evidence from the major rice exporting countries. Agricultural Economics – Czech, 61(2): 81–87.
  • Kao, C. (1999). Spurious regression and residual-based tests for cointegration in panel data. Journal of econometrics, 90(1), 1-44.
  • Kharas, H., & Kohli, H. (2011). What is the middle income trap, why do countries fall into it, and how can it be avoided?. Global Journal of Emerging Market Economies, 3(3), 281-289.
  • Kök, R. ve N. Şimşek (2006), “Endüstri-içi Dış Ticaret, Patentler ve Uluslararası Teknolojik Yayılma”, UEK-TEK 2006 Uluslararası Ekonomi Konferansı, Türkiye Ekonomi Kurumu, 11–13 Eylül, Ankara
  • Levin, A., Lin, C. F., & Chu, C. S. J. (2002). Unit root tests in panel data: asymptotic and finite-sample properties. Journal of econometrics, 108(1), 1-24.
  • Lin, J.Y. (2012). Demystifying the Chinese Economy, Cambridge. Cambridge University Press
  • Love, J. (1986). Commodity Concentration and Export Earnings Instability: A Shift from Cross-Section to Time Series Analysis. Journal of Development Economics, 24, 239-248.
  • Lugeiyamu, E. (2016). Is Export Diversification a Key Force to Africa’s Economic Growth?:Cross-Country Evidence. Jönköping University
  • Luiz, J. M. (2016). The Political of Economy Middle Income Traps: Is South Africa in A Long-run Growth Trap? The Path to Bounded Populism. South African Journal of Economics, 86 (1),3-19
  • Markowitz, H. (1952). Portfolio selection. The journal of finance, 7(1), 77-91.
  • Matthee, M., & Naudé, W. (2007). Export diversity and regional growth: empirical evidence from South Africa (No. 2007/11). Research Paper, UNU-WIDER, United Nations University (UNU).
  • Mau, K. (2014).Margins, Gravity, and Causality: Export Diversification and Income Levels Reconsidered. GIGA Working Papers no. 249. GIGA German Institute of Global and Area Studies Hamburg, Germany
  • Mudenda, C., Choga, I., & Chigamba, C. (2014). The role of export diversification on economic growth in South Africa. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 5(9), 705.
  • Naudé, W., & Rossouw, R. (2008). Export diversification and specialization in South Africa: Extent and impact (No. 2008.93). Research paper/UNU-WIDER.
  • Nicet-Chenaf, D., & Rougier, E. (2008). FDI, Diversification and Growth: An Empirical Assessment for MENA Countries. IMF Staff Papers, 40, 151-172.
  • Ohno, K. (2009). Avoiding the middle-income trap: renovating industrial policy formulation in Vietnam. ASEAN Economic Bulletin, 26(1), 25-43.
  • Olaleye, S. O., Edun, F., & Taiwo, S. B. (2014). Export Diversification and Economic Growth in Nigeria: An Empirical Test of Relationship Using a Granger Casualty Test. Journal of Emerging Trends in Economics and Management Sciences, 5(1), 70.
  • Parteka, A. & M. Tamberi (2008). Determinants of Export Diversification: An Empirical Investigation. Working Paper 327
  • Pedroni, P. (2004). Panel cointegration: asymptotic and finite sample properties of pooled time series tests with an application to the PPP hypothesis. Econometric theory, 20(3), 597-625.
  • Pedroni, P., (2000). Fully modified OLS for heterogeneous cointegrated panels. Advanced in Econometrics, 15, 93–130
  • Petersson, L. (2005). Export Diversification And Intra‐Industry Trade In South Africa. South African journal of economics, 73(4), 785-802.
  • Pirasteh, H., Sayadi, M., & Saghafi, M. (2009). Economic Growth and Stability in the Euro-Med Region: Concentration or Diversification?. Iranian Economic Review, 14(23), 105-130.
  • Pritchett, L. (2000). Understanding patterns of economic growth: searching for hills among plateaus, mountains, and plains. The World Bank Economic Review, 14(2), 221-250.
  • Reddy, S., & Miniou C. (2006). Real Income Stagnation of Countries, 1960-2001.Columbia University, New York. Unpublished
  • Robertson, P. E. & Ye, L. (2013). On the Existence of a Middle Income Trap, University of Western Australia Economics Discussion Paper 13.12.
  • Rodrik, D. (1999). “Where Did All the Growth Go? External Shocks, Social Conflict and Growth Collapses.” Journal of Economic Growth 4, 385–412.
  • Rodrik, D. (2009). Tek Ekonomi Çok Reçete Küreselleşme, Kurumlar ve Ekonomik Büyüme, N. Domaniç (Çev.), Ankara: Eflatun Yayınevi.
  • Ros, J. (2005).Divergence and Growth Collapses: Theory and Empirical Evidence. In J. A. Ocampo, ed., Beyond Reforms: Structural Dynamics and Macroeconomic Vulnerability. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
  • Samen, S. (2010). Export development, diversification and competitiveness: how some developing countries got it right. World Bank Institute.
  • Tho, T. V. (2013). The middle-income trap: Issues for members of the Association of Southeast Asian nations. Asian Development Bank Institute Working Paper, 421.UnctadStat, 2015, (United Nations Conference On Trade and Development) http://unctadstat.unctad.org/EN/
  • Woo, W.T. (2012). China Meets the Middle-Income Trap: The Large Potholes in the Road to Catching-up. Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies, 10(4), 313-336.
  • Zeufack, A., & Lim, K. Y. (2013). Can Malaysia Achieve Innovation-led Growth?. Khazanah Nasional (Kuala Lumpur: 2013).
Year 2019, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 145 - 168, 30.06.2019
https://doi.org/10.18074/ckuiibfd.484244

Abstract

References

  • Age´nor, PR, Canuto, O & Jelenic, M. (2012). Avoiding Middle-Income Growth Traps. Economic Premise, Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network (PREM), The World Bank, 98
  • Acemoglu, D., & Zilibotti, F. (1997). Was Prometheus unbound by chance? Risk, diversification, and growth. Journal of political economy, 105(4), 709-751.
  • Agosin, M. R. (2007). Export Diversification and Growth in Emerging Economies. Santiago, Chile, University of Chile.
  • Aiyar, M. S., Duval, M. R. A., Puy, M. D., Wu, M. Y., & Zhang, M. L. (2013). Growth Slowdowns and the Middle-Income Trap. International Monetary Fund, (13/71).
  • Ali, R., Alwang, J. R., & Siegel, P. B. (1991). Is Export Diversification The Best Way to AcHİEve Export Growth and Stability?: A Look at Three African Countries (Vol. 729). World Bank Publications.
  • Al-Marhubi, F. (2000). Export diversification and growth: an empirical investigation. Applied Economics Letters, 7(9), 559-562.
  • Aoiki, M. (2011).The Five-Phases of Economic Development and Institutional Evolution in China and Japan. ADBI Working Paper Series, 340
  • Arip, M.A., L.S. Yee & B. Abdul Karim. (2010). Export Diversification and Economic Growth in Malaysia. Munich Personal Repec Archive (MPRA), 20588
  • Ay, A., Akar, G., & Akar, T. (2016). Middle income trap: a comparison between BRICS countries and Turkey. Economic and Environmental Studies, 16(2 (38)), 279-301.
  • Balaguer, J., & Cantavella-Jorda, M. (2004). Structural change in exports and economic growth: cointegration and causality analysis for Spain (1961–2000). Applied Economics, 36(5), 473-477.
  • Baltagi, B. (2005). Econometric analysis of panel data. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Bartz, C. (2010). Export Diversification and Economic growth. Department of Economics Universitet van Amsterdam
  • Bebczuk, R. N. ve Berrettoni, N. D. (2006) Explaining export diversification: an empirical analysis, CAF research program on development issues, Department of Economics, Universidad Nacional de La Plata.
  • Berthelemy, J. C., & Chauvin, S. (2000). Structural changes in Asia and growth prospects after the Crisis. CEPII Working Papers, 00-09
  • Bonaglia, F., & Fukasaku, K. (2003). Export diversification in low-income countries: an international challenge after DOHA. OECD Development Centre, 209
  • Bulman, D., Eden M. & Nguyen, H. (2014) Transitioning from Low-Income Growth to High-Income Growth – Is There a Middle Income Trap. Policy Research Working Paper No. 7104, World Bank. Çeviker, A. ve Taş, İ. (2011), “Türkiye’de İhracat Çeşitlendirmesi ve Büyüme İlişkisi”, Ekonomi Bilimleri Dergisi, 3(2), 1-10.
  • Dennis, A., & Shepherd, B. (2007). Barriers to entry, trade costs, and export diversification in developing countries. The World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, 4(368), 1-40.
  • Dewitte, R. (2014). Middle Income Trap and Export Sophistication: Assessment and Economic Policy Implications. Unpublished Master Thesis, Ghent: Ghent University Faculty of Economic and Business Administration.
  • Doner, R. F. & Schneider B. R. (2016). The Middle-Income Trap: More Politics than Economics. World Politics, 68(4), 608– 644.
  • Egawa, A. (2013). Will Income Inequality Cause a Middle-income Trap in Asia? 797, Bruegel.
  • Eichengreen, B. & Park, D. ve Shin, K. (2011). When Fast Growing Economies Slow Down: International Evidence and Implications for China, NBER Working Paper Series, 16919, National Bureau of Economic Reseaarch, March.
  • Eichengreen, B. & Park, D. ve Shin, K. (2013). Growth Slowdowns Redux: New Evidence on the Middle-Income Trap, NBER Working Paper Series, 18673, National Bureau of Economic Reseaarch,
  • Felipe, J., Abdon, A., & Kumar, U. (2012). Tracking the middle-income trap: What is it, who is in it, and why?. Levy Economics Institute Working Paper, 715.January.
  • Fotros, M. H., Nemati, M., & Darabi, H. (2013). Relationship between Export Diversification and Economic Growth. International Journal of Basic Sciences & Applied Research. 2 (12), 991-999
  • Foxley, A. & Sossdorf, F. (2011). Making the Transition from Middle-Income to Advanced Economies. Carnegie Endowment, The Carnegie Papers.
  • Gill, I. & Kharas, H. (2007). An East Asian Renaissance – Ideas for Economic Growth. Washington, DC: World Bank.
  • Gutiérrez de Pineres, A. S. & Ferrantino, M.J. (2000) Export Dynamics and Economic Growth in Latin America, Ashgate, Aldershot, England.
  • Hartwell, C. (2013). The Growth Elixir: Escaping the Middle Income Trap in Emerging Market. Institute for Emerging Market Studies, Brief 13
  • Hausmann, R., & Rodrik, D. (2003). Economic development as self-discovery. Journal of development Economics, 72(2), 603-633.
  • Hausmann, R., F. Rodriguez, & R. Wagner (2008). Growth Collapses. C. Reinhart, C. Vegh, & A. Velasco, eds., Money, Crises and Transition. Cambridge: OGT Press.
  • Hausmann, R., Hwang, J., & Rodrik, D. (2007). What you export matters. Journal of economic growth, 12(1), 1-25.
  • Herzer, D., & Nowak-Lehnmann D, F. (2006). What does export diversification do for growth? An econometric analysis. Applied economics, 38(15), 1825-1838.
  • Hesse, H. (2008). Export Diversification and Economic Growth. Working Paper No.21. Commission on Growth and Development. World Bank, Washington, DC
  • Hirsch, S., & Lev, B. (1971). Sales stabilization through export diversification. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 270-277.
  • Islam, N. (2013). Beyond the middle income trap: What kind of high income country can China become?. The International Centre for the Study of East Asian Development, 20, 1-26
  • Islam, S. N. (2015). Will Inequality Lead China to the Middle Income Trap?. DESA Working Paper N. 142.
  • Kanchoochat, V. & Intarakumnerd, P. (2014). Tigers Trapped: Tracing the Middle-income Trap through the East and Southeast Asian Experience. Berlin Working Papers on Money, Finance, Trade and Development, Working Paper No. 04/2014.
  • Kanapathy, V., Hazri, H., Phongpaichit, P., & Benyaapikul, P. (2014). Middle income trap: economic myth, political reality. The Asia Foundation, Internet Address: http://asiafoundation. org/publications/pdf/1277, Date of Access, 25, 2014.
  • Kang, H. (2015). Agricultural exports and economic growth: Empirical evidence from the major rice exporting countries. Agricultural Economics – Czech, 61(2): 81–87.
  • Kao, C. (1999). Spurious regression and residual-based tests for cointegration in panel data. Journal of econometrics, 90(1), 1-44.
  • Kharas, H., & Kohli, H. (2011). What is the middle income trap, why do countries fall into it, and how can it be avoided?. Global Journal of Emerging Market Economies, 3(3), 281-289.
  • Kök, R. ve N. Şimşek (2006), “Endüstri-içi Dış Ticaret, Patentler ve Uluslararası Teknolojik Yayılma”, UEK-TEK 2006 Uluslararası Ekonomi Konferansı, Türkiye Ekonomi Kurumu, 11–13 Eylül, Ankara
  • Levin, A., Lin, C. F., & Chu, C. S. J. (2002). Unit root tests in panel data: asymptotic and finite-sample properties. Journal of econometrics, 108(1), 1-24.
  • Lin, J.Y. (2012). Demystifying the Chinese Economy, Cambridge. Cambridge University Press
  • Love, J. (1986). Commodity Concentration and Export Earnings Instability: A Shift from Cross-Section to Time Series Analysis. Journal of Development Economics, 24, 239-248.
  • Lugeiyamu, E. (2016). Is Export Diversification a Key Force to Africa’s Economic Growth?:Cross-Country Evidence. Jönköping University
  • Luiz, J. M. (2016). The Political of Economy Middle Income Traps: Is South Africa in A Long-run Growth Trap? The Path to Bounded Populism. South African Journal of Economics, 86 (1),3-19
  • Markowitz, H. (1952). Portfolio selection. The journal of finance, 7(1), 77-91.
  • Matthee, M., & Naudé, W. (2007). Export diversity and regional growth: empirical evidence from South Africa (No. 2007/11). Research Paper, UNU-WIDER, United Nations University (UNU).
  • Mau, K. (2014).Margins, Gravity, and Causality: Export Diversification and Income Levels Reconsidered. GIGA Working Papers no. 249. GIGA German Institute of Global and Area Studies Hamburg, Germany
  • Mudenda, C., Choga, I., & Chigamba, C. (2014). The role of export diversification on economic growth in South Africa. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 5(9), 705.
  • Naudé, W., & Rossouw, R. (2008). Export diversification and specialization in South Africa: Extent and impact (No. 2008.93). Research paper/UNU-WIDER.
  • Nicet-Chenaf, D., & Rougier, E. (2008). FDI, Diversification and Growth: An Empirical Assessment for MENA Countries. IMF Staff Papers, 40, 151-172.
  • Ohno, K. (2009). Avoiding the middle-income trap: renovating industrial policy formulation in Vietnam. ASEAN Economic Bulletin, 26(1), 25-43.
  • Olaleye, S. O., Edun, F., & Taiwo, S. B. (2014). Export Diversification and Economic Growth in Nigeria: An Empirical Test of Relationship Using a Granger Casualty Test. Journal of Emerging Trends in Economics and Management Sciences, 5(1), 70.
  • Parteka, A. & M. Tamberi (2008). Determinants of Export Diversification: An Empirical Investigation. Working Paper 327
  • Pedroni, P. (2004). Panel cointegration: asymptotic and finite sample properties of pooled time series tests with an application to the PPP hypothesis. Econometric theory, 20(3), 597-625.
  • Pedroni, P., (2000). Fully modified OLS for heterogeneous cointegrated panels. Advanced in Econometrics, 15, 93–130
  • Petersson, L. (2005). Export Diversification And Intra‐Industry Trade In South Africa. South African journal of economics, 73(4), 785-802.
  • Pirasteh, H., Sayadi, M., & Saghafi, M. (2009). Economic Growth and Stability in the Euro-Med Region: Concentration or Diversification?. Iranian Economic Review, 14(23), 105-130.
  • Pritchett, L. (2000). Understanding patterns of economic growth: searching for hills among plateaus, mountains, and plains. The World Bank Economic Review, 14(2), 221-250.
  • Reddy, S., & Miniou C. (2006). Real Income Stagnation of Countries, 1960-2001.Columbia University, New York. Unpublished
  • Robertson, P. E. & Ye, L. (2013). On the Existence of a Middle Income Trap, University of Western Australia Economics Discussion Paper 13.12.
  • Rodrik, D. (1999). “Where Did All the Growth Go? External Shocks, Social Conflict and Growth Collapses.” Journal of Economic Growth 4, 385–412.
  • Rodrik, D. (2009). Tek Ekonomi Çok Reçete Küreselleşme, Kurumlar ve Ekonomik Büyüme, N. Domaniç (Çev.), Ankara: Eflatun Yayınevi.
  • Ros, J. (2005).Divergence and Growth Collapses: Theory and Empirical Evidence. In J. A. Ocampo, ed., Beyond Reforms: Structural Dynamics and Macroeconomic Vulnerability. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
  • Samen, S. (2010). Export development, diversification and competitiveness: how some developing countries got it right. World Bank Institute.
  • Tho, T. V. (2013). The middle-income trap: Issues for members of the Association of Southeast Asian nations. Asian Development Bank Institute Working Paper, 421.UnctadStat, 2015, (United Nations Conference On Trade and Development) http://unctadstat.unctad.org/EN/
  • Woo, W.T. (2012). China Meets the Middle-Income Trap: The Large Potholes in the Road to Catching-up. Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies, 10(4), 313-336.
  • Zeufack, A., & Lim, K. Y. (2013). Can Malaysia Achieve Innovation-led Growth?. Khazanah Nasional (Kuala Lumpur: 2013).
There are 70 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Economics
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Müge Manga 0000-0003-2675-2182

Publication Date June 30, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 9 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Manga, M. (2019). Orta Gelir Tuzağı Bağlamında İhracatta Ürün Çeşitliliği ile Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 9(1), 145-168. https://doi.org/10.18074/ckuiibfd.484244
AMA Manga M. Orta Gelir Tuzağı Bağlamında İhracatta Ürün Çeşitliliği ile Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. June 2019;9(1):145-168. doi:10.18074/ckuiibfd.484244
Chicago Manga, Müge. “Orta Gelir Tuzağı Bağlamında İhracatta Ürün Çeşitliliği Ile Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi”. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 9, no. 1 (June 2019): 145-68. https://doi.org/10.18074/ckuiibfd.484244.
EndNote Manga M (June 1, 2019) Orta Gelir Tuzağı Bağlamında İhracatta Ürün Çeşitliliği ile Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 9 1 145–168.
IEEE M. Manga, “Orta Gelir Tuzağı Bağlamında İhracatta Ürün Çeşitliliği ile Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi”, Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 145–168, 2019, doi: 10.18074/ckuiibfd.484244.
ISNAD Manga, Müge. “Orta Gelir Tuzağı Bağlamında İhracatta Ürün Çeşitliliği Ile Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi”. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 9/1 (June 2019), 145-168. https://doi.org/10.18074/ckuiibfd.484244.
JAMA Manga M. Orta Gelir Tuzağı Bağlamında İhracatta Ürün Çeşitliliği ile Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 2019;9:145–168.
MLA Manga, Müge. “Orta Gelir Tuzağı Bağlamında İhracatta Ürün Çeşitliliği Ile Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi”. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 9, no. 1, 2019, pp. 145-68, doi:10.18074/ckuiibfd.484244.
Vancouver Manga M. Orta Gelir Tuzağı Bağlamında İhracatta Ürün Çeşitliliği ile Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 2019;9(1):145-68.