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KÜÇÜK ASYA'DAKI YUNAN HEZIMETINDEN SONRA YUNANISTAN'DA İSYAN

Year 2023, Volume: 23 Issue: 47, 675 - 698, 31.12.2023

Abstract

Bu makale, Yunanistan'daki 1922 isyanının kapsamlı bir analizini ele almakta, Yunan hükümdarının tahttan çekilmesi ile sonuçlanan önemli olaylara ve ardından askeri bir delegasyonun yerleşik hükümete karşı önderlik ettiği ayaklanmaya odaklanmaktadır. Bu araştırmanın temel amacı, bu tarihi olayın altında yatan nedenlere ve geniş kapsamlı sonuçlarına ışık tutmaktır. İsyan sonucunda Yunan kralı tahttan çekilmiş ve Yunanistan’da yeni bir hükümet kurulmuştur. Buna rağmen isyan yayılarak devam etmiş ve isyancıların yönetimi ele geçirmeleri ile sonuçlanmıştır. Çalışma, isyanın nedenlerini ve sonuçlarını ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Araştırmanın ana kaynakları Amerikan, İngiliz ve Türk basınıdır. Bu araştırma için karşılaştırmalı içerik analizi yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Öncelikle konuyla ilgili haber ve yazılar tespit edilmiş, ardından tarafsızlık ilkesine göre tasnif edilmiştir. Sonrasında araştırma kapsamında değerlendirilmesine karar verilen haber ve yazılar belirlenmiştir. Son olarak içerik karşılaştırması yapıldıktan sonra bir değerlendirme yapılmıştır. Çalışmanın olası bulguları, isyanın Yunan hükümeti ve ordusu üzerindeki etkilerinin ortaya konulmasıdır.

References

  • “After the Greek Debacle: Troops Who Supported Revolution” The Illustrated London News, London, October 07, 1922.
  • “Allies Tackle Job of Ousting Thrace Greeks”, (1922, October 13). Chicago Tribune, Illinois, p.3.
  • “Andrew will be Degraded Before Army”, (1922, December 03). Chicago Tribune, Illinois, p.1.
  • “Atina’da Askerlerin İhtilali ve Bir Darbe-i Hükümet Teşebbüsü”, (1922, September 28). Vakit, s.1.
  • “British Intervention”, (1922, November 29). The Guardian, London, p.7.
  • “British Protest Causes Fall of Greek Ministry”, (1922, November 26). Chicago Tribune, Illinois, p.7.
  • “Col. Gonatas Says Revolt was Natural Sequel of Misgovernment”, (1922, October 02). The New York Herald, New York, p.2.
  • “Constantine Accused of Cowardice”, (1922, November 29). Liverpool Daily Post and Mercury, Liverpool, p.7.
  • “Constantine’s Abdication and Venizelos’s Return”, (1922, September 13). The Guardian, London, p.8.
  • “Düşman Memleketinde Neler Oluyor”, (1922, September 27). Hakimiyet-i Milliye, p.1.
  • “Execution of Greek ex-Ministers, Condemned for Treason”, (1922, November 29). The Daily Telegraph, London, p.11.
  • “Generals Govern Greece”, (1922, September 29). Chicago Tribune, Illinois, p.2.
  • “Graphic Story of the Greek Debacle, Demoralized Army, a Headlong Flight, Turkish Generalship”, (1922, September 12). The Daily Telegraph, London, p.11.
  • “Greece Fired!”, (1923, December 31). Time, New York, II/18, pp.12-13.
  • “Greece Short of Food”, (1922, September 22). The New York Times, p.2.
  • “Greece, Republicans vs. Royalists”, (1923, November 19). Time, II/12, p.11.
  • “Greece”, (1924, January 12). America; A Catholic Review of the Week, p.295.
  • “Greek Debacle, Army Out of Hand”, (1922, September 11). The Daily Telegraph, p.9.
  • “Greek Executions, Death Quickly After Trial”, (1922, November 29). The Daily Mail, Hull, p.5.
  • “Greek General Arrested”, (1922, October 12). Birmingham Gazette, Birmingham, p.1.
  • “Greek High Commissioner Leaves Smyrna”, (1922, September 11). The Guardian, p.9.
  • “Greek Revolutionaries Meet New King, Firm Stand Against Reaction”, (1922, October 02). The Guardian, p.11.
  • “Greeks Returning Mutinous in Defeat Cheer Venizelos”, (1922, September 11,). The New York Times, p.1.
  • “İhtilalciler Tevkifata Başladılar”, (1922, September 29). Yeni Şark, p.1.
  • “King Constantine”, (1922, September 13). The Daily Telegraph, p.9.
  • “King is Consulted, Leader Appeals to U. S.”,(1922, October 02). The New York Herald, 87/33, p.2.
  • “Mutinous Greeks Deserting in Thrace”, (1922, September 17). The New York Times, p.2.
  • “New Dictator of Greece and Associates” Chicago Tribune, Illinois, December 04, 1922
  • “New Greek Cabinet Formed”, (1922, September 11). The New York Times, p.3.
  • “New Greek Cabinet in Office”, (1922, September 12). The New York Times, p.3.
  • “New Greek Premier”, (1922, September 11). The Daily Telegraph, p.9.
  • “New Greek Regime Asks Entente’s Aid”, (1922, October 02). The New York Herald, 87/33, p.2.
  • “Notes”, (1923, October 22). Time, 2/8, p.9.
  • “Only Ruins Left in Smyrna”, (1922, September 17). The New York Times, p.2.
  • “Political Revolution with Military Revolt”, (1922, September 28). The Guardian, p.9.
  • “Rebel Board in Control Over Greece”, (1922, September 29). Chicago Tribune, p.1.
  • “Returning Greek Troops”, (1922, September 11). The Guardian, p.9.
  • “Revolutionists Control Athens”, (1922, September 30). The Union Daily Times, p.1.
  • “Situation in Athens”, (1922, September 12). The Daily Telegraph, p.11.
  • “Steamers Wanted”, (1922, September 14). The Daily Telegraph, p.8.
  • “The Evacuation of Smyrna” The Daily Telegraph, London, September 21, 1922.
  • “The Ex-King and Queen of Greece, With four of their children” The Illustrated London News, London, October 07, 1922.
  • “Tino Loses Throne, Greek Fleet and Army Revolt”, (1922, September 27). Evening Standard, p.1.
  • “To Secure Clemency, Britain Continued Her Efforts Up to Last Moment”, (1922, November 29). The Gazette, p.1.
  • “Veliaht Yorgi Kral İlan Edildi”, (1922, September 29). Vakit, s.1.
  • “Venizelos Accepts Invitation Extended by Committee”, (1922, September 30). The Union Daily Times, p.1.
  • “Venizelos Awaits Events”, (1922, September 12). The New York Times, p.1.
  • “Venizelos Going to Paris to Confer on Greek Crisis”, (1922, September 11). The New York Times, p.1.
  • “Venizelos to Stay Away, Will Never Consent to Work with Constantine”, (1922, September 15). The New York Times, p.2.
  • “War Scandals, Delusions of a Mad Greek General”, (1922, November 29). Liverpool Daily Post and Mercury, p.7.
  • “Will Fight Reactionaries”, (1922, October 10). Chicago Tribune, p.7.
  • “Yeni Yunan Kralı Yorgi” Vakit, September 29, 1922.
  • “Yunan Hezimetinin Mesulleri”, (1922, October 04). Tasvir-i Efkâr, p.3.
  • “Yunan İhtilalcileri Yeni Bir Kabine Yaptılar”, (1922, September 30). Vakit, p.2.
  • “Yunanistan’ı Ateş-i İhtilal Kavuruyor”, (1922, September 29). Hakimiyet-i Milliye, p.1.
  • “Zavallı Kosti’nin Akıbeti” Güleryüz, October 05, 1922.
  • Polyzoides, A. (1924, December). Greece in the Agonies of Revolutionary Conflict. Current History, 21/3, p.397.
  • Beaumont, A. (1921, July 26). Turco-Greek War. The Daily Telegraph, p.9. James, E. L. (1922, September 11). Beaten Greek Army in Mutinous Mood. The New York Times, p.3.
  • Jensen, P. K. (1979, November). The Greco-Turkish War 1920-1922. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 10/4, pp.553-565.
  • Swift, O. (1922, October 24). 100,000 Greeks Cheer Success of Revolution. Chicago Tribune, p.9.
  • Swift, O. (1922, December 15). Greece Wants 40 Million to Save National Unity. Chicago Tribune, p.6.
  • Swift, O. (1922, October 03). Keep Watch on Ministers. Chicago Tribune, p.2.
  • Swift, O. (1922, September 28). Rebels March on Athens, King Abdicates. Chicago Tribune, p.1.
  • Alastos, D. (1942). Venizelos; Patriot, Stateman, Revolutionary. Lund Humphries.
  • Aston, G. G. (1929). The Biography of the Late Marshal Foch. MacMillan Company.
  • Atatürk, K. (1927). Nutuk. Kültür Bakanlığı.
  • Close, D. H. (1995). The Origins of the Greek Civil War. Longman.
  • Dakin, D. (1972). The Unification of Greece 1770-1923. St. Martin’s Press.
  • Dalby A. (2011). Eleftherios Venizelos: Greece, London, Haus Publishing.
  • Danopoulos, C. P. (1985). Warriors and Politicians in Modern Greece. Documentary Publications.
  • Erdem N. (2010). Yunan Tarihçiliği Gözüyle Anadolu Harekâtı (1919-1923), İstanbul, Derlem Yayınları.
  • Medlicott, W. N. & Douglas D. & Lambert, M. E. (Eds.). (1972). Documents on British Foreign Policy 1919-1939, First Series, XVIII. Her Majesty’s Stationery Office.
  • Forster, E. S. (1977). A Short History of Modern Greece 1821-1956. Greenwood Press.
  • Gallant, T. W. (2001). Modern Greece.
  • Kinross, L. (1965). Ataturk: A Biography of Mustafa Kemal, Father of Modern Turkey. William Morrow and Company.
  • Lewis, B. (1969). The Emergence of Modern Turkey. Oxford University Press.
  • Macartney, M. H. H. (1923). Five Years of European Chaos. E. P. Dutton & Company.
  • McNeill, W. H. (1947). The Greek Dilemma War and Aftermath. J. B. Lippincott Company.
  • Miller, W. (1928). Greece. Ernest Benn Limited.
  • Smith, M. L. (1998). Ionian Vision, Greece in Asia Minor, 1919-1922. The University of Michigan Press.
  • Tağmat, Ç. D. (2018). Lozan Konferansı’nda Yunan Diplomasisi 1922-1923, İstanbul, Libra Kitap.
  • Tsoucalas, C. (1969). The Greek Tragedy. Penguin Books.
  • Umar B. (1974). İzmir’de Yunanlıların Son Günleri, Ankara, Bilgi Yayınevi.
  • Woodhouse, C. M. (1998). Modern Greece, A Short History. Chatham.

REVOLT IN GREECE AFTER THE GREEK DEBACLE IN ASIA MINOR

Year 2023, Volume: 23 Issue: 47, 675 - 698, 31.12.2023

Abstract

This paper delves into a comprehensive analysis of the 1922 rebellion in Greece, focusing on the significant events surrounding the Greek monarch's abdication and the subsequent uprising led by a military delegation against the established government. The primary objective of this research is to shed light on the underlying causes and the far-reaching consequences of this historical event. As a result of the rebellion the Greek king abdicated and a new government was established in Greece. Despite this, the rebellion continued to spread and resulted in the rebels taking over the government. The overarching objective of this research is to explicate the underlying causes and the far-reaching consequences of the rebellion. The primary sources underpinning this investigation are gleaned from American, British, and Turkish press. Employing a comparative content analysis method, the initial step involved the identification and classification of relevant news and articles. These were thereafter categorized based on the principle of impartiality. Subsequently, the selection of news and articles to be included within the purview of the study was meticulously undertaken. Ultimately, a comprehensive evaluation was conducted through content comparison. The potential insights derived from this study encompass an understanding of the impact of the rebellion on both the Greek government and its military forces.

References

  • “After the Greek Debacle: Troops Who Supported Revolution” The Illustrated London News, London, October 07, 1922.
  • “Allies Tackle Job of Ousting Thrace Greeks”, (1922, October 13). Chicago Tribune, Illinois, p.3.
  • “Andrew will be Degraded Before Army”, (1922, December 03). Chicago Tribune, Illinois, p.1.
  • “Atina’da Askerlerin İhtilali ve Bir Darbe-i Hükümet Teşebbüsü”, (1922, September 28). Vakit, s.1.
  • “British Intervention”, (1922, November 29). The Guardian, London, p.7.
  • “British Protest Causes Fall of Greek Ministry”, (1922, November 26). Chicago Tribune, Illinois, p.7.
  • “Col. Gonatas Says Revolt was Natural Sequel of Misgovernment”, (1922, October 02). The New York Herald, New York, p.2.
  • “Constantine Accused of Cowardice”, (1922, November 29). Liverpool Daily Post and Mercury, Liverpool, p.7.
  • “Constantine’s Abdication and Venizelos’s Return”, (1922, September 13). The Guardian, London, p.8.
  • “Düşman Memleketinde Neler Oluyor”, (1922, September 27). Hakimiyet-i Milliye, p.1.
  • “Execution of Greek ex-Ministers, Condemned for Treason”, (1922, November 29). The Daily Telegraph, London, p.11.
  • “Generals Govern Greece”, (1922, September 29). Chicago Tribune, Illinois, p.2.
  • “Graphic Story of the Greek Debacle, Demoralized Army, a Headlong Flight, Turkish Generalship”, (1922, September 12). The Daily Telegraph, London, p.11.
  • “Greece Fired!”, (1923, December 31). Time, New York, II/18, pp.12-13.
  • “Greece Short of Food”, (1922, September 22). The New York Times, p.2.
  • “Greece, Republicans vs. Royalists”, (1923, November 19). Time, II/12, p.11.
  • “Greece”, (1924, January 12). America; A Catholic Review of the Week, p.295.
  • “Greek Debacle, Army Out of Hand”, (1922, September 11). The Daily Telegraph, p.9.
  • “Greek Executions, Death Quickly After Trial”, (1922, November 29). The Daily Mail, Hull, p.5.
  • “Greek General Arrested”, (1922, October 12). Birmingham Gazette, Birmingham, p.1.
  • “Greek High Commissioner Leaves Smyrna”, (1922, September 11). The Guardian, p.9.
  • “Greek Revolutionaries Meet New King, Firm Stand Against Reaction”, (1922, October 02). The Guardian, p.11.
  • “Greeks Returning Mutinous in Defeat Cheer Venizelos”, (1922, September 11,). The New York Times, p.1.
  • “İhtilalciler Tevkifata Başladılar”, (1922, September 29). Yeni Şark, p.1.
  • “King Constantine”, (1922, September 13). The Daily Telegraph, p.9.
  • “King is Consulted, Leader Appeals to U. S.”,(1922, October 02). The New York Herald, 87/33, p.2.
  • “Mutinous Greeks Deserting in Thrace”, (1922, September 17). The New York Times, p.2.
  • “New Dictator of Greece and Associates” Chicago Tribune, Illinois, December 04, 1922
  • “New Greek Cabinet Formed”, (1922, September 11). The New York Times, p.3.
  • “New Greek Cabinet in Office”, (1922, September 12). The New York Times, p.3.
  • “New Greek Premier”, (1922, September 11). The Daily Telegraph, p.9.
  • “New Greek Regime Asks Entente’s Aid”, (1922, October 02). The New York Herald, 87/33, p.2.
  • “Notes”, (1923, October 22). Time, 2/8, p.9.
  • “Only Ruins Left in Smyrna”, (1922, September 17). The New York Times, p.2.
  • “Political Revolution with Military Revolt”, (1922, September 28). The Guardian, p.9.
  • “Rebel Board in Control Over Greece”, (1922, September 29). Chicago Tribune, p.1.
  • “Returning Greek Troops”, (1922, September 11). The Guardian, p.9.
  • “Revolutionists Control Athens”, (1922, September 30). The Union Daily Times, p.1.
  • “Situation in Athens”, (1922, September 12). The Daily Telegraph, p.11.
  • “Steamers Wanted”, (1922, September 14). The Daily Telegraph, p.8.
  • “The Evacuation of Smyrna” The Daily Telegraph, London, September 21, 1922.
  • “The Ex-King and Queen of Greece, With four of their children” The Illustrated London News, London, October 07, 1922.
  • “Tino Loses Throne, Greek Fleet and Army Revolt”, (1922, September 27). Evening Standard, p.1.
  • “To Secure Clemency, Britain Continued Her Efforts Up to Last Moment”, (1922, November 29). The Gazette, p.1.
  • “Veliaht Yorgi Kral İlan Edildi”, (1922, September 29). Vakit, s.1.
  • “Venizelos Accepts Invitation Extended by Committee”, (1922, September 30). The Union Daily Times, p.1.
  • “Venizelos Awaits Events”, (1922, September 12). The New York Times, p.1.
  • “Venizelos Going to Paris to Confer on Greek Crisis”, (1922, September 11). The New York Times, p.1.
  • “Venizelos to Stay Away, Will Never Consent to Work with Constantine”, (1922, September 15). The New York Times, p.2.
  • “War Scandals, Delusions of a Mad Greek General”, (1922, November 29). Liverpool Daily Post and Mercury, p.7.
  • “Will Fight Reactionaries”, (1922, October 10). Chicago Tribune, p.7.
  • “Yeni Yunan Kralı Yorgi” Vakit, September 29, 1922.
  • “Yunan Hezimetinin Mesulleri”, (1922, October 04). Tasvir-i Efkâr, p.3.
  • “Yunan İhtilalcileri Yeni Bir Kabine Yaptılar”, (1922, September 30). Vakit, p.2.
  • “Yunanistan’ı Ateş-i İhtilal Kavuruyor”, (1922, September 29). Hakimiyet-i Milliye, p.1.
  • “Zavallı Kosti’nin Akıbeti” Güleryüz, October 05, 1922.
  • Polyzoides, A. (1924, December). Greece in the Agonies of Revolutionary Conflict. Current History, 21/3, p.397.
  • Beaumont, A. (1921, July 26). Turco-Greek War. The Daily Telegraph, p.9. James, E. L. (1922, September 11). Beaten Greek Army in Mutinous Mood. The New York Times, p.3.
  • Jensen, P. K. (1979, November). The Greco-Turkish War 1920-1922. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 10/4, pp.553-565.
  • Swift, O. (1922, October 24). 100,000 Greeks Cheer Success of Revolution. Chicago Tribune, p.9.
  • Swift, O. (1922, December 15). Greece Wants 40 Million to Save National Unity. Chicago Tribune, p.6.
  • Swift, O. (1922, October 03). Keep Watch on Ministers. Chicago Tribune, p.2.
  • Swift, O. (1922, September 28). Rebels March on Athens, King Abdicates. Chicago Tribune, p.1.
  • Alastos, D. (1942). Venizelos; Patriot, Stateman, Revolutionary. Lund Humphries.
  • Aston, G. G. (1929). The Biography of the Late Marshal Foch. MacMillan Company.
  • Atatürk, K. (1927). Nutuk. Kültür Bakanlığı.
  • Close, D. H. (1995). The Origins of the Greek Civil War. Longman.
  • Dakin, D. (1972). The Unification of Greece 1770-1923. St. Martin’s Press.
  • Dalby A. (2011). Eleftherios Venizelos: Greece, London, Haus Publishing.
  • Danopoulos, C. P. (1985). Warriors and Politicians in Modern Greece. Documentary Publications.
  • Erdem N. (2010). Yunan Tarihçiliği Gözüyle Anadolu Harekâtı (1919-1923), İstanbul, Derlem Yayınları.
  • Medlicott, W. N. & Douglas D. & Lambert, M. E. (Eds.). (1972). Documents on British Foreign Policy 1919-1939, First Series, XVIII. Her Majesty’s Stationery Office.
  • Forster, E. S. (1977). A Short History of Modern Greece 1821-1956. Greenwood Press.
  • Gallant, T. W. (2001). Modern Greece.
  • Kinross, L. (1965). Ataturk: A Biography of Mustafa Kemal, Father of Modern Turkey. William Morrow and Company.
  • Lewis, B. (1969). The Emergence of Modern Turkey. Oxford University Press.
  • Macartney, M. H. H. (1923). Five Years of European Chaos. E. P. Dutton & Company.
  • McNeill, W. H. (1947). The Greek Dilemma War and Aftermath. J. B. Lippincott Company.
  • Miller, W. (1928). Greece. Ernest Benn Limited.
  • Smith, M. L. (1998). Ionian Vision, Greece in Asia Minor, 1919-1922. The University of Michigan Press.
  • Tağmat, Ç. D. (2018). Lozan Konferansı’nda Yunan Diplomasisi 1922-1923, İstanbul, Libra Kitap.
  • Tsoucalas, C. (1969). The Greek Tragedy. Penguin Books.
  • Umar B. (1974). İzmir’de Yunanlıların Son Günleri, Ankara, Bilgi Yayınevi.
  • Woodhouse, C. M. (1998). Modern Greece, A Short History. Chatham.
There are 84 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Ataturk's Principles History of Revolution
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Mekki Uludağ 0000-0001-6557-7917

Early Pub Date December 30, 2023
Publication Date December 31, 2023
Submission Date October 20, 2023
Acceptance Date December 15, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 23 Issue: 47

Cite

Chicago Uludağ, Mekki. “REVOLT IN GREECE AFTER THE GREEK DEBACLE IN ASIA MINOR”. Çağdaş Türkiye Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi 23, no. 47 (December 2023): 675-98.