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The Effect of Environmental Innovation and R&D Expenditures on Low Carbon Energy Consumption in Türkiye

Year 2024, Volume: 25 Issue: 2, 239 - 250, 30.04.2024

Tunahan Değirmenci Mehmet Aydın

https://doi.org/10.37880/cumuiibf.1382019

Abstract

The need for energy is increasing due to urbanization and population growth worldwide. Relying mainly on fossil fuels for energy is inadequate to fulfill energy demands and exacerbates environmental pollution. For this reason, countries are seeking to accelerate the transition to nuclear and renewable energy, which are low-carbon energy. The transition to low-carbon energy increases energy supply while reducing environmental pressure. The development of clean technologies in the field of energy and environment can be achieved through R&D activities and innovation. In this study, the impact of environmental innovation and R&D expenditures on low-carbon energy (nuclear and renewable energy) consumption in Türkiye for the period 1993-2019 is investigated with Fourier ADL cointegration and Fourier Toda-Yamamoto Causality tests. According to the research results, there is no long-run relationship between the variables examined. On the other hand, there is a unidirectional causality relationship from environmental innovation to low-carbon energy consumption and from R&D expenditures to low-carbon energy consumption. The finding of a causal relationship between public R&D expenditures and environmental innovation towards low-carbon energy reveals that it supports the multifaceted potential effects of R&D expenditures and environmental innovation. In order to ensure the transition to low-carbon energy in Türkiye, importance should be given to environmental innovation, which is a cumulative process, and to R&D expenditures that will help this. In this context, the implementation of public policies supported by tax and expenditure policies such as tax reductions, tax exemptions, and subsidies that will encourage R&D activities and environmental innovation can be effective.

Keywords

Renewable energy Innovation R&D expenditures Fourier Toda-Yamamoto

References

  • Ağpak, F., & Özçiçek, Ö. (2018). Yenilenebilir Enerji Kullanımında Toplumsal Bilgi Stokunun Rolü. Kastamonu Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 20(2), 7-25.
  • Akyol, M., & Mete, E. (2022). Çevresel İnovasyon, Ekonomik Büyüme ve Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımların Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketimi Üzerine Etkisi. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (48), 393-406.
  • Anton, S. G., & Nucu, A. E. A. (2020). The Effect of Financial Development on Renewable Energy Consumption. A Panel Data Approach. Renewable Energy, 147, 330-338.
  • Assi, A. F., Isiksal, A. Z., & Tursoy, T. (2021). Renewable Energy Consumption, Financial Development, Environmental Pollution, and Innovations in the ASEAN+ 3 Group: Evidence from (P-ARDL) Model. Renewable Energy, 165, 689-700.
  • Aydin, M., & Aydin, M. (2023). Examining the Effects of Human Development, Unemployment, and Globalization on Obesity in the Community: Evidence from BRICS Countries. Health & Social Care in the Community, 2023.
  • Aydın, M., & Değirmenci, T. (2021). Ekonomik Büyüme, İnovasyon, Verimlilik ve Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketiminin Çevre Kirliliği Üzerine Etkisi: Türkiye için Çevresel Kuznets Hipotezinin Analizi. Düzce İktisat Dergisi, 2(2), 138-151.
  • Aydin, M., Degirmenci, T., & Yavuz, H. (2023b). The Influence of Multifactor Productivity, Research and Development Expenditure, Renewable Energy Consumption on Ecological Footprint in G7 Countries: Testing the Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis. Environmental Modeling & Assessment, 1-16.
  • Aydin, M., Degirmenci, T., Gurdal, T., & Yavuz, H. (2023a). The Role of Green Innovation in Achieving Environmental Sustainability in European Union Countries: Testing the Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis. Gondwana Research, 118, 105-116.
  • Banerjee, A., Dolado, J., & Mestre, R. (1998). Error‐correction Mechanism Tests for Cointegration in a Single‐equation Framework. Journal of Time Series Analysis, 19(3), 267-283.
  • Banerjee, P., Arčabić, V., & Lee, H. (2017). Fourier ADL Cointegration Test to Approximate Smooth Breaks with New Evidence from Crude Oil Market. Economic Modelling, 67, 114-124.
  • BP (2021). Statistical Review of World Energy 2021, London: British Petroleum.
  • Churchill, S. A., Inekwe, J., & Ivanovski, K. (2021). R&D Expenditure and Energy Consumption in OECD Nations. Energy Economics, 100, 105376.
  • Climate Watch (2023). Historical GHG Emissions, https://www.climatewatchdata.org/ghg-emissions, Erişim Tarihi: 14.09.2023.
  • Çoban, M. N., Kangal, N., Eroğlu, İ., & Yeter, F. (2021). İnovasyonun Yenilenebilir Enerji Üretimine Etkisi: IEA Üyesi Ülkeler Üzerine Panel Veri Analizi. Aydın İktisat Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(2), 21-31.
  • Degirmenci, T., & Aydin, M. (2023). The Effects of Environmental Taxes on Environmental Pollution and Unemployment: A Panel Co‐İntegration Analysis on The Validity of Double Dividend Hypothesis for Selected African Countries. International Journal of Finance & Economics, 28(3), 2231-2238.
  • Değirmenci, T. ve Yavuz, H. (2021). Emisyon Azaltım Sorumluluğu Olan BM Ülkelerinde Hava Kirliliği, Sağlık Harcamaları ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi, Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 16(3), 856 – 872.
  • Dong, K., Hochman, G., Zhang, Y., Sun, R., Li, H., & Liao, H. (2018). CO2 Emissions, Economic and Population Growth, and Renewable Energy: Empirical Evidence Across Regions. Energy Economics, 75, 180-192.
  • Enders, W., & Lee, J. (2012). The Flexible Fourier Form And Dickey–Fuller Type Unit Root Tests. Economics Letters, 117(1), 196-199.
  • Energy Institute Statistical Review of World Energy (2023). https://www.energyinst.org/statistical-review, Erişim Tarihi: 14.09.2023.
  • Gan, J., & Smith, C. T. (2011). Drivers for Renewable Energy: A Comparison Among OECD Countries. Biomass and Bioenergy, 35(11), 4497-4503.
  • Godil, D. I., Sharif, A., Ali, M. I., Ozturk, I., & Usman, R. (2021). The Role of Financial Development, R&D Expenditure, Globalization and Institutional Quality in Energy Consumption in India: New Evidence from the QARDL Approach. Journal of environmental management, 285, 112208.
  • Gozgor, G., Mahalik, M. K., Demir, E., & Padhan, H. (2020). The İmpact of Economic Globalization on Renewable Energy in the OECD Countries. Energy Policy, 139, 111365.
  • IEA (2021). World Energy Outlook 2021 (IEA), https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2021, (Erişim tarihi: 10.09.2023).
  • Inal, V., Gurdal, T., Degirmenci, T., & Aydin, M. (2022). The Effects of Military Expenditures on Labor Productivity, Innovation and Economic Growth for the Most Militarized Countries: Panel Data Analysis. Kybernetes, (ahead-of-print).
  • İEA (2021), World Energy Balances Highlights 2021, https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-balances-overview , (Erişim tarihi: 10.09.2023).
  • Jin, W., & Zhang, Z. (2016). On the Mechanism of International Technology Diffusion for Energy Technological Progress. Resource and Energy Economics, 46, 39-61.
  • Kılınç, E. C., & Kılınç, N. Ş. (2021). Ar-Ge ve İnovasyonun Yenilenebilir Enerji Üretimi Üzerindeki Etkisi: Panel Veri Analizi. Alanya Akademik Bakış, 5(2), 1087-1105.
  • Kocsis, I., & Kiss, J. T. (2015). Renewable Energy Consumption, R&D and GDP in European Union Countries. Environmental Engineering and Management Journal, 13(11), 2825-2830.
  • Li, J., Zhang, X., Ali, S., & Khan, Z. (2020). Eco-innovation and Energy Productivity: New Determinants of Renewable Energy Consumption. Journal of Environmental Management, 271, 111028.
  • Li, W., Cao, N., & Xiang, Z. (2023). Drivers of Renewable Energy Transition: The Role of ICT, Human Development, Financialization, and R&D Investment in China. Renewable Energy, 206, 441-450.
  • Mamkhezri, J., & Khezri, M. (2023). Assessing the Spillover Effects of Research and Development and Renewable Energy on CO2 Emissions: International Evidence. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 1-30.
  • Naimoglu, M., & Özbek, S. (2022). Ingiltere’de Enerji Ar-Ge Harcamalari ile Enerji Tuketimi Iliskisi: Yapisal Kirilmali Esbutunlesme Analizi. Isletme ve Iktisat Calismalari Dergisi, 10(1), 35-45.
  • Nazlioglu, S., Gormus, N. A., & Soytas, U. (2016). Oil Prices and Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs): Gradual-shift Causality and Volatility Transmission Analysis. Energy Economics, 60, 168-175.
  • OECD (2021). https://stats.oecd.org/viewhtml.aspx?datasetcode=AIR_GHG&lang=en, (Erişim tarihi: 10.09.2023).
  • REN21 (2017). Renewables 2017 Global Status Report. https://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/GSR2017_Full-Report_English.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 25.07.2023
  • Salim, R. A., & Shafiei, S. (2014). Urbanization and Renewable and Non-renewable Energy Consumption in OECD Countries: An Empirical Analysis. Economic Modelling, 38, 581-591.
  • Shafiei, S., & Salim, R. A. (2014). Non-renewable and Renewable Energy Consumption and CO2 Emissions in OECD Countries: A Comparative Analysis. Energy Policy, 66, 547-556.
  • Su, C. W., Umar, M., & Khan, Z. (2021). Does Fiscal Decentralization and Eco-innovation Promote Renewable Energy Consumption? Analyzing the Role of Political Risk. Science of The Total Environment, 751, 142220.
  • Toda, H. Y., & Yamamoto, T. (1995). Statistical Inference in Vector Autoregressions with Possibly Integrated Processes. Journal of Econometrics, 66(1-2), 225-250.
  • UNFCCC (2021), UN Climate Change Conference UK 2021 (COP26). https://ukcop26.org/, Erişim Tarihi: 11.09.2023
  • Wang, Q., Li, S., & Pisarenko, Z. (2020). Heterogeneous Effects of Energy Efficiency, Oil Price, Environmental Pressure, R&D Investment, and Policy on Renewable Energy--Evidence from the G20 Countries. Energy, 209, 118322.
  • Yalçıner, A. Y., & Özcan, O. (2021). Yenilenebilir Enerji Üretimi ve Destekleri Üzerine Bir Tahmin Modeli Önerisi. Journal of Life Economics, 8(2), 263-272.
  • YEEP (2014). T.C. Enerji ve Tabii Kaynaklar Bakanlığı, Türkiye Ulusal Yenilenebilir Enerji Eylem Planı, Aralık 2014

Türkiye’de Çevresel İnovasyon ve Ar-Ge Harcamalarının Düşük Karbonlu Enerji Tüketimine Etkisi

Year 2024, Volume: 25 Issue: 2, 239 - 250, 30.04.2024

Tunahan Değirmenci Mehmet Aydın

https://doi.org/10.37880/cumuiibf.1382019

Abstract

Dünya çapında kentleşme ve nüfus artışına bağlı olarak enerjiye olan ihtiyaç artmaktadır. İhtiyaç duyulan enerjinin büyük bir kısmının fosil yakıtlardan sağlanması, enerji talebini karşılamada yetersiz kalmakta ve çevre kirliliğini arttırmaktadır. Bu nedenle ülkeler düşük karbonlu enerji olan nükleer ve yenilenebilir enerjiye geçişi hızlandırmak için arayış içindedirler. Düşük karbonlu enerjiye geçiş, çevresel baskıyı azaltırken enerji arzını artırmaktadır. Enerji ve çevre alanında temiz teknolojilerin geliştirilmesi Ar-Ge faaliyetleri ve inovasyonla gerçekleştirilebilmektedir. Bu çalışmada 1993-2019 dönemi için Türkiye’de çevresel inovasyon ve ar-ge harcamalarının düşük karbonlu enerji (nükleer ve yenilenebilir enerji) tüketimi üzerindeki etkisi Fourier ADL eşbütünleşme ve Fourier Toda-Yamamoto Nedensellik testleri ile araştırılmaktadır. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre incelenen değişkenler arasında uzun dönemli bir ilişki bulunmamaktadır. Öte yandan çevresel inovasyondan düşük karbonlu enerji tüketimine ve Ar-Ge harcamalarından düşük karbonlu enerji tüketimine doğru tek yönlü nedensellik ilişkisi bulunmaktadır. Kamu Ar-Ge harcamaları ve çevresel inovasyondan düşük karbonlu enerjiye yönelik nedensellik ilişkisinin bulunması, Ar-Ge harcamaları ve çevresel inovasyonun çok yönlü potansiyel etkilerini destekler nitelikte olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Türkiye'de düşük karbonlu enerjiye geçişin sağlanabilmesi için kümülatif bir süreç olan çevresel inovasyona ve buna yardımcı olacak Ar-Ge harcamalarına önem verilmesi gerekmektedir. Bu kapsamda Ar-Ge faaliyetleri ve çevresel inovasyonu teşvik edecek vergi indirimleri, vergi muafiyetleri ve sübvansiyonlar gibi vergi ve harcama politikalarıyla desteklenen kamu politikalarının uygulanması etkili olabilir.

Keywords

Yenilenebilir enerji İnavasyon Ar-ge harcamaları Fourier Toda-Yamamoto

References

  • Ağpak, F., & Özçiçek, Ö. (2018). Yenilenebilir Enerji Kullanımında Toplumsal Bilgi Stokunun Rolü. Kastamonu Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 20(2), 7-25.
  • Akyol, M., & Mete, E. (2022). Çevresel İnovasyon, Ekonomik Büyüme ve Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımların Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketimi Üzerine Etkisi. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (48), 393-406.
  • Anton, S. G., & Nucu, A. E. A. (2020). The Effect of Financial Development on Renewable Energy Consumption. A Panel Data Approach. Renewable Energy, 147, 330-338.
  • Assi, A. F., Isiksal, A. Z., & Tursoy, T. (2021). Renewable Energy Consumption, Financial Development, Environmental Pollution, and Innovations in the ASEAN+ 3 Group: Evidence from (P-ARDL) Model. Renewable Energy, 165, 689-700.
  • Aydin, M., & Aydin, M. (2023). Examining the Effects of Human Development, Unemployment, and Globalization on Obesity in the Community: Evidence from BRICS Countries. Health & Social Care in the Community, 2023.
  • Aydın, M., & Değirmenci, T. (2021). Ekonomik Büyüme, İnovasyon, Verimlilik ve Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketiminin Çevre Kirliliği Üzerine Etkisi: Türkiye için Çevresel Kuznets Hipotezinin Analizi. Düzce İktisat Dergisi, 2(2), 138-151.
  • Aydin, M., Degirmenci, T., & Yavuz, H. (2023b). The Influence of Multifactor Productivity, Research and Development Expenditure, Renewable Energy Consumption on Ecological Footprint in G7 Countries: Testing the Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis. Environmental Modeling & Assessment, 1-16.
  • Aydin, M., Degirmenci, T., Gurdal, T., & Yavuz, H. (2023a). The Role of Green Innovation in Achieving Environmental Sustainability in European Union Countries: Testing the Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis. Gondwana Research, 118, 105-116.
  • Banerjee, A., Dolado, J., & Mestre, R. (1998). Error‐correction Mechanism Tests for Cointegration in a Single‐equation Framework. Journal of Time Series Analysis, 19(3), 267-283.
  • Banerjee, P., Arčabić, V., & Lee, H. (2017). Fourier ADL Cointegration Test to Approximate Smooth Breaks with New Evidence from Crude Oil Market. Economic Modelling, 67, 114-124.
  • BP (2021). Statistical Review of World Energy 2021, London: British Petroleum.
  • Churchill, S. A., Inekwe, J., & Ivanovski, K. (2021). R&D Expenditure and Energy Consumption in OECD Nations. Energy Economics, 100, 105376.
  • Climate Watch (2023). Historical GHG Emissions, https://www.climatewatchdata.org/ghg-emissions, Erişim Tarihi: 14.09.2023.
  • Çoban, M. N., Kangal, N., Eroğlu, İ., & Yeter, F. (2021). İnovasyonun Yenilenebilir Enerji Üretimine Etkisi: IEA Üyesi Ülkeler Üzerine Panel Veri Analizi. Aydın İktisat Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(2), 21-31.
  • Degirmenci, T., & Aydin, M. (2023). The Effects of Environmental Taxes on Environmental Pollution and Unemployment: A Panel Co‐İntegration Analysis on The Validity of Double Dividend Hypothesis for Selected African Countries. International Journal of Finance & Economics, 28(3), 2231-2238.
  • Değirmenci, T. ve Yavuz, H. (2021). Emisyon Azaltım Sorumluluğu Olan BM Ülkelerinde Hava Kirliliği, Sağlık Harcamaları ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi, Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 16(3), 856 – 872.
  • Dong, K., Hochman, G., Zhang, Y., Sun, R., Li, H., & Liao, H. (2018). CO2 Emissions, Economic and Population Growth, and Renewable Energy: Empirical Evidence Across Regions. Energy Economics, 75, 180-192.
  • Enders, W., & Lee, J. (2012). The Flexible Fourier Form And Dickey–Fuller Type Unit Root Tests. Economics Letters, 117(1), 196-199.
  • Energy Institute Statistical Review of World Energy (2023). https://www.energyinst.org/statistical-review, Erişim Tarihi: 14.09.2023.
  • Gan, J., & Smith, C. T. (2011). Drivers for Renewable Energy: A Comparison Among OECD Countries. Biomass and Bioenergy, 35(11), 4497-4503.
  • Godil, D. I., Sharif, A., Ali, M. I., Ozturk, I., & Usman, R. (2021). The Role of Financial Development, R&D Expenditure, Globalization and Institutional Quality in Energy Consumption in India: New Evidence from the QARDL Approach. Journal of environmental management, 285, 112208.
  • Gozgor, G., Mahalik, M. K., Demir, E., & Padhan, H. (2020). The İmpact of Economic Globalization on Renewable Energy in the OECD Countries. Energy Policy, 139, 111365.
  • IEA (2021). World Energy Outlook 2021 (IEA), https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2021, (Erişim tarihi: 10.09.2023).
  • Inal, V., Gurdal, T., Degirmenci, T., & Aydin, M. (2022). The Effects of Military Expenditures on Labor Productivity, Innovation and Economic Growth for the Most Militarized Countries: Panel Data Analysis. Kybernetes, (ahead-of-print).
  • İEA (2021), World Energy Balances Highlights 2021, https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-balances-overview , (Erişim tarihi: 10.09.2023).
  • Jin, W., & Zhang, Z. (2016). On the Mechanism of International Technology Diffusion for Energy Technological Progress. Resource and Energy Economics, 46, 39-61.
  • Kılınç, E. C., & Kılınç, N. Ş. (2021). Ar-Ge ve İnovasyonun Yenilenebilir Enerji Üretimi Üzerindeki Etkisi: Panel Veri Analizi. Alanya Akademik Bakış, 5(2), 1087-1105.
  • Kocsis, I., & Kiss, J. T. (2015). Renewable Energy Consumption, R&D and GDP in European Union Countries. Environmental Engineering and Management Journal, 13(11), 2825-2830.
  • Li, J., Zhang, X., Ali, S., & Khan, Z. (2020). Eco-innovation and Energy Productivity: New Determinants of Renewable Energy Consumption. Journal of Environmental Management, 271, 111028.
  • Li, W., Cao, N., & Xiang, Z. (2023). Drivers of Renewable Energy Transition: The Role of ICT, Human Development, Financialization, and R&D Investment in China. Renewable Energy, 206, 441-450.
  • Mamkhezri, J., & Khezri, M. (2023). Assessing the Spillover Effects of Research and Development and Renewable Energy on CO2 Emissions: International Evidence. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 1-30.
  • Naimoglu, M., & Özbek, S. (2022). Ingiltere’de Enerji Ar-Ge Harcamalari ile Enerji Tuketimi Iliskisi: Yapisal Kirilmali Esbutunlesme Analizi. Isletme ve Iktisat Calismalari Dergisi, 10(1), 35-45.
  • Nazlioglu, S., Gormus, N. A., & Soytas, U. (2016). Oil Prices and Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs): Gradual-shift Causality and Volatility Transmission Analysis. Energy Economics, 60, 168-175.
  • OECD (2021). https://stats.oecd.org/viewhtml.aspx?datasetcode=AIR_GHG&lang=en, (Erişim tarihi: 10.09.2023).
  • REN21 (2017). Renewables 2017 Global Status Report. https://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/GSR2017_Full-Report_English.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 25.07.2023
  • Salim, R. A., & Shafiei, S. (2014). Urbanization and Renewable and Non-renewable Energy Consumption in OECD Countries: An Empirical Analysis. Economic Modelling, 38, 581-591.
  • Shafiei, S., & Salim, R. A. (2014). Non-renewable and Renewable Energy Consumption and CO2 Emissions in OECD Countries: A Comparative Analysis. Energy Policy, 66, 547-556.
  • Su, C. W., Umar, M., & Khan, Z. (2021). Does Fiscal Decentralization and Eco-innovation Promote Renewable Energy Consumption? Analyzing the Role of Political Risk. Science of The Total Environment, 751, 142220.
  • Toda, H. Y., & Yamamoto, T. (1995). Statistical Inference in Vector Autoregressions with Possibly Integrated Processes. Journal of Econometrics, 66(1-2), 225-250.
  • UNFCCC (2021), UN Climate Change Conference UK 2021 (COP26). https://ukcop26.org/, Erişim Tarihi: 11.09.2023
  • Wang, Q., Li, S., & Pisarenko, Z. (2020). Heterogeneous Effects of Energy Efficiency, Oil Price, Environmental Pressure, R&D Investment, and Policy on Renewable Energy--Evidence from the G20 Countries. Energy, 209, 118322.
  • Yalçıner, A. Y., & Özcan, O. (2021). Yenilenebilir Enerji Üretimi ve Destekleri Üzerine Bir Tahmin Modeli Önerisi. Journal of Life Economics, 8(2), 263-272.
  • YEEP (2014). T.C. Enerji ve Tabii Kaynaklar Bakanlığı, Türkiye Ulusal Yenilenebilir Enerji Eylem Planı, Aralık 2014
There are 43 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Economic Theory (Other), Policy and Administration (Other)
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Tunahan Değirmenci 0000-0002-8903-7883

Mehmet Aydın 0000-0003-0780-1663

Early Pub Date April 29, 2024
Publication Date April 30, 2024
Submission Date October 27, 2023
Acceptance Date February 28, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024Volume: 25 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Değirmenci, T., & Aydın, M. (2024). Türkiye’de Çevresel İnovasyon ve Ar-Ge Harcamalarının Düşük Karbonlu Enerji Tüketimine Etkisi. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 25(2), 239-250. https://doi.org/10.37880/cumuiibf.1382019
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