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Katolik ve Protestan Kiliselerinde Oruç: Karşılaştırmalı Bir Bakış

Year 2023, Volume: 11 Issue: 2, 344 - 358, 30.11.2023
https://doi.org/10.33931/dergiabant.1314804

Abstract

Oruç genel itibariyle, belirli bir zaman diliminde perhiz yapma, yeme, içme ya da belirli yiyecekleri yememe, konuşmama, cinsel ilişkiden uzak durma, ağız ve kulak gibi organları yalandan ve kötü sözden koruma gibi şekillerle icra edilen bir ibadet olarak tanımlanır. İçerik ve uygulama bakımından farklılıklar olsa da hemen her dini gelenekte oruç ritüelinin varlığı bir hakikattir. Hristiyanlık özelinde bakıldığında da oruç ritüelinin kendine has bir yeri olduğu görülür. İsa Mesih’in oruç tutmuş olmasına Yeni Ahit’te atıfların olması orucun Hristiyanlık için de önemli bir ibadet olduğunun göstergesidir. İsa Mesih’in Musa şeriatine ilave olarak tayin ettiği belirli bir oruç vakti veya tarzı olmamakla beraber ilk Hristiyanlar özellikle çarşamba ve cuma günleri oruç tutmuş, senenin muayyen zamanlarında genelde et ve süt mamullerini tüketmemeyi tercih etmişlerdir. Oruç, İsa’nın yaşamında ve erken dönem kilise uygulamalarında merkezi öneme sahip olmasa da varlığı kesindir ve günümüze değin süregelen bir ritüel olması bakımından incelemeye değerdir. Bu makale, Hristiyanlığın üç önemli mezhebinden ikisi olan Katolik ve Protestan kiliselerinde oruç ibadeti hakkındaki anlayış ve uygulama farklılıklarına odaklanmaktadır. Bahsi geçen kiliselerin oruç ibadetine yaklaşımları incelenerek aralarındaki benzerlikler ve farklılıklar tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu kapsamda, makalede öncelikle Hristiyanlıkta orucun tarihsel geçmişine göz atılacak, akabinde Katolik ve Protestan kiliselerinin oruç ibadetini nasıl kabul ettikleri incelenecektir. Çalışmanın amacı, mukayeseli bir yöntem belirlemek suretiyle bahsi geçen kiliseler arasındaki oruç ibadetine yönelik söz konusu farklılıkların sebeplerini tespit etmektir.

References

  • Aquinas, Thomas. Summa Theologica. çev. Fathers of the English Dominican Province, 1947.
  • Ay, Rahim. “İlahi Dinlerde Oruç: Kaynağı, Amacı ve Uygulanışı Bakımından Karşılaştırmalı Bir İnceleme”. Journal of Analytic Divinity International Refereed Journal 5/2 (2015), 212-235.
  • Aydın, Fuat. Pavlus Hıristiyanlığına Giriş. Ankara: EskiYeni Yayınları, 2011.
  • Becon, Thomas. The Catechism of Thomas Becon, with Other Pieces. ed. John Ayre. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1968.
  • Berghuis, Kent D. Christian Fasting: A Theological Approach. Deerfield: Biblical Studies Press, 2002.
  • Büyükkaya, Hasan. İlahi Dinlerde Oruç. Kastamonu: Kastamonu Üniversitesi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2018.
  • Callam, Daniel. “Fasting, Christian”. Dictionary of the Middle Ages. ed. Joseph R. Strayer. C. 5. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1985.
  • Calvin, John. A Harmony of the Gospels Matthew, Mark and Luke. ed. David W. Torrance - Thomas F. Torrance. çev. A. W. Morrison. 3 Cilt. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1972.
  • Calvin, John. Calvin: Institutes of the Christian Religion. ed. John T. McNeill. çev. Ford Lewis Battle. 2 Cilt. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1960.
  • Calvin, John. Calvin: Institutes of the Christian Religion. ed. John T. McNeill. çev. Ford Lewis Battles. 2 Cilt. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1960.
  • Calvin, John. Isaiah. ed. Alister McGrath - J. I. Packer. Wheaton: Crossway, 2000.
  • Demir, Recep. “Diğer İnanç Sistemlerinde ve İslam’da Oruç (Karşılaştırmalı Bir Analiz)”. Ramazan ve Oruç. 79-103. İstanbul: Ümraniye Belediyesi, 2015.
  • Dölek, İlbey. “Yeşeya: 58 Bağlamında Yahudilik, Hristiyanlık ve İslam’da Makbul Orucun Anlamı”. Şırnak Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 10/23 (2019), 607-629.
  • Dugan, Kathleen M. “Fasting For Life: The Place of Fasting in the Christian Tradition”. Journal of the American Academy of Religion LXIII/3 (1995), 539-548.
  • Duygu, Zafer. Hıristiyanlık ve İmparatorluk. İstanbul: Divan Yayınları, 2017.
  • Dünzl, Franz. A Brief History of the Doctrine of the Trinity in The Early Church. çev. John Bowden. New York: T&T Clark, 2007.
  • Dylan Landis. Sacred and Secular Affliction: Fasting in the History of the West and Western Christianity. Waco, Texas: Baylor University, 2020.
  • Gregg, Robert C. Athanasius: The Life of Antony and the Letter to Marcellinus (Classics of Western Spirituality). New York: Paulist Press, 1980.
  • Gündüz, Şinasi. Pavlus Hıristiyanlığın Mimarı. İstanbul: Ankara Okulu Yayınları, 2004.
  • Hillerbrand, Hans J. (ed.). The Protestant Reformation. U.S.A.: Happer Perennial, 1968.
  • Johnson, Maxwell E. “From Three Weeks to Forty Days: Baptismal Preperation and the Origins of Lent”. Living Water, Sealing Spirit: Readings on Christian Initiation. ed. Maxwell E. Johnson. 118-136. Collegeville: MN: Liturgical Press, 1995.
  • Josephus, Flavius. The Works of Flavius Josephus. 2 Cilt. Londra: William Baynes and Son, 1825.
  • Katolik Kilisesi Din ve Ahlâk İlkeleri. çev. Dominik Pamir. İstanbul, 2000.
  • Leon-Dufour, L. Dictionary of Biblical Theology. New York: Seabury, 1973.
  • Luther, Martin. “Sermons on the Gospel of St. John”. Luther’s Works. ed. Jaroslav Pelikan - Lehmann. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1958.
  • Luther, Martin. “The Sermon on the Mount”. Luther’s Works. ed. Jaroslav Pelikan - T. Lehmann. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1958.
  • Luther, Martin. “Treatise on Good Works”. Luther’s Works. ed. Jaroslav Pelikan - T. Lehmann. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1958.
  • Mathews, S. H. Christian Fasting: Biblical and Evangelical Perspectives. U.S.A.: Lexington Books, 2015.
  • Mudau, Ratshilunela Samuel. An Analysis of Lenten Fasting Practices in Two Congregations of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Southern Africa, South Eastern Diocese, Umngeni Circuit. KwaZulu-Natal, 2016.
  • Musa Osman Karatosun. Kilise Hukuku: Temel Kaynakları ve Ana Konuları. Ankara: Eski Yeni Yayınları, 2023.
  • O’Loughlin, Thomas. “Fasting: Western Christian”. Encyclopedia of Monasticism. ed. William M. Johnston - Christopher Kleinhenz. C. 1. London ; New York: Routledge, 2015.
  • O’Neill, J. D. “Fast”. Catholic Encyclopedia. 5/789-791. New York: The Encyclopedia Press, 1913.
  • Oxtoby, Willard G. vd. (ed.). A Concise Introduction to World Religions. Canada: Oxford University Press, 2015.
  • Russo, Nicholas V. “A Note on the Role of Secret Mark in the Search for the Origins of Lent”. Studia Liturgica 37/2 (2007), 181-197.
  • Russo, Nicholas V. “The Early History of Lent”. Christian Reflection, 18-27.
  • Sarna, N. M. The JPS Torah Commentary: Genesis. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1989.
  • Schakenburg, R. The Moral Teaching of the New Testament. New York: Herder and Herder, 1965.
  • Scholasticus, Sokrates. History of The Church in Seven Books. London: S. Bagster, 1844.
  • Wimmer, J. F. Fasting in the New Testament: A Study in Biblical Theology. New York: Pauli St., 1982.
  • Wright, N. T. Jesus and the Victory of God. Christian Origins and the Question of God. Minneapolis: Fortress, 1996.
  • Yitik, Ali İhsan. “Oruç”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi. 33/414-416. İstanbul: DİA, 2007.
  • Zijpp, N. van der. “Fasting”. The Mennonite Encyclopedia. Scottdale: Penn.: Mennonite, 1956.
  • Zwingli, Ulrich. Commentary on True and False Religion. ed. Samuel Macauley Jackson - Clarence Nevin Heller. Durham: Labyrinth, 1981.
  • Zwingli, Ulrich. The Latin Works and the Correspondencee of Huldreich Zwingli, Together with Selections from His German Works. ed. Samuel Macauley Jackson. çev. Walter Lichtenstein vd. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons/Knickerbocker, 1912.
  • The Book of Common Prayer. Huntington: Anglican Liturgy Press, 2019.

Fasting in the Catholic and Protestant Churches: A Comparative View

Year 2023, Volume: 11 Issue: 2, 344 - 358, 30.11.2023
https://doi.org/10.33931/dergiabant.1314804

Abstract

Fasting is generally defined as an act of worship performed by abstaining for a period of time from eating, drinking or consuming certain foods, not speaking, abstaining from sexual intercourse, and protecting organs such as the mouth and ears from lies and bad words. The existence of fasting rituals in almost all religious traditions is a fact, although there are differences in content and practice. In the case of Christianity, the ritual of fasting has a special status. The fact that there are references in the New Testament to Jesus Christ fasting is an indication that fasting is also an important act of worship for Christianity. Although Jesus Christ did not prescribe a specific time or method of fasting in addition to the Mosaic Law, the early Christians fasted especially on Wednesdays and Fridays and generally abstained from meat and dairy products at certain times of the year. Although fasting is not central to the life of Jesus or to the practices of the early church, it is certainly present and worthy of study as a ritual that continues to this day. This article focuses on the differences in the understanding and practice of fasting in the Catholic and Protestant churches, two of the three main Christian denominations. The approaches of these churches to the worship of Lent were analysed. An attempt was made to identify the similarities and differences between them. In this context, the article will first look at the historical background of fasting in Christianity and then examine how the Catholic and Protestant churches have accepted the practice of fasting. Using a comparative method, the study will seek to identify the reasons for the differences between these churches in practicing fasting.

References

  • Aquinas, Thomas. Summa Theologica. çev. Fathers of the English Dominican Province, 1947.
  • Ay, Rahim. “İlahi Dinlerde Oruç: Kaynağı, Amacı ve Uygulanışı Bakımından Karşılaştırmalı Bir İnceleme”. Journal of Analytic Divinity International Refereed Journal 5/2 (2015), 212-235.
  • Aydın, Fuat. Pavlus Hıristiyanlığına Giriş. Ankara: EskiYeni Yayınları, 2011.
  • Becon, Thomas. The Catechism of Thomas Becon, with Other Pieces. ed. John Ayre. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1968.
  • Berghuis, Kent D. Christian Fasting: A Theological Approach. Deerfield: Biblical Studies Press, 2002.
  • Büyükkaya, Hasan. İlahi Dinlerde Oruç. Kastamonu: Kastamonu Üniversitesi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2018.
  • Callam, Daniel. “Fasting, Christian”. Dictionary of the Middle Ages. ed. Joseph R. Strayer. C. 5. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1985.
  • Calvin, John. A Harmony of the Gospels Matthew, Mark and Luke. ed. David W. Torrance - Thomas F. Torrance. çev. A. W. Morrison. 3 Cilt. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1972.
  • Calvin, John. Calvin: Institutes of the Christian Religion. ed. John T. McNeill. çev. Ford Lewis Battle. 2 Cilt. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1960.
  • Calvin, John. Calvin: Institutes of the Christian Religion. ed. John T. McNeill. çev. Ford Lewis Battles. 2 Cilt. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1960.
  • Calvin, John. Isaiah. ed. Alister McGrath - J. I. Packer. Wheaton: Crossway, 2000.
  • Demir, Recep. “Diğer İnanç Sistemlerinde ve İslam’da Oruç (Karşılaştırmalı Bir Analiz)”. Ramazan ve Oruç. 79-103. İstanbul: Ümraniye Belediyesi, 2015.
  • Dölek, İlbey. “Yeşeya: 58 Bağlamında Yahudilik, Hristiyanlık ve İslam’da Makbul Orucun Anlamı”. Şırnak Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 10/23 (2019), 607-629.
  • Dugan, Kathleen M. “Fasting For Life: The Place of Fasting in the Christian Tradition”. Journal of the American Academy of Religion LXIII/3 (1995), 539-548.
  • Duygu, Zafer. Hıristiyanlık ve İmparatorluk. İstanbul: Divan Yayınları, 2017.
  • Dünzl, Franz. A Brief History of the Doctrine of the Trinity in The Early Church. çev. John Bowden. New York: T&T Clark, 2007.
  • Dylan Landis. Sacred and Secular Affliction: Fasting in the History of the West and Western Christianity. Waco, Texas: Baylor University, 2020.
  • Gregg, Robert C. Athanasius: The Life of Antony and the Letter to Marcellinus (Classics of Western Spirituality). New York: Paulist Press, 1980.
  • Gündüz, Şinasi. Pavlus Hıristiyanlığın Mimarı. İstanbul: Ankara Okulu Yayınları, 2004.
  • Hillerbrand, Hans J. (ed.). The Protestant Reformation. U.S.A.: Happer Perennial, 1968.
  • Johnson, Maxwell E. “From Three Weeks to Forty Days: Baptismal Preperation and the Origins of Lent”. Living Water, Sealing Spirit: Readings on Christian Initiation. ed. Maxwell E. Johnson. 118-136. Collegeville: MN: Liturgical Press, 1995.
  • Josephus, Flavius. The Works of Flavius Josephus. 2 Cilt. Londra: William Baynes and Son, 1825.
  • Katolik Kilisesi Din ve Ahlâk İlkeleri. çev. Dominik Pamir. İstanbul, 2000.
  • Leon-Dufour, L. Dictionary of Biblical Theology. New York: Seabury, 1973.
  • Luther, Martin. “Sermons on the Gospel of St. John”. Luther’s Works. ed. Jaroslav Pelikan - Lehmann. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1958.
  • Luther, Martin. “The Sermon on the Mount”. Luther’s Works. ed. Jaroslav Pelikan - T. Lehmann. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1958.
  • Luther, Martin. “Treatise on Good Works”. Luther’s Works. ed. Jaroslav Pelikan - T. Lehmann. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1958.
  • Mathews, S. H. Christian Fasting: Biblical and Evangelical Perspectives. U.S.A.: Lexington Books, 2015.
  • Mudau, Ratshilunela Samuel. An Analysis of Lenten Fasting Practices in Two Congregations of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Southern Africa, South Eastern Diocese, Umngeni Circuit. KwaZulu-Natal, 2016.
  • Musa Osman Karatosun. Kilise Hukuku: Temel Kaynakları ve Ana Konuları. Ankara: Eski Yeni Yayınları, 2023.
  • O’Loughlin, Thomas. “Fasting: Western Christian”. Encyclopedia of Monasticism. ed. William M. Johnston - Christopher Kleinhenz. C. 1. London ; New York: Routledge, 2015.
  • O’Neill, J. D. “Fast”. Catholic Encyclopedia. 5/789-791. New York: The Encyclopedia Press, 1913.
  • Oxtoby, Willard G. vd. (ed.). A Concise Introduction to World Religions. Canada: Oxford University Press, 2015.
  • Russo, Nicholas V. “A Note on the Role of Secret Mark in the Search for the Origins of Lent”. Studia Liturgica 37/2 (2007), 181-197.
  • Russo, Nicholas V. “The Early History of Lent”. Christian Reflection, 18-27.
  • Sarna, N. M. The JPS Torah Commentary: Genesis. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1989.
  • Schakenburg, R. The Moral Teaching of the New Testament. New York: Herder and Herder, 1965.
  • Scholasticus, Sokrates. History of The Church in Seven Books. London: S. Bagster, 1844.
  • Wimmer, J. F. Fasting in the New Testament: A Study in Biblical Theology. New York: Pauli St., 1982.
  • Wright, N. T. Jesus and the Victory of God. Christian Origins and the Question of God. Minneapolis: Fortress, 1996.
  • Yitik, Ali İhsan. “Oruç”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi. 33/414-416. İstanbul: DİA, 2007.
  • Zijpp, N. van der. “Fasting”. The Mennonite Encyclopedia. Scottdale: Penn.: Mennonite, 1956.
  • Zwingli, Ulrich. Commentary on True and False Religion. ed. Samuel Macauley Jackson - Clarence Nevin Heller. Durham: Labyrinth, 1981.
  • Zwingli, Ulrich. The Latin Works and the Correspondencee of Huldreich Zwingli, Together with Selections from His German Works. ed. Samuel Macauley Jackson. çev. Walter Lichtenstein vd. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons/Knickerbocker, 1912.
  • The Book of Common Prayer. Huntington: Anglican Liturgy Press, 2019.
There are 45 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects History of Religion
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Talha Fortacı 0000-0002-6539-9302

Publication Date November 30, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 11 Issue: 2

Cite

ISNAD Fortacı, Talha. “Katolik Ve Protestan Kiliselerinde Oruç: Karşılaştırmalı Bir Bakış”. Dergiabant 11/2 (November 2023), 344-358. https://doi.org/10.33931/dergiabant.1314804.