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The Relationship of Naturalgas Consumption, Capital and Employment with Economic Growth in Turkey: Cointegration and Causality Analysis

Year 2017, Volume: 32 Issue: 1, 1 - 28, 13.07.2017

Halim Tatlı Fuat Lebe

https://doi.org/10.24988/deuiibf.2017321536

Abstract

The aim of this study is to examine the relationship of natural gas consumption, employment and fixed capital formation with economic growth in Turkey. For this purpose, Turkey’s annual data of the period between 1987 and 2014 were analyzed with ARDL bounds testing and Granger causality tests based on the VECM. According to the result of cointegration test, the series were determined as cointegrated. The result of ARDL bounds test showed that natural gas consumption, employment and fixed capital formation in Turkey had a positive impact on economic growth and those effects were determined as significant. However, it was determined that fixed capital formation was the most important factor affecting economic growth in Turkey. Rsults of causality test, validate the hypothesis of feed-back beetwen natural gas consumption and economic growth, fixed capital formation and economic growth in the long-term.

Keywords

Economic Growth Natural Gas Consumption Employment Fixed Capital Formation ARDL Bounds Test Causality

References

  • ADENIRAN, O (2009), “Does energy consumption cause economic growth? An empirical evidence from Nigeria”, CAR (CEPMLP Annual Review), 12. http://www.dundee.ac.uk/cepmlp/gateway/index.php?news=29882 (17.10.2015)
  • AMADEH, H., MORTEZA, G., ABBASİFAR, Z. (2009), “Causality relation between energy consumption and economic growth and employment in Iranian economy”, Tahgighat- E-Eghtesadi, 44(86), 1-38.
  • APERGIS, N., PAYNE, J.E. (2010), “Natural gas consumption and economic growth: A panel investigation of 67 countries”, Applied Energy, 87, 2759-2763.
  • AQEEL, A., BUTT, M.S. (2001), “The relationship between energy consumption and economic growth in Pakistan”, Asia–Pacific Development Journal, 8:101–110.
  • ARMAN, S.A., ZARE, R. (2005), “An investigation of Granger causal relationship between energy consumption and economic growth in Iran (1967–2002)”, Quarterly Iranian Economic Research, 24:117–143.
  • ASGHARPOUR, H., BEHBUDİ, D., QAZVİNNİAN, M.H. (2009), “Structural break: the case of gas consumption and economic growth in Iran”, Quarterly Energy Economics Review, 19:105–12.2
  • AYTAÇ, D. (2010). “Enerji ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisinin Çok Değişkenli VAR Yaklaşımı İle Tahmini”, Maliye Dergisi, 158:482-495.
  • BİLDİRİCİ, M.E., BAKIRTAŞ, T. (2014), “The relationship among oil, natural gas and coal consumption and economic growth in BRICTS (Brazil, Russian, India, China, Turkey and South Africa) countries”, Energy, 65:134-144.
  • BRITISH PETROLEUM (BP) (2015), http://www.bp.com (17.10.2015)
  • BROWN, R.L., DURBİN, J., EVANS, J.M. (1975), “Techniques For Testing The Constancy of Regression Relations Overtime”, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 37(13):149-163.
  • BURBIDGE, J. ve ALAN, H. (1984), “Testing for the Effects of Oil-Price Rises Using Vector Autoregressions,” International Economic Review, 25, 459-484.
  • CHANG, T., GUPTA, R., INGLESI-LOTZ, R., MASABALA, L.S., SIMO-KENGNE, B.D., WEIDEMAN, J.P. (2016), “The causal relationship between natural gas consumption and economic growth: evidence from the G7 countries”, Applied Economics Letters, 23(1):38-46.
  • DORNBUSCH, R., FISCHER, S. (1984), Macroeconomics, New York: McGrow-Hill.
  • ENDERS, W, (2010), Applied Econometric Time Series. 3rd edition, New York: John Wiley and Sons.
  • ENGLE, R.F., GRANGER, C.W.J. (1987), “Co-integrationand Error Correction Representation, Estimation and Testing”. Econometrica, 55(2):251-276.
  • GHALI, K.H., El-SAKKA, M.I.T. (2004), “Energy Use and Output Growth in Canada:A Multivariate Cointegration Analysis”, Energy Economics, 24:355- 365.
  • HAMİLTON, J.D. (1983), “Oil and the Macroeconomy Since World War II”, Journal of Political Economy, 91: 228-248.
  • HEİDARİ, H., KATIRCIOGLU, T.S., SAEİDPOUR, L. (2013), “Natural gas consumption and economic growth: Are we ready to natural gas price liberalization in Iran?” Energy Policy, 63:638–645.
  • HU, J.L., LIN, C.H. (2008), “Disaggregated energy consumption and GDP in Taiwan: a threshold co-integration analysis”, Energy Economic, 30:2342-58.
  • IŞIĞIÇOK, E. (1994), Zaman Serilerinde Nedensellik Çözümlemesi, Bursa: Uludağ Üniversitesi Basımevi.
  • IŞIK, C. (2010), “Natural gas consumption and economic growth in Turkey: A bound test approach”, Energy System, 1:441–456.
  • JIN, J.C., YU, E.S.H., (1996), “Export-led growth and the US economy: Another look”, Applied Economics Letters, 3:341-344.
  • JOHANSEN, S. (1988), “Statistical Analysis of Cointegration Vectors”, Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 12(2/3):231-254.
  • JOHANSEN, S., JUSELIUS, K. (1990), “Maximum Likelihood Estimation and Inference on Co-integration-with Applications to the Demand for Money”, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 52(2):169-210.
  • JONES, J.D., JOULFAIAN, D. (1991), “Federal Government Expenditures and Revenues in the Early Years of the American Republic: Evidence from 1792 and 1860”, Journal of Macroeconomics, 13:133-155.
  • KUM, H., OCAL, O., ASLAN, A. (2012), “The relationship among natural gas energy consumption, capital and economic growth: Bootstrap-corrected causality tests from G-7 countries”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16:2361-2365.
  • LEE, C.C., CHANG, C.P. (2005), “Structural breaks, energy consumption and economic growth revisited: evidence from Taiwan”, Energy Economics, 27(6):857-72.
  • LIM, H.J., YOO, S.H. (2012), “Natural Gas Consumption and Economic Growth in Korea: A Causality Analysis”, Energy Sources, Part B, 7:169–176.
  • MASİH, A.M.M., MASİH, R. (1996), “Energy Consumption, Real Income and Temporal Causality: Results from a Multi-Country Study Based on Cointegration and Error-Correction Modeling Techniques” Energy Economics, 18(3):165-183.
  • ODULARU, G.O., OKONKWO, C. (2009), “Does Energy Consumption Contribute to Economic Performance? Empirical Evidence from Nigeria”, East-West Journal of Economics and Business, 12 (2): 43-79.
  • ÖZTURK, İ., AL-MULALİ, U. (2015), “Natural gas consumption and economic growth nexus: Panel data analysis for GCC countries”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 51:998-1003.
  • PESARAN, M.H., SHİN, Y., SMITH, R.J. (2001), “Bounds Testing Approaches to the Analysis of Level Relationships”, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3):289-326.
  • REYNOLDS, D.B., KOLODZİEJ, M. (2008), “Former Soviet Union oil production and GDP decline: Granger-causality and the multi-cycle Hubert curve”, Energy Economic, 30:271-89.
  • ROMER, P.M. (1994), “The Origins of Endogenous Growth”, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 8(1):3-22.
  • SARI, R., EWİNG, B.T., SOYTAŞ, U. (2008), “The relationship between disaggregate energy consumption and industrial production in the United States: an ARDL approach”, Energy Econonomics, 30:2302-2313.
  • SHAHBAZ, M., AROURİ, M., TEULON, F. (2014), “Short- and long-run relationships between natural gas consumption and economic growth: Evidence from Pakistan”, Economic Modelling, 41:219-226.
  • SHAHBAZ, M., LEAN, H.H., FAROOQ, A. (2013), “Natural gas consumption and economic growth in Pakistan”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 18:87-94.
  • SHAN, J., SUN, F., (1998). “Export-led growth hypothesis for Australia: An empirical re-investigation”, Applied Economics Letters, 5:423-428.
  • SOLARIN, A.S., ÖZTURK, İ, (2016), “The relationship between natural gas consumption and economic growth in OPEC members”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 58:1348-1356.
  • T.C. ENERJİ PİYASASI DÜZENLEME KURUMU, DOĞALGAZA PİYASASI 2013 YILI SEKTÖR RAPORU, http://www.epdk.org.tr/documents/dogalgaz/rapor_yayin/Dpd_Rapor_Yayin_Sektor_Raporu_2013.pdf (30.03.2015)
  • T.C. ENERJİ VE TABİİ KAYNAKLAR BAKANLIĞI, 2014 YILI BÜTÇE SUNUMU, STRATEJİ GELİŞTİRME BAŞKANLIĞI, http://www.enerji.gov.tr/File/?path=ROOT%2f1%2fDocuments%2fSayfalar%2f2014+Y%C4%B1l%C4%B1+B%C3%BCt%C3%A7esinin+TBMM+Plan+ve+B%C3%BCt%C3%A7e+Komisyonuna+Sunumu.pdf. (30.03.2015)
  • ULUYOL, O., LEBE, F., AKBAŞ, Y.E. (2014), “Firmaların Finansal Kaldıraç Oranları ile Öz Sermaye Karlılığı Arasındaki İlişki: Hisseleri Borsa İstanbul (BİST)’da İşlem Gören Şirketler Üzerinde Sektörler Bazında Bir Araştırma”, İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(1):70-89.
  • YAYLALI, M., LEBE, F. (2012), “İthal Ham Petrol Fiyatlarının Türkiye’deki Makroekonomik Değişkenler Üzerindeki Etkisi”, Marmara Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, XXXII(I):43-68.
  • YAYLALI, M., LEBE, F. (2013), “Konut Sektörünün Elektrik Talebi: Türkiye İçin Talep Tahmini ve Öngörü”, Nevşehir Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, CS: Energy 2013 Özel Sayısı, 3(1):119-145.
  • YU, E.S.H., CHOİ, J.Y. (1985), “The causal relationship between energy and GNP: an international comparison”, Journal Energy Develop, 10:249-72.
  • ZAMANI, M. (2007), “Energy consumption and economic activities in Iran”, Energy Economics, 29(6):135-1140.

Türkiye’de Doğalgaz Tüketimi, Sermaye ve İstihdamın Ekonomik Büyümeyle İlişkisi: Eşbütünleşme ve Nedensellik Analizi

Year 2017, Volume: 32 Issue: 1, 1 - 28, 13.07.2017

Halim Tatlı Fuat Lebe

https://doi.org/10.24988/deuiibf.2017321536

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye’de doğalgaz tüketimi, istihdam ve sabit sermaye oluşumlarının ekonomik büyümeyle olan ilişkisini incelmektir. Bu amaçla, Türkiye’nin 1987-2014 dönemine ait yıllık verileri ARDL testi ve VECM dayalı Granger nedensellik testiyle analiz edilmiştir. Eşbütünleşme testi sonucu, serilerin eşbütünleşik olduğu belirlenmiştir. ARDL testi sonucu, Türkiye ekonomisinde doğal gaz tüketimi, istihdam ve sabit sermaye oluşumu ekonomik büyümeyi pozitif yönde etkilediği ve bu etkilerin anlamlı olduğu saptanmıştır. Ayrıca, Türkiye’de ekonomik büyümeyi en fazla etkileyen faktörün sabit sermeye oluşumu olduğu belirlenmiştir. Nedensellik testi sonucu, uzun dönemde doğal gaz tüketimiyle ekonomik büyüme, sabit sermaye oluşumuyla ekonomik büyüme arasında feed-back hipotezini doğrulayan bulgular elde edilmiştir.

Keywords

Ekonomik Büyüme Doğal Gaz Tüketimi İstihdam Sabit Sermaye oluşumu ARDL Sınır Testi Nedensellik

References

  • ADENIRAN, O (2009), “Does energy consumption cause economic growth? An empirical evidence from Nigeria”, CAR (CEPMLP Annual Review), 12. http://www.dundee.ac.uk/cepmlp/gateway/index.php?news=29882 (17.10.2015)
  • AMADEH, H., MORTEZA, G., ABBASİFAR, Z. (2009), “Causality relation between energy consumption and economic growth and employment in Iranian economy”, Tahgighat- E-Eghtesadi, 44(86), 1-38.
  • APERGIS, N., PAYNE, J.E. (2010), “Natural gas consumption and economic growth: A panel investigation of 67 countries”, Applied Energy, 87, 2759-2763.
  • AQEEL, A., BUTT, M.S. (2001), “The relationship between energy consumption and economic growth in Pakistan”, Asia–Pacific Development Journal, 8:101–110.
  • ARMAN, S.A., ZARE, R. (2005), “An investigation of Granger causal relationship between energy consumption and economic growth in Iran (1967–2002)”, Quarterly Iranian Economic Research, 24:117–143.
  • ASGHARPOUR, H., BEHBUDİ, D., QAZVİNNİAN, M.H. (2009), “Structural break: the case of gas consumption and economic growth in Iran”, Quarterly Energy Economics Review, 19:105–12.2
  • AYTAÇ, D. (2010). “Enerji ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisinin Çok Değişkenli VAR Yaklaşımı İle Tahmini”, Maliye Dergisi, 158:482-495.
  • BİLDİRİCİ, M.E., BAKIRTAŞ, T. (2014), “The relationship among oil, natural gas and coal consumption and economic growth in BRICTS (Brazil, Russian, India, China, Turkey and South Africa) countries”, Energy, 65:134-144.
  • BRITISH PETROLEUM (BP) (2015), http://www.bp.com (17.10.2015)
  • BROWN, R.L., DURBİN, J., EVANS, J.M. (1975), “Techniques For Testing The Constancy of Regression Relations Overtime”, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 37(13):149-163.
  • BURBIDGE, J. ve ALAN, H. (1984), “Testing for the Effects of Oil-Price Rises Using Vector Autoregressions,” International Economic Review, 25, 459-484.
  • CHANG, T., GUPTA, R., INGLESI-LOTZ, R., MASABALA, L.S., SIMO-KENGNE, B.D., WEIDEMAN, J.P. (2016), “The causal relationship between natural gas consumption and economic growth: evidence from the G7 countries”, Applied Economics Letters, 23(1):38-46.
  • DORNBUSCH, R., FISCHER, S. (1984), Macroeconomics, New York: McGrow-Hill.
  • ENDERS, W, (2010), Applied Econometric Time Series. 3rd edition, New York: John Wiley and Sons.
  • ENGLE, R.F., GRANGER, C.W.J. (1987), “Co-integrationand Error Correction Representation, Estimation and Testing”. Econometrica, 55(2):251-276.
  • GHALI, K.H., El-SAKKA, M.I.T. (2004), “Energy Use and Output Growth in Canada:A Multivariate Cointegration Analysis”, Energy Economics, 24:355- 365.
  • HAMİLTON, J.D. (1983), “Oil and the Macroeconomy Since World War II”, Journal of Political Economy, 91: 228-248.
  • HEİDARİ, H., KATIRCIOGLU, T.S., SAEİDPOUR, L. (2013), “Natural gas consumption and economic growth: Are we ready to natural gas price liberalization in Iran?” Energy Policy, 63:638–645.
  • HU, J.L., LIN, C.H. (2008), “Disaggregated energy consumption and GDP in Taiwan: a threshold co-integration analysis”, Energy Economic, 30:2342-58.
  • IŞIĞIÇOK, E. (1994), Zaman Serilerinde Nedensellik Çözümlemesi, Bursa: Uludağ Üniversitesi Basımevi.
  • IŞIK, C. (2010), “Natural gas consumption and economic growth in Turkey: A bound test approach”, Energy System, 1:441–456.
  • JIN, J.C., YU, E.S.H., (1996), “Export-led growth and the US economy: Another look”, Applied Economics Letters, 3:341-344.
  • JOHANSEN, S. (1988), “Statistical Analysis of Cointegration Vectors”, Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 12(2/3):231-254.
  • JOHANSEN, S., JUSELIUS, K. (1990), “Maximum Likelihood Estimation and Inference on Co-integration-with Applications to the Demand for Money”, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 52(2):169-210.
  • JONES, J.D., JOULFAIAN, D. (1991), “Federal Government Expenditures and Revenues in the Early Years of the American Republic: Evidence from 1792 and 1860”, Journal of Macroeconomics, 13:133-155.
  • KUM, H., OCAL, O., ASLAN, A. (2012), “The relationship among natural gas energy consumption, capital and economic growth: Bootstrap-corrected causality tests from G-7 countries”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16:2361-2365.
  • LEE, C.C., CHANG, C.P. (2005), “Structural breaks, energy consumption and economic growth revisited: evidence from Taiwan”, Energy Economics, 27(6):857-72.
  • LIM, H.J., YOO, S.H. (2012), “Natural Gas Consumption and Economic Growth in Korea: A Causality Analysis”, Energy Sources, Part B, 7:169–176.
  • MASİH, A.M.M., MASİH, R. (1996), “Energy Consumption, Real Income and Temporal Causality: Results from a Multi-Country Study Based on Cointegration and Error-Correction Modeling Techniques” Energy Economics, 18(3):165-183.
  • ODULARU, G.O., OKONKWO, C. (2009), “Does Energy Consumption Contribute to Economic Performance? Empirical Evidence from Nigeria”, East-West Journal of Economics and Business, 12 (2): 43-79.
  • ÖZTURK, İ., AL-MULALİ, U. (2015), “Natural gas consumption and economic growth nexus: Panel data analysis for GCC countries”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 51:998-1003.
  • PESARAN, M.H., SHİN, Y., SMITH, R.J. (2001), “Bounds Testing Approaches to the Analysis of Level Relationships”, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3):289-326.
  • REYNOLDS, D.B., KOLODZİEJ, M. (2008), “Former Soviet Union oil production and GDP decline: Granger-causality and the multi-cycle Hubert curve”, Energy Economic, 30:271-89.
  • ROMER, P.M. (1994), “The Origins of Endogenous Growth”, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 8(1):3-22.
  • SARI, R., EWİNG, B.T., SOYTAŞ, U. (2008), “The relationship between disaggregate energy consumption and industrial production in the United States: an ARDL approach”, Energy Econonomics, 30:2302-2313.
  • SHAHBAZ, M., AROURİ, M., TEULON, F. (2014), “Short- and long-run relationships between natural gas consumption and economic growth: Evidence from Pakistan”, Economic Modelling, 41:219-226.
  • SHAHBAZ, M., LEAN, H.H., FAROOQ, A. (2013), “Natural gas consumption and economic growth in Pakistan”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 18:87-94.
  • SHAN, J., SUN, F., (1998). “Export-led growth hypothesis for Australia: An empirical re-investigation”, Applied Economics Letters, 5:423-428.
  • SOLARIN, A.S., ÖZTURK, İ, (2016), “The relationship between natural gas consumption and economic growth in OPEC members”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 58:1348-1356.
  • T.C. ENERJİ PİYASASI DÜZENLEME KURUMU, DOĞALGAZA PİYASASI 2013 YILI SEKTÖR RAPORU, http://www.epdk.org.tr/documents/dogalgaz/rapor_yayin/Dpd_Rapor_Yayin_Sektor_Raporu_2013.pdf (30.03.2015)
  • T.C. ENERJİ VE TABİİ KAYNAKLAR BAKANLIĞI, 2014 YILI BÜTÇE SUNUMU, STRATEJİ GELİŞTİRME BAŞKANLIĞI, http://www.enerji.gov.tr/File/?path=ROOT%2f1%2fDocuments%2fSayfalar%2f2014+Y%C4%B1l%C4%B1+B%C3%BCt%C3%A7esinin+TBMM+Plan+ve+B%C3%BCt%C3%A7e+Komisyonuna+Sunumu.pdf. (30.03.2015)
  • ULUYOL, O., LEBE, F., AKBAŞ, Y.E. (2014), “Firmaların Finansal Kaldıraç Oranları ile Öz Sermaye Karlılığı Arasındaki İlişki: Hisseleri Borsa İstanbul (BİST)’da İşlem Gören Şirketler Üzerinde Sektörler Bazında Bir Araştırma”, İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(1):70-89.
  • YAYLALI, M., LEBE, F. (2012), “İthal Ham Petrol Fiyatlarının Türkiye’deki Makroekonomik Değişkenler Üzerindeki Etkisi”, Marmara Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, XXXII(I):43-68.
  • YAYLALI, M., LEBE, F. (2013), “Konut Sektörünün Elektrik Talebi: Türkiye İçin Talep Tahmini ve Öngörü”, Nevşehir Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, CS: Energy 2013 Özel Sayısı, 3(1):119-145.
  • YU, E.S.H., CHOİ, J.Y. (1985), “The causal relationship between energy and GNP: an international comparison”, Journal Energy Develop, 10:249-72.
  • ZAMANI, M. (2007), “Energy consumption and economic activities in Iran”, Energy Economics, 29(6):135-1140.
There are 46 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Halim Tatlı

Fuat Lebe

Publication Date July 13, 2017
Acceptance Date December 13, 2016
Published in Issue Year 2017 Volume: 32 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Tatlı, H., & Lebe, F. (2017). Türkiye’de Doğalgaz Tüketimi, Sermaye ve İstihdamın Ekonomik Büyümeyle İlişkisi: Eşbütünleşme ve Nedensellik Analizi. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İktisadi İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 32(1), 1-28. https://doi.org/10.24988/deuiibf.2017321536
AMA Tatlı H, Lebe F. Türkiye’de Doğalgaz Tüketimi, Sermaye ve İstihdamın Ekonomik Büyümeyle İlişkisi: Eşbütünleşme ve Nedensellik Analizi. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İktisadi İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. July 2017;32(1):1-28. doi:10.24988/deuiibf.2017321536
Chicago Tatlı, Halim, and Fuat Lebe. “Türkiye’de Doğalgaz Tüketimi, Sermaye Ve İstihdamın Ekonomik Büyümeyle İlişkisi: Eşbütünleşme Ve Nedensellik Analizi”. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İktisadi İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 32, no. 1 (July 2017): 1-28. https://doi.org/10.24988/deuiibf.2017321536.
EndNote Tatlı H, Lebe F (July 1, 2017) Türkiye’de Doğalgaz Tüketimi, Sermaye ve İstihdamın Ekonomik Büyümeyle İlişkisi: Eşbütünleşme ve Nedensellik Analizi. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İktisadi İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 32 1 1–28.
IEEE H. Tatlı and F. Lebe, “Türkiye’de Doğalgaz Tüketimi, Sermaye ve İstihdamın Ekonomik Büyümeyle İlişkisi: Eşbütünleşme ve Nedensellik Analizi”, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İktisadi İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 1–28, 2017, doi: 10.24988/deuiibf.2017321536.
ISNAD Tatlı, Halim - Lebe, Fuat. “Türkiye’de Doğalgaz Tüketimi, Sermaye Ve İstihdamın Ekonomik Büyümeyle İlişkisi: Eşbütünleşme Ve Nedensellik Analizi”. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İktisadi İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 32/1 (July 2017), 1-28. https://doi.org/10.24988/deuiibf.2017321536.
JAMA Tatlı H, Lebe F. Türkiye’de Doğalgaz Tüketimi, Sermaye ve İstihdamın Ekonomik Büyümeyle İlişkisi: Eşbütünleşme ve Nedensellik Analizi. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İktisadi İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 2017;32:1–28.
MLA Tatlı, Halim and Fuat Lebe. “Türkiye’de Doğalgaz Tüketimi, Sermaye Ve İstihdamın Ekonomik Büyümeyle İlişkisi: Eşbütünleşme Ve Nedensellik Analizi”. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İktisadi İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 32, no. 1, 2017, pp. 1-28, doi:10.24988/deuiibf.2017321536.
Vancouver Tatlı H, Lebe F. Türkiye’de Doğalgaz Tüketimi, Sermaye ve İstihdamın Ekonomik Büyümeyle İlişkisi: Eşbütünleşme ve Nedensellik Analizi. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İktisadi İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 2017;32(1):1-28.
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