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COVID-19 PANDEMİSİNİN TÜRK BANKACILIK SEKTÖRÜ KREDİLERİ VE TAHSİLİ GECİKMİŞ ALACAKLARI ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİLERİ

Year 2021, Issue: 28, 181 - 210, 29.10.2021

Abstract

İçinde bulunduğumuz süreçte devam eden Covid-19 pandemisi sadece sağlık sektörüne sıkıntılar yaşatmamış aynı zamanda finans sektöründe de ciddi sıkıntılara yol açmıştır. Bu süreçte bankacılık sektörü gerek hane halkının gerekse işletmelerin ihtiyaçlarını finanse ederek pandeminin ekonomik etkilerinin azaltılmasında büyük rol oynamıştır. Pandeminin neden olduğu bu ekonomik etkilerin azaltılması adına uygulanan tedbirler bankacılık sektöründe kredi hacminin genişlemesine, tahsili gecikmiş alacakların artmasına ve beklenen zarar karşılıklarının yükselmesine neden olmuştur. Pandemi sonrası süreçte ekonominin normale dönme süresi ile ilgili belirsizliğin çok yüksek olması, bankacılık sektörü tarafından kullandırılan krediler ve tahsili gecikmiş alacakların önemini daha da arttırmaktadır. Bu nedenle bu çalışmada pandemi öncesi 12 aylık ve pandeminin devam ettiği 12 aylık süreçte bankacılık sektörünün kredi hacmi ve takipteki alacak miktarlarındaki değişim hem toplam hem de sektörel bazda incelenmiştir. Ayrıca veriler eşleştirilmiş t-testine tabi tutularak ve pandemi öncesi süreç ile pandemi süreci arasındaki farklılıkların anlamlı olup olmadıkları test edilmiştir.

References

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  • Akdoğan, N., & Işık, A. (2021). Covid-19’un Türk Bankacılık Sektöründeki Mevduat Bankalarına Etkileri. Muhasebe ve Denetime Bakış, (63), 111-138.
  • Andersen, A. L., Hansen, E. T., Johannesen, N., & Sheridan, A. (2020). Consumer Responses to the COVID-19 Crisis: Evidence from Bank Account Transaction Data. CEBI. Copenhagen: Center for Economıc Behavior & Inequality. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3609814
  • Arabacı, H., & Yücel, D. (2020). Pandeminin Türkiye Ekonomisine Etkileri ve Türkiye Merkez Bankası Tarafından Finansal İstikrarı Sağlamak Amacıyla Alınan Önlemler. Sosyal Bilimler Araştırma Dergisi, 9(2), 91-98.
  • Ari, A., Chen, S., & Ratnovski, L. (2020). Covid-19 and Non-performing Loans: Lessons from Past Crises. European Central Bank. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3632272
  • Ari, A., Chen, S., & Ratnovski, L. (2021). The Dynamics of Non-Performing Loans during Banking Crises: A New Database with Post-COVID-19 Implications. Journal of Banking and Finance, (106140), 1-50. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2021.106140
  • Baker, S. R., Farrokhnia, R. A., Meyer, S., Pagel, M., & Yannelis, C. (2020). How Does Household Spending Respond to an Epidemic? Consumption During the 2020 COVID-19 Pandemic. The Review of Asset Pricing Studies, 10(4), 834-862. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/rapstu/raaa009
  • Baqaee, D., & Farhi, E. (2020). Nonlinear Production Networks with an Application to the Covid-19 Crisis. Massachusetts: National Bureau of Economic Research. doi:10.3386/w27281
  • Baret, S., Celner, A., O'Reilly, M., & Shilling, M. (2020, 05 16). COVID-19 Potential Implications for the Banking and Capital Markets Sector. 05 20, 2021 tarihinde Deloitte Center for Financial Services: https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/insights/economy/covid-19/banking-and-capital-markets-impact-covid-19.html adresinden alındı
  • Barua, B., & Barua, S. (2020). Covid-19 Implications for Banks: The Case of an Emerging Economy with a Weak Financial System. SSRN Electronic Journal, 1-52. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3646961
  • Barua, S. (2020). Understanding Coronanomics: The Economic Implications of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic. SSRN Electronic Journal, 1-44. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3566477
  • BDDK. (2021, 05 29). Bankacılık Düzenleme ve Denetleme Kurumu. https://www.bddk.org.tr/BultenAylik adresinden alındı
  • Beck, T. (2020). Finance in the Times of Coronavirus. R. Baldwin, & B. W. Mauro içinde, Economics in the Time of COVID-19, (s. 73-77). London: CEPR Press.
  • Beybur, M., & Çetinkaya, M. (2020). Covid-19 Pandemisinin Türkiye'de Dijital Bankacılık Ürün ve Hizmetlerinin Kullanımı Üzerindeki Etkisi. Uluslararası Batı Karadeniz Sosyal ve Beşeri Bilimler Dergisi, 4(2), 148-163. doi:https://doi.org/10.46452/baksoder.829078
  • BKM. (2021, 05 29). Bankalararası Kart Merkezi. https://bkm.com.tr/secilen-aya-ait-istatistikler/ adresinden alındı
  • Borri, N., & Giorgio, G. (2021). Systemic Risk and the Covid Challenge in the European Banking Sector. Journal of Banking and Finance, (106073), 1-13. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2021.106073
  • Bulut, Ü. (2021). The Response of Monetary Policy to the Covid-19 Pandemic in Turkey. The Path of a Credit-based Economic Recovery. Theoretical and Applied Economics, 28(1), 231-238.
  • Chemingui, H., & lallouna, H. B. (2013). Resistance, Motivations, Trust and Intention to Use Mobile Financial Services. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 31(7), 574-592. doi:DOI: 10.1108/IJBM-12-2012-0124
  • De Vito, A., & Gomez, J.-P. (2020, 03 29). COVID-19: Preventing a Corporate Cash Crunch Among Listed Firms. VOXEU CEPR: https://voxeu.org/article/covid-19-preventing-corporate-cash-crunch-among-listed-firms adresinden alındı
  • Delatte, A. L., & Guillaume, A. (2020). Covid 19: A New Challenge for the Emu. CEPR Discussion Paper No. DP14848, 1-27.
  • Deloitte. (2020). Küresel Covid-19 Salgınının Türkiye’de Farklı Kategorilere Etkileri. İstanbul: Deloitte.
  • Demary, M. (2021). Will Covid-19 Cause Insolvencies, Zombification or Debt Deleveraging?, Institut der Deutschen Wirtschaft, No. 3/2021. Köln: Econstor Leibniz Information Centre.
  • Didier, T., Huneeus, F., Larrain, M., & Schmukler, S. L. (2021). Financing Firms in Hibernation During the Covid-19 Pandemic. Journal of Financial Stability, (53), 1-14.
  • Eckert, F., Mikosch, H., & Stotz, M. (2020, 08 31). The Corona Crisis and Corporate Bankruptcies: Evidence from Switzerland. VOXEU CEPR: https://voxeu.org/article/corona-crisis-and-corporate-bankruptcies adresinden alındı
  • Garicano, L. (2020). The COVID-19 Bazooka for jobs in Europe. R. Baldwin, & B. W. Mauro içinde, Mitigating the COVID Economic Crisis: Act Fast and Do Whatever It Takes, (s. 129-139). London: CEPR Press.
  • Goodhart, C. A., Tsomocos, D. P., & Wang, X. (2021). Support for Small Businesses Amid Covid-19. Tinbergen Institute Discussion Paper, 1-41.
  • Gourinchas, P. O., Kalemli Özcan, Ṣ., Penciakova, V., & Sander, N. (2021). Covid-19 and SME Failures. Working Paper No. 27877. Cambridge: National Bureau of Economic Research. doi:10.3386/w27877
  • Gourinchas, P. O., Kalemli-Özcan, Ş., Penciakova, V., & Sander, N. (2021). Covid-19 and SMEs: a 2021 "Time Bomb"?, Working Paper 28418. Cambridge: National Bureau of Economic Research. doi:10.3386/w28418
  • Hassler, J., Krusell, P., Ravn, M., & Storesletten, K. (2020, 07 07). Economic Policy Under the Pandemic: A European Perspective. VOXEU CEPR: https://voxeu.org/article/economic-policy-under-pandemic-european-perspective adresinden alındı
  • Haynes, J., Hope, P., & Talbot, H. (2021). Non-performing Loans-New Risks and Policies? NPL Resolution after Covid-19: Main Differences to Previous Crises. Brussels: European Parliament. doi:DOI: 10.2861/808118
  • Horvath, A., Kay, B., & Wix, C. (2021). The COVID-19 Shock and Consumer Credit: Evidence from Credit Card Data. Finance and Economics Discussion Series Working Paper No. 2021-008, 1-55. doi:https://doi.org/10.17016/FEDS.2021.008
  • Ilzetzki, E. (2020, 03 28). COVID-19: The Economic Policy Response. VOXEU CEPR: https://voxeu.org/article/covid-19-economic-policy-response adresinden alındı
  • IMF. (2020). World Economic Outlook The Great Lockdown. Washington: International Monetary Fund.
  • Kasinger, J., Krahnen, J. P., Ongena, S., Pelizzon, L., Schmeling, M., & Wahrenburg, M. (2021). Non-performing Loans - New Risks and Policies? NPL Resolution after Covid-19: Main Differences to Previous Crises. Frankfurt: Leibniz Information Centre for Economics.
  • Lagoarde-Segot, T., & Leoni, P. L. (2013). Pandemics of the Poor and Banking Stability. Journal of Banking and Finance, 37(11), 4574-4583.
  • Li, L., Strahan, P. E., & Zhang, S. (2020). Banks as Lenders of First Resort: Evidence from the COVID-19 Crisis. The Review of Corporate Finance Studies, 9(3), 472-500. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/rcfs/cfaa009
  • Loayza, N. V., & Pennings, S. (2020). Macroeconomic Policy in the Time of COVID-19: A Primer for Developing Countries. Research & Policy Briefs, (28), 1-9.
  • Park, C. Y., Villafuerte, J., Abiad, A., Narayanan, B., Banzon, E., Samson, J., . . . Tayag, M. C. (2020). An Updated Assessment of the Economic Impact of COVID-19. Metro Manila: Asian Development Bank. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/BRF200144-2
  • Rizwan, M. S., Ahmad, G., & Ashraf, D. (2020). Systemic Risk: The Impact of Covid-19. Finance Research Letters, 36(101682), 1-7. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2020.101682
  • Schillig, M. (2021). Banking and Finance after Covid-19. King’s Law Journal, 32(1), 49-59. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09615768.2021.1886659
  • Song, Q., Du, J., & Wu, Y. (2021). Bank Loans for Small Businesses in Times of Covid-19: Evidence from China. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 57(6), 1652-1661. doi:10.1080/1540496X.2021.1900820
  • Sönmüş, A., & Aydın, K. (2020). Türkiye'de ve G-20 Ülkelerinde Covid-19 Sürecinde Devletlerin Politikaları. Al Farabi Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 6(1), 90-95. doi:DOI: 10.46291/Al-Farabi.060107
  • Tarmur, S., Karamanoğlu, K., & Cığızoğlu, O. (2021). Turkish NPL Purchasing Market. İstanbul: PwC Türkiye.
  • TCMB. (2021). Finansal İstikrar Raporu Mayıs 2021. Ankara: Türkiye Cumhuriyet Merkez Bankası.
  • Vidovic, L., & Tamminaina, P. (2020, 05 11). The Outlook For Corporate Credit Risk; COVID-19 Pandemic And Macroeconomic. 05 23, 2021 tarihinde S&P Global Market Intelligence: https://www.spglobal.com/marketintelligence/en/news-insights/research/the-outlook-for-corporate-credit-risk-covid-19-pandemic-and-macroeconomic adresinden alındı
  • Yetim, S. (2005). Avrupa Birliğine Tam Üyelik Sürecinde Türk Bankacılık Sektörü. Ankara: BDDK.
  • Yoo, J. H. (2020). The Fight Against the 2019-NCoV Outbreak: An Arduous March Has Just Begun. Journal of Korean Medical Science, 35(4), 1-3. doi:https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e56

EFFECTS OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON TURKISH BANKING SECTOR LOANS AND NPLs

Year 2021, Issue: 28, 181 - 210, 29.10.2021

Abstract

The ongoing Covid-19 pandemic not only caused problems in the health sector, but also caused serious problems in the financial sector. In this process, the banking sector played a major role in reducing the economic effects of the pandemic by financing the needs of both households and businesses. The measures taken to reduce the economic effects caused by the pandemic caused the loan volume to expand, the non-performing loans to increase and the expected loss provisions to increase in the banking sector. The high level of uncertainty regarding the recovery process of the economy in the post-pandemic period increases the importance of the loans and non-performing loans made available by the banking sector. For this reason, in this study, the change in the loan volume and NPL amounts of the banking sector in the 12-month period before the pandemic and the 12-month period during the pandemic were examined both on a total and sectoral basis. In addition, the data were subjected to the paired t-test and it was tested whether the differences between the pre-pandemic period and the pandemic period were significant.

References

  • Aiyar, S., Bergthaler, W., Garrido, J. M., Ilyina, A., Jobst, A., Kang, K., . . . Moretti, M. (2015). A Strategy for Resolving Europe’s Problem Loans. Washington: IMF Staff Discussion Note 15/19.
  • Akdoğan, N., & Işık, A. (2021). Covid-19’un Türk Bankacılık Sektöründeki Mevduat Bankalarına Etkileri. Muhasebe ve Denetime Bakış, (63), 111-138.
  • Andersen, A. L., Hansen, E. T., Johannesen, N., & Sheridan, A. (2020). Consumer Responses to the COVID-19 Crisis: Evidence from Bank Account Transaction Data. CEBI. Copenhagen: Center for Economıc Behavior & Inequality. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3609814
  • Arabacı, H., & Yücel, D. (2020). Pandeminin Türkiye Ekonomisine Etkileri ve Türkiye Merkez Bankası Tarafından Finansal İstikrarı Sağlamak Amacıyla Alınan Önlemler. Sosyal Bilimler Araştırma Dergisi, 9(2), 91-98.
  • Ari, A., Chen, S., & Ratnovski, L. (2020). Covid-19 and Non-performing Loans: Lessons from Past Crises. European Central Bank. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3632272
  • Ari, A., Chen, S., & Ratnovski, L. (2021). The Dynamics of Non-Performing Loans during Banking Crises: A New Database with Post-COVID-19 Implications. Journal of Banking and Finance, (106140), 1-50. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2021.106140
  • Baker, S. R., Farrokhnia, R. A., Meyer, S., Pagel, M., & Yannelis, C. (2020). How Does Household Spending Respond to an Epidemic? Consumption During the 2020 COVID-19 Pandemic. The Review of Asset Pricing Studies, 10(4), 834-862. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/rapstu/raaa009
  • Baqaee, D., & Farhi, E. (2020). Nonlinear Production Networks with an Application to the Covid-19 Crisis. Massachusetts: National Bureau of Economic Research. doi:10.3386/w27281
  • Baret, S., Celner, A., O'Reilly, M., & Shilling, M. (2020, 05 16). COVID-19 Potential Implications for the Banking and Capital Markets Sector. 05 20, 2021 tarihinde Deloitte Center for Financial Services: https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/insights/economy/covid-19/banking-and-capital-markets-impact-covid-19.html adresinden alındı
  • Barua, B., & Barua, S. (2020). Covid-19 Implications for Banks: The Case of an Emerging Economy with a Weak Financial System. SSRN Electronic Journal, 1-52. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3646961
  • Barua, S. (2020). Understanding Coronanomics: The Economic Implications of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic. SSRN Electronic Journal, 1-44. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3566477
  • BDDK. (2021, 05 29). Bankacılık Düzenleme ve Denetleme Kurumu. https://www.bddk.org.tr/BultenAylik adresinden alındı
  • Beck, T. (2020). Finance in the Times of Coronavirus. R. Baldwin, & B. W. Mauro içinde, Economics in the Time of COVID-19, (s. 73-77). London: CEPR Press.
  • Beybur, M., & Çetinkaya, M. (2020). Covid-19 Pandemisinin Türkiye'de Dijital Bankacılık Ürün ve Hizmetlerinin Kullanımı Üzerindeki Etkisi. Uluslararası Batı Karadeniz Sosyal ve Beşeri Bilimler Dergisi, 4(2), 148-163. doi:https://doi.org/10.46452/baksoder.829078
  • BKM. (2021, 05 29). Bankalararası Kart Merkezi. https://bkm.com.tr/secilen-aya-ait-istatistikler/ adresinden alındı
  • Borri, N., & Giorgio, G. (2021). Systemic Risk and the Covid Challenge in the European Banking Sector. Journal of Banking and Finance, (106073), 1-13. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2021.106073
  • Bulut, Ü. (2021). The Response of Monetary Policy to the Covid-19 Pandemic in Turkey. The Path of a Credit-based Economic Recovery. Theoretical and Applied Economics, 28(1), 231-238.
  • Chemingui, H., & lallouna, H. B. (2013). Resistance, Motivations, Trust and Intention to Use Mobile Financial Services. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 31(7), 574-592. doi:DOI: 10.1108/IJBM-12-2012-0124
  • De Vito, A., & Gomez, J.-P. (2020, 03 29). COVID-19: Preventing a Corporate Cash Crunch Among Listed Firms. VOXEU CEPR: https://voxeu.org/article/covid-19-preventing-corporate-cash-crunch-among-listed-firms adresinden alındı
  • Delatte, A. L., & Guillaume, A. (2020). Covid 19: A New Challenge for the Emu. CEPR Discussion Paper No. DP14848, 1-27.
  • Deloitte. (2020). Küresel Covid-19 Salgınının Türkiye’de Farklı Kategorilere Etkileri. İstanbul: Deloitte.
  • Demary, M. (2021). Will Covid-19 Cause Insolvencies, Zombification or Debt Deleveraging?, Institut der Deutschen Wirtschaft, No. 3/2021. Köln: Econstor Leibniz Information Centre.
  • Didier, T., Huneeus, F., Larrain, M., & Schmukler, S. L. (2021). Financing Firms in Hibernation During the Covid-19 Pandemic. Journal of Financial Stability, (53), 1-14.
  • Eckert, F., Mikosch, H., & Stotz, M. (2020, 08 31). The Corona Crisis and Corporate Bankruptcies: Evidence from Switzerland. VOXEU CEPR: https://voxeu.org/article/corona-crisis-and-corporate-bankruptcies adresinden alındı
  • Garicano, L. (2020). The COVID-19 Bazooka for jobs in Europe. R. Baldwin, & B. W. Mauro içinde, Mitigating the COVID Economic Crisis: Act Fast and Do Whatever It Takes, (s. 129-139). London: CEPR Press.
  • Goodhart, C. A., Tsomocos, D. P., & Wang, X. (2021). Support for Small Businesses Amid Covid-19. Tinbergen Institute Discussion Paper, 1-41.
  • Gourinchas, P. O., Kalemli Özcan, Ṣ., Penciakova, V., & Sander, N. (2021). Covid-19 and SME Failures. Working Paper No. 27877. Cambridge: National Bureau of Economic Research. doi:10.3386/w27877
  • Gourinchas, P. O., Kalemli-Özcan, Ş., Penciakova, V., & Sander, N. (2021). Covid-19 and SMEs: a 2021 "Time Bomb"?, Working Paper 28418. Cambridge: National Bureau of Economic Research. doi:10.3386/w28418
  • Hassler, J., Krusell, P., Ravn, M., & Storesletten, K. (2020, 07 07). Economic Policy Under the Pandemic: A European Perspective. VOXEU CEPR: https://voxeu.org/article/economic-policy-under-pandemic-european-perspective adresinden alındı
  • Haynes, J., Hope, P., & Talbot, H. (2021). Non-performing Loans-New Risks and Policies? NPL Resolution after Covid-19: Main Differences to Previous Crises. Brussels: European Parliament. doi:DOI: 10.2861/808118
  • Horvath, A., Kay, B., & Wix, C. (2021). The COVID-19 Shock and Consumer Credit: Evidence from Credit Card Data. Finance and Economics Discussion Series Working Paper No. 2021-008, 1-55. doi:https://doi.org/10.17016/FEDS.2021.008
  • Ilzetzki, E. (2020, 03 28). COVID-19: The Economic Policy Response. VOXEU CEPR: https://voxeu.org/article/covid-19-economic-policy-response adresinden alındı
  • IMF. (2020). World Economic Outlook The Great Lockdown. Washington: International Monetary Fund.
  • Kasinger, J., Krahnen, J. P., Ongena, S., Pelizzon, L., Schmeling, M., & Wahrenburg, M. (2021). Non-performing Loans - New Risks and Policies? NPL Resolution after Covid-19: Main Differences to Previous Crises. Frankfurt: Leibniz Information Centre for Economics.
  • Lagoarde-Segot, T., & Leoni, P. L. (2013). Pandemics of the Poor and Banking Stability. Journal of Banking and Finance, 37(11), 4574-4583.
  • Li, L., Strahan, P. E., & Zhang, S. (2020). Banks as Lenders of First Resort: Evidence from the COVID-19 Crisis. The Review of Corporate Finance Studies, 9(3), 472-500. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/rcfs/cfaa009
  • Loayza, N. V., & Pennings, S. (2020). Macroeconomic Policy in the Time of COVID-19: A Primer for Developing Countries. Research & Policy Briefs, (28), 1-9.
  • Park, C. Y., Villafuerte, J., Abiad, A., Narayanan, B., Banzon, E., Samson, J., . . . Tayag, M. C. (2020). An Updated Assessment of the Economic Impact of COVID-19. Metro Manila: Asian Development Bank. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/BRF200144-2
  • Rizwan, M. S., Ahmad, G., & Ashraf, D. (2020). Systemic Risk: The Impact of Covid-19. Finance Research Letters, 36(101682), 1-7. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2020.101682
  • Schillig, M. (2021). Banking and Finance after Covid-19. King’s Law Journal, 32(1), 49-59. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09615768.2021.1886659
  • Song, Q., Du, J., & Wu, Y. (2021). Bank Loans for Small Businesses in Times of Covid-19: Evidence from China. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 57(6), 1652-1661. doi:10.1080/1540496X.2021.1900820
  • Sönmüş, A., & Aydın, K. (2020). Türkiye'de ve G-20 Ülkelerinde Covid-19 Sürecinde Devletlerin Politikaları. Al Farabi Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 6(1), 90-95. doi:DOI: 10.46291/Al-Farabi.060107
  • Tarmur, S., Karamanoğlu, K., & Cığızoğlu, O. (2021). Turkish NPL Purchasing Market. İstanbul: PwC Türkiye.
  • TCMB. (2021). Finansal İstikrar Raporu Mayıs 2021. Ankara: Türkiye Cumhuriyet Merkez Bankası.
  • Vidovic, L., & Tamminaina, P. (2020, 05 11). The Outlook For Corporate Credit Risk; COVID-19 Pandemic And Macroeconomic. 05 23, 2021 tarihinde S&P Global Market Intelligence: https://www.spglobal.com/marketintelligence/en/news-insights/research/the-outlook-for-corporate-credit-risk-covid-19-pandemic-and-macroeconomic adresinden alındı
  • Yetim, S. (2005). Avrupa Birliğine Tam Üyelik Sürecinde Türk Bankacılık Sektörü. Ankara: BDDK.
  • Yoo, J. H. (2020). The Fight Against the 2019-NCoV Outbreak: An Arduous March Has Just Begun. Journal of Korean Medical Science, 35(4), 1-3. doi:https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e56
There are 47 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Mustafa Beybur 0000-0003-0538-7155

Murat Çetinkaya 0000-0002-1698-4222

Publication Date October 29, 2021
Submission Date June 18, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Issue: 28

Cite

APA Beybur, M., & Çetinkaya, M. (2021). COVID-19 PANDEMİSİNİN TÜRK BANKACILIK SEKTÖRÜ KREDİLERİ VE TAHSİLİ GECİKMİŞ ALACAKLARI ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİLERİ. Dicle Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi(28), 181-210.

Dicle University
Journal of Social Sciences Institute (DUSBED)