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Effects of Income and Rural Area on Education

Year 2020, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 10 - 23, 20.03.2020

Mehmet Şengür Sedef Şengür

Abstract

The geographical areas where the population density is low and the production based on agriculture and animal farming rather than industrial-type production is considered a rural area. More specifically, in this study, we have defined areas with less than 2500 inhabitants as rural areas. The share in the total population of the rural population in the world and Turkey decreased over time. In the first period of the Republic of Turkey, 75% of the population live in rural areas, the proportion of people living in rural areas has decreased to 7.7% in 2017. The population migrated from rural to urban areas was also the main reason for the acceleration of urbanization. In this study, using data on education in Turkey and the world, its impact on rural areas were comparatively investigated. Besides, variables affecting the education level were analyzed by the logistic regression model. The preliminary results show that the increase in income causes urbanization. Gender is one of the determinants of the level of education.

Keywords

income education rural areas

References

  • Atchoarena, D. & Gasperini, L. (2003). Education for Rural Development towards New Policy Responses. International Institute for Educational Planning (IIEP) UNESCO. 7-9 rue Eugene-Delacroix, 75116 Paris, France.
  • Ciftci, C., & Kangalli, S. G. (2015). Eğitim ve Gelir. Ege Academic Review, 15(1).
  • DPT (2000). Sekizinci Beş Yıllık Kalkınma Planı Kırsal Kalkınma Özel İhtisas Komisyonu Raporu. Ankara. http://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/08_KirsalKalkinma.pdf.
  • Geray, C. (1985). Türkiye’de Köysel Yerleşme Düzeni. O. Arı (Ed.) Köy Sosyolojisi Okuma Kitabı. Ankara: Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Glomm, G. & Ravikumar, B. (2003). Public Education and Income Inequality. European Journal of Political Economy, 19(2), 289-300.
  • Gregorio, J. D., & Lee, J. W. (2002). Education and Income Inequality: New Evidence From Cross‐Country Data. Review of Income and Wealth, 48(3), 395-416.
  • Hobbs, D. (1994). Demographic Trends in Nonmetropolitan America. Journal of Research in Rural Education, 10(3), 149-160.
  • Howley, C. B. (1997). How to Make Rural Education Research Rural: An Essay at Practical Advice. Journal of Research in Rural Edurnalcation, 131-138.
  • Kannapel, P. J., & DeYoung, A. J. (1999). The rural school problem in 1999: A review and critique of the literature. Journal of Research in Rural Education, 15(2), 67-79.
  • Kurt, H. (2003). Türkiye’de Köy-Kent Çelişkisi. Siyasal Kitabevi: Ankara.
  • O'Neill, D. (1995). Education and Income Growth: Implications For Cross-Country Inequality . Journal of Political Economy. 1289-1301.
  • Long, S. J.,& Freese, J. (2006). Regression Models for Categorical Dependent Variables Using Stata. Stata Press.
  • MEB (2011). 2010-2011 Milli Eğitim İstatistikleri Örgün Eğitim. Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı Strateji Geliştirme Başkanlığı, Ankara.
  • MEB (2012). 2011-2012 Milli Eğitim İstatistikleri Örgün Eğitim. Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı Strateji Geliştirme Başkanlığı, Ankara.
  • MEB (2018). 2017-2018 Milli Eğitim İstatistikleri Örgün Eğitim. Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı Strateji Geliştirme Başkanlığı, Ankara.
  • Muller, A. (2002). Education, Income Inequality, and Mortality: a Multiple Regression Analysis. BMJ, 324(7328), 23.
  • Ning, G. (2010). Can Educational Expansion Improve Income Inequality? Evidences from the CHNS 1997 and 2006. Economic Systems, 34(4), 397-412.
  • Palaz, S., Şenergin, Ö. & Öksüzler, O. (2013). Eğitim Düzeyi Farklılıklarının Gelir Dağılımına Etkisi: Türkiye Örneği. Girişimcilik ve Kalkınma Dergisi, 8(2).
  • Park, K. H. (1996). Educational Expansion and Educational Inequality on Income Distribution. Economics of Education Review, 15(1), 51-58.
  • Parsons, E. (1996). Expanding the Universe of Education. Education in rural Australia, 6(1), 1-81.
  • Rehme, G. (2007). Education, Economic Growth and Measured Income Inequality. Economica, 74(295), 493-514.
  • Sarı, R. (2003). Gelir Dağılımında Eğitim Faktörü: Kentsel Bazda Bir Örnek. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi. 58(2),177-189.
  • Stephenson, B., Cook, D., Dixon, P., Duckworth, W., Kaiser, M., Koehler, K., & Meeker, W. (2008) http://modul.repo.mercubuanayogya.ac.id/modul/files/openjournal/Journal%20Of%20Engineering/GLM.logistic.Rpackage.pdf. 05.05.2019.
  • Sylwester, K. (2000). Income Inequality, Education Expenditures and Growth. Journal of Development Economics, 63(2), 379-398.
  • Sylwester, K. (2002). Can Education Expenditures Reduce Income Inequality?. Economics of Education Review, 21(1), 43-52.
  • Tarım ve Köy İşleri Bakanlığı (2008). Katılım Öncesi Yardım Aracı Kırsal Kalkınma Programı (IPARD 2007-2013). Ankara: Tarım ve Köy İşleri Bakanlığı Yayınları.
  • Tomul, E. (2007). Türkiye’de Eğitime Katılım Üzerinde Gelirin Etkisi. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 22(22), 122-131.
  • Yılmaz, M. (2015). Türkiye’de Kırsal Nüfusun Değişimi ve İllere Göre Dağılımı (1980-2012). Doğu Coğrafya Dergisi, 20(33), 161-188.
  • http://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.5.1739.pdf, 12.02.2019.
  • https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.3.442.pdf, 12.02.2019.
  • http://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.4.222.pdf, 12.02.2019.
  • http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/rural-development-2014-2020/index_en.htm, 10.03.2019.
  • http://tuik.gov.tr/Start.do, 10.03.2019.
  • https://stats.oecd.org/, 10.03.2019.

Effects of Income and Rural Area on Education

Year 2020, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 10 - 23, 20.03.2020

Mehmet Şengür Sedef Şengür

Abstract

The geographical areas where the population density is low and the production based on agriculture and animal farming rather than industrial-type production is considered a rural area. More specifically, in this study, we have defined areas with less than 2500 inhabitants as rural areas. The share in the total population of the rural population in the world and Turkey decreased over time. In the first period of the Republic of Turkey, 75% of the population live in rural areas, the proportion of people living in rural areas has decreased to 7.7% in 2017. The population migrated from rural to urban areas was also the main reason for the acceleration of urbanization. In this study, using data on education in Turkey and the world, its impact on rural areas were comparatively investigated. Besides, variables affecting the education level were analyzed by the logistic regression model. The preliminary results show that the increase in income causes urbanization. Gender is one of the determinants of the level of education.

Keywords

income education rural areas

References

  • Atchoarena, D. & Gasperini, L. (2003). Education for Rural Development towards New Policy Responses. International Institute for Educational Planning (IIEP) UNESCO. 7-9 rue Eugene-Delacroix, 75116 Paris, France.
  • Ciftci, C., & Kangalli, S. G. (2015). Eğitim ve Gelir. Ege Academic Review, 15(1).
  • DPT (2000). Sekizinci Beş Yıllık Kalkınma Planı Kırsal Kalkınma Özel İhtisas Komisyonu Raporu. Ankara. http://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/08_KirsalKalkinma.pdf.
  • Geray, C. (1985). Türkiye’de Köysel Yerleşme Düzeni. O. Arı (Ed.) Köy Sosyolojisi Okuma Kitabı. Ankara: Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Glomm, G. & Ravikumar, B. (2003). Public Education and Income Inequality. European Journal of Political Economy, 19(2), 289-300.
  • Gregorio, J. D., & Lee, J. W. (2002). Education and Income Inequality: New Evidence From Cross‐Country Data. Review of Income and Wealth, 48(3), 395-416.
  • Hobbs, D. (1994). Demographic Trends in Nonmetropolitan America. Journal of Research in Rural Education, 10(3), 149-160.
  • Howley, C. B. (1997). How to Make Rural Education Research Rural: An Essay at Practical Advice. Journal of Research in Rural Edurnalcation, 131-138.
  • Kannapel, P. J., & DeYoung, A. J. (1999). The rural school problem in 1999: A review and critique of the literature. Journal of Research in Rural Education, 15(2), 67-79.
  • Kurt, H. (2003). Türkiye’de Köy-Kent Çelişkisi. Siyasal Kitabevi: Ankara.
  • O'Neill, D. (1995). Education and Income Growth: Implications For Cross-Country Inequality . Journal of Political Economy. 1289-1301.
  • Long, S. J.,& Freese, J. (2006). Regression Models for Categorical Dependent Variables Using Stata. Stata Press.
  • MEB (2011). 2010-2011 Milli Eğitim İstatistikleri Örgün Eğitim. Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı Strateji Geliştirme Başkanlığı, Ankara.
  • MEB (2012). 2011-2012 Milli Eğitim İstatistikleri Örgün Eğitim. Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı Strateji Geliştirme Başkanlığı, Ankara.
  • MEB (2018). 2017-2018 Milli Eğitim İstatistikleri Örgün Eğitim. Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı Strateji Geliştirme Başkanlığı, Ankara.
  • Muller, A. (2002). Education, Income Inequality, and Mortality: a Multiple Regression Analysis. BMJ, 324(7328), 23.
  • Ning, G. (2010). Can Educational Expansion Improve Income Inequality? Evidences from the CHNS 1997 and 2006. Economic Systems, 34(4), 397-412.
  • Palaz, S., Şenergin, Ö. & Öksüzler, O. (2013). Eğitim Düzeyi Farklılıklarının Gelir Dağılımına Etkisi: Türkiye Örneği. Girişimcilik ve Kalkınma Dergisi, 8(2).
  • Park, K. H. (1996). Educational Expansion and Educational Inequality on Income Distribution. Economics of Education Review, 15(1), 51-58.
  • Parsons, E. (1996). Expanding the Universe of Education. Education in rural Australia, 6(1), 1-81.
  • Rehme, G. (2007). Education, Economic Growth and Measured Income Inequality. Economica, 74(295), 493-514.
  • Sarı, R. (2003). Gelir Dağılımında Eğitim Faktörü: Kentsel Bazda Bir Örnek. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi. 58(2),177-189.
  • Stephenson, B., Cook, D., Dixon, P., Duckworth, W., Kaiser, M., Koehler, K., & Meeker, W. (2008) http://modul.repo.mercubuanayogya.ac.id/modul/files/openjournal/Journal%20Of%20Engineering/GLM.logistic.Rpackage.pdf. 05.05.2019.
  • Sylwester, K. (2000). Income Inequality, Education Expenditures and Growth. Journal of Development Economics, 63(2), 379-398.
  • Sylwester, K. (2002). Can Education Expenditures Reduce Income Inequality?. Economics of Education Review, 21(1), 43-52.
  • Tarım ve Köy İşleri Bakanlığı (2008). Katılım Öncesi Yardım Aracı Kırsal Kalkınma Programı (IPARD 2007-2013). Ankara: Tarım ve Köy İşleri Bakanlığı Yayınları.
  • Tomul, E. (2007). Türkiye’de Eğitime Katılım Üzerinde Gelirin Etkisi. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 22(22), 122-131.
  • Yılmaz, M. (2015). Türkiye’de Kırsal Nüfusun Değişimi ve İllere Göre Dağılımı (1980-2012). Doğu Coğrafya Dergisi, 20(33), 161-188.
  • http://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.5.1739.pdf, 12.02.2019.
  • https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.3.442.pdf, 12.02.2019.
  • http://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.4.222.pdf, 12.02.2019.
  • http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/rural-development-2014-2020/index_en.htm, 10.03.2019.
  • http://tuik.gov.tr/Start.do, 10.03.2019.
  • https://stats.oecd.org/, 10.03.2019.
There are 34 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Economics
Journal Section Reseach Articles
Authors

Mehmet Şengür 0000-0002-2173-9977

Sedef Şengür 0000-0001-5216-7572

Publication Date March 20, 2020
Acceptance Date February 27, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 7 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Şengür, M., & Şengür, S. (2020). Effects of Income and Rural Area on Education. Equinox Journal of Economics Business and Political Studies, 7(1), 10-23.
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