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Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma, Ekonomik Karmaşıklık ve Uluslararası Turizmin Panel Veri Analizi İle İncelenmesi

Year 2021, Volume: 35 Issue: 4, 1721 - 1740, 17.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.48070/erciyesakademi.1001890

Abstract

Bu araştırma gelişmekte olan ülkelerde ekonomik karmaşıklık, uluslararası turizm ve sürdürülebilir kalkınma arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemek amacıyla panel veri analizi yöntemini kullanmıştır. Gelişmekte olan ülke örnekleminden seçilen 24 ülkenin 1994-2017 arasındaki dönemi Pedroni, Kao ve Fisher-Johansen eşbütünleşme testleri incelenmiştir. Eşbütünleşme test sonuçları, değişkenlerin uzun dönemde eşbütünleşik olduğunu göstermiştir. Uzun dönem esneklikler ise PDOLS ve FMOLS tahminciler kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Sonuçlar, uzun dönemde gelen turist sayısının ve ekonomik karmaşıklığın ekonomik büyümeyi ve sürdürülebilir kalkınmayı; turizmin ise ekonomik karmaşıklığı pozitif yönlü etkilediğini göstermiştir. Araştırma sonuçları, uluslararası turizmin sadece sürdürülebilir kalkınmayı değil, aynı zamanda ülkelerin üretim kabiliyetlerini ve verimliliği de olumlu etkilediğini göstermiştir. Bu bakımdan, gelişmekte olan ülkelerde uluslararası turizmi destekleyici politikaların uygulanması, sürdürülebilir kalkınmayı arttıracak, ülkelerin üretim kabiliyetlerini, verimliliğini ve ihraç ettikleri ürünlerin üretkenlik bileşimlerini olumlu etkileyerek, rekabet gücünün artmasına katkı sağlayacaktır. Bu bulgu gelişmekte olan ülkelerde turizm sektörü ile üretim sektörü arasındaki etkileşimi göstermesi bakımından önemlidir. Turizmin teşvik edilmesi üretim yöntemlerinde yeniliği ve sofistike ürünlerin sektörel dağılımını arttırmak için ihtiyaç duyulan sermaye ve pazarın bulunmasına katkı sağlayacaktır.

References

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  • Adedoyin, F. F., Gumede, M. I., Bekun, F. V., Etokakpan, M. U., & Lobre-Lorente, D. (2020). Modelling coal rent, economic growth and CO2 emissions: Does regulatory quality matter in BRICS economies? Science of the Total Environment, 710, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136284
  • Akyol, H. (2020). Turizm faaliyetleri ve ekonomik büyüme ile gelir eşitsizliği arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi: Gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkeler örneği. Journal of Humanities and Tourism Research, 10(4): 966-977. http://dx.doi.org/10.14230/johut908
  • Alsaleh, M., & Abdul-Rahim, A. S. (2019). Financial development and bioenergy consumption in the EU 28 Region: Evidence from panel auto-regressive distributed lag bound approach. Resources, 8(44), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources8010044
  • Antonakakis, N., Dragouni, M., & Filis, G. (2015). How strong is the link age between tourism and economic growth in Europe? Economic Modelling, 44, 142–155.
  • Asteriou, D., Pilbeam, K., &Pratiwi, C. E. (2020). Public debt and economic growth: panel data evidence for Asian countries. Journal of Economics and Finance, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12197-020- 09515-7
  • Bal, H., Akça, E. E., & Bayraktar, M. (2016). The contribution of tourism to economic growth: a research on the Turkey. Akademik Yaklaşımlar Dergisi, 7(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.18026/cbayarsos.717991
  • Balaguer, J., & Cantavella-Jordá, M. (2002). Tourism as a long run economic growth factor: The Spanish Case. Applied Economics, 34(7), 877-884. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840110058923
  • Băndoi, A., Jianu, E., Enescu, M., Axinte, G., Tudor, S., & Firoiu, D. (2020). The Relationship between development of tourism, quality of life and sustainable performance in EU countries. Sustainability, 12(4), 1628.
  • Boga, S. (2019). Ekonomik karmaşıklık seviyesinin ekonomik büyüme üzerine etkisi: geçiş ülkeleri için bir panel zaman serisi analizi. Akademik Hassasiyetler Dergisi, 6(12), 357-386.
  • Breusch, T. S., & Pagan, A. R. (1980). The lagrange multiplier test and its applications to model specification in econometrics. Oxford University Press, The Review of Economic Studies, 47(1), 239-253.
  • Britto, G., Romero, J.P., Freitas, E., & Coelho, C. (2019). The great divide: economic complexity and development paths in Brazil and the Republic of Korea. CEPAL Review No 127, 191-213.
  • Creaco, S., & Querini, G. (2001). Tourism and sustainable Economic development. 41st Congress of the European Regional Science Association, 29 August-1 September, Zagreb, 1-7.
  • Çeştepe, H., & Çağlar, O. (2017). Ürün sofistikasyonu ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: Panel veri analizi. Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 13(5), 92-100.
  • Erbay, E. R., & Özden, M. (2013). İktisadi kalkınma kuramlarına eleştirel yaklaşım. Sosyal Bilimler Metinleri, 1,1-27.
  • Eusébio, C., Kastenholz, E., & Breda, Z. (2014). Tourism and sustainable development of rural destinations: A stakeholders’view. Revista Portuguesa De Estudos Regionais, (36), 13-21.
  • Fayissa, B., Nsiah, C., & Tadasse, B. (2008). Impact of tourism on economic growth and development in Africa. Tourism Economics, 14(4), 807- 818.
  • Gala, P., Rocha, I., & Magacho, G. (2018). The structuralist revenge: Economic complexity as an important dimension to evaluate growth and development. Brazilian Journal of Political Economy, 38(2), 219-236.
  • Greene, W. & McKenzie, C. (2012). LM tests for random effects. New York University, Leonard N. Stern School of Business, Department of Economics, Working Papers, 12-14, 1-9.
  • Hausmann, R., & Hidalgo, C. A. (2011). The network structure of economic output. Journal of Economic Growth, 16(4), 309-342. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10887-011-9071-4
  • Hidalgo, C. A. (2021). Economic complexity theory and applications. Nature Reviews Physics, 3(2), 92-113. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42254-020-00275-1
  • Hidalgo, C. A., & Hausmann, R. (2009). The building blocks of economic complexity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(26), 10570-10575.
  • Işık, N. (2018). Avrupa'da sürdürülebilir kalkınma, büyüme ve turizm: Panel veri analizi. International Review of Economics and Management, 6(2), 1-20.
  • Işık, N. (2018). Sustainable development and tourism in Asia: Panel data analysis. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 11(59), 970-979. http://dx.doi.org/10.17719/jisr.2018.2707
  • Kao, C. (1999). Spurious regression and residual-based tests for cointegration in panel data. Journal of Econometrics, 90, 1-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4076(98)00023-2
  • Karabulut, K., Akyol, H., & Karakuş, K. (2020). Dış ticaret ve turizmin bölgesel kalkınma üzerindeki etkisi nedir: PMG-ARDL ve panel kantil yaklaşımlar. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 38, 297-314.
  • Kılıç, C., & Balan, F. (2019). The effect of institutional factors on economic complexity in OECD countries: A panel data analysis. Scientific Committee, 1181.
  • Khadraoui, N., & Smida, M. (2012). Financial development and economic growth: static and dynamic panel data analysis. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 4(5), 94-104. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v4n5p94
  • Khan, A., Bibi, S., Lorenzo, A., Lyu, J., & Babar, Z. U. (2020). Tourism and development in developing economies: A policy implication perspective. Sustainability, 12, 1618, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12041618
  • Lee, K. K., & Vu, T. V. (2020). Economic complexity, human capital and income inequality: A cross-country analysis. The Japanese Economic Review, 71(4), 695-718. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42973-019- 00026-7
  • Manzoor, F., Wei, L., Asif, M., Ul Haq, M. Z., & Ur Rehman, H. (2019). The contribution of sustainable tourism to economic growth and employment in Pakistan. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16, 3785, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193785
  • Ninerola, A., Sanchez-Rebull, M. V., & Hernandez-Lara, A. B. (2019). Tourism research on sustainability: a bibliometric analysis. Sustainability, 11, 1377, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11051377
  • Nissan, E., Galindo, M. G., & Méndez, M. T. (2011). Relationship between tourism and economic growth. The Service Industries Journal, 31(10), 1567-1572. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2010.485636
  • Okech, R., Haghiri, M. & George, B. P. (2012). Rural tourism as a sustainable development alternative: an analysıs with special reference to Luanda, Kenya.Cultur, 6 (3), 36-54.
  • Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2020). OECD Tourism Trends and Policies. OECD Publishing, Paris.
  • Pablo-Romero, M. D. P., & Molina, J. A. (2013). Tourism and economic growth: a review of empirical literature. Tourism Management Perspectives, 8, 28–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TMP.2013.05.006
  • Pan, X. M. & Dossou, T. A. M. (2020). The relationship between tourism and sustainable economic growth in The Republic of Benin. Current Issues in Tourism, 23(7), 785-794.
  • Pedrana, M. (2013). Local economic development policies and tourism. An approach to sustaınabılıty and culture. Regional Science Inquiry Journal, 1, 91-99. https://doi.org/10.24288/jttr.315071
  • Pedroni, P. (1999). Critical values for cointegration tests in heterogeneous panels with multiple regressors. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Special Issue, 0305-9049, 653-670.
  • Pedroni, P. (2004). Panel cointegration: Asymptotic and finite sample properties of pooled time series tests with an application to The PPP hypothesis. Econometric Theory, 20, 597–625.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. P. (1999). Pooled mean group estimation of dynamic heterogeneous panels. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 94(446), 621-634. https://doi.org/10.2307/2670182
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels. IZA, Discussion Paper Series, 1240, 1-39.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross-section dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22, 265–312.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2015). Testing weak cross-section all dependence in large panels. Econometric Reviews, 34, 6-10, 1089-1117.
  • Poncet, S., & De Waldemar, F. S. (2013). Export upgrading and growth: the prerequisite of domestic embeddedness. World Development, 51, 104-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.05.010
  • Ren, T., Can, M., Paramati, S. R., Fang, J. & Wu, W. (2019). The impact of tourism quality on economic development and environment: Evidence from Mediterranean countries. Sustainability, 11, 2296, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11082296
  • Selimi, N., Sadiku, L., & Sadiku, M. (2017). The impact of tourism on economic growth in the western balkan countries: an empirical analysis. International Journal of Business and Economic Sciences Applied Research, 10(2), 19-25. http://dx.doi.org/10.25103/ijbesar.102.02
  • Stojkoski, V., & Kocarev, L. (2017). The relationship between growth and economic complexity: evidence from Southeastern and Central Europe, Munich Personal RePEc Archive Paper 77837.
  • Tatoğlu, F. Y. (2016). Panel veri ekonometrisi- stata uygulamalı. İstanbul: Beta Basım Yayımcılık.
  • The Observatory of Economic Complexity. (2021). Economic complexity legacy rankings (ECI). https://oec.world/en/rankings/legacy/eci. Erişim Tarihi: 10 Mayıs 2021
  • The World Commission on Environment and Development (1987). Our common future. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • The World Tourism Organization (2017). Tourism and the sustainable development goals- journey to 2030. The United Nations Development Programme, 1-105.
  • Tugcu, C.T. (2014). Tourism and economic growth nexus revisited: a panel causality analysis forth case of the mediterranean region. Tourism Management, 42, 207-212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2013.12.007
  • United Nations Development Programme. (2021). Human development reports. http://hdr.undp.org/en/data. Erişim Tarihi: 10 Mayıs 2021
  • World Bank (2020). Indicators. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators. Erişim Tarihi: 10 Aralık 2020.
  • Yavlioğlu, C. (2002). Geri kalmışlık olgusu ve ekonomistik kalkınma teorileri. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 3(2), 49-70.
  • Zhu, S., &Li, R. (2017). Economic complexity, human capital and economic growth: empirical research based on cross-country panel data. Applied Economics, 49(38), 3815-3828.

Review of Sustainable Development, Economic Complexity and International Tourism with Panel Data Analysis

Year 2021, Volume: 35 Issue: 4, 1721 - 1740, 17.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.48070/erciyesakademi.1001890

Abstract

This research used panel data analysis to examine the relationship between Economic complexity, international tourism, and sustainable development in developing countries. The 24 countries selected from the developing country sample were examined in the Pedroni, Kao and Fisher-Johansen co-ordination tests from 1994 to 2017. The results of the cointegration were shown that the variables have been cointegrated in the long term. The long-term flexibilities were analyzed using PDOLS and FMOLS estimators. The results showed that the number of tourists arriving in the long term and the Economic complexity has a positive effect on Economic growth and Sustainable development, while tourism has a positive effect on Economic complexity. The research results have shown that international tourism has a positive impact not only on Sustainable development but also on the production capabilities and productivity of countries. In this regard, the implementation of supportive policies in developing countries, international tourism, sustainable development Will boost the country's manufacturing capabilities, efficiency, and productivity positive trends Will contribute to the competitiveness of their total exports, the combinations. This finding is important in terms of showing the interaction between the tourism sector and the manufacturing sector in developing countries. Promoting tourism will contribute to the innovation in production methods and availability of capital and market needed to increase the sectoral distribution of sophisticated products.

References

  • Abbasi, K. R., Lv, K., Radulescu, M., & Shaikh, P. A. (2021). Economic complexity, tourism, energy prices, and environmental degradation in the top economic complexity countries: Fresh panel evidence. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15312-4
  • Adedoyin, F. F., Gumede, M. I., Bekun, F. V., Etokakpan, M. U., & Lobre-Lorente, D. (2020). Modelling coal rent, economic growth and CO2 emissions: Does regulatory quality matter in BRICS economies? Science of the Total Environment, 710, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136284
  • Akyol, H. (2020). Turizm faaliyetleri ve ekonomik büyüme ile gelir eşitsizliği arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi: Gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkeler örneği. Journal of Humanities and Tourism Research, 10(4): 966-977. http://dx.doi.org/10.14230/johut908
  • Alsaleh, M., & Abdul-Rahim, A. S. (2019). Financial development and bioenergy consumption in the EU 28 Region: Evidence from panel auto-regressive distributed lag bound approach. Resources, 8(44), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources8010044
  • Antonakakis, N., Dragouni, M., & Filis, G. (2015). How strong is the link age between tourism and economic growth in Europe? Economic Modelling, 44, 142–155.
  • Asteriou, D., Pilbeam, K., &Pratiwi, C. E. (2020). Public debt and economic growth: panel data evidence for Asian countries. Journal of Economics and Finance, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12197-020- 09515-7
  • Bal, H., Akça, E. E., & Bayraktar, M. (2016). The contribution of tourism to economic growth: a research on the Turkey. Akademik Yaklaşımlar Dergisi, 7(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.18026/cbayarsos.717991
  • Balaguer, J., & Cantavella-Jordá, M. (2002). Tourism as a long run economic growth factor: The Spanish Case. Applied Economics, 34(7), 877-884. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840110058923
  • Băndoi, A., Jianu, E., Enescu, M., Axinte, G., Tudor, S., & Firoiu, D. (2020). The Relationship between development of tourism, quality of life and sustainable performance in EU countries. Sustainability, 12(4), 1628.
  • Boga, S. (2019). Ekonomik karmaşıklık seviyesinin ekonomik büyüme üzerine etkisi: geçiş ülkeleri için bir panel zaman serisi analizi. Akademik Hassasiyetler Dergisi, 6(12), 357-386.
  • Breusch, T. S., & Pagan, A. R. (1980). The lagrange multiplier test and its applications to model specification in econometrics. Oxford University Press, The Review of Economic Studies, 47(1), 239-253.
  • Britto, G., Romero, J.P., Freitas, E., & Coelho, C. (2019). The great divide: economic complexity and development paths in Brazil and the Republic of Korea. CEPAL Review No 127, 191-213.
  • Creaco, S., & Querini, G. (2001). Tourism and sustainable Economic development. 41st Congress of the European Regional Science Association, 29 August-1 September, Zagreb, 1-7.
  • Çeştepe, H., & Çağlar, O. (2017). Ürün sofistikasyonu ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: Panel veri analizi. Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 13(5), 92-100.
  • Erbay, E. R., & Özden, M. (2013). İktisadi kalkınma kuramlarına eleştirel yaklaşım. Sosyal Bilimler Metinleri, 1,1-27.
  • Eusébio, C., Kastenholz, E., & Breda, Z. (2014). Tourism and sustainable development of rural destinations: A stakeholders’view. Revista Portuguesa De Estudos Regionais, (36), 13-21.
  • Fayissa, B., Nsiah, C., & Tadasse, B. (2008). Impact of tourism on economic growth and development in Africa. Tourism Economics, 14(4), 807- 818.
  • Gala, P., Rocha, I., & Magacho, G. (2018). The structuralist revenge: Economic complexity as an important dimension to evaluate growth and development. Brazilian Journal of Political Economy, 38(2), 219-236.
  • Greene, W. & McKenzie, C. (2012). LM tests for random effects. New York University, Leonard N. Stern School of Business, Department of Economics, Working Papers, 12-14, 1-9.
  • Hausmann, R., & Hidalgo, C. A. (2011). The network structure of economic output. Journal of Economic Growth, 16(4), 309-342. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10887-011-9071-4
  • Hidalgo, C. A. (2021). Economic complexity theory and applications. Nature Reviews Physics, 3(2), 92-113. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42254-020-00275-1
  • Hidalgo, C. A., & Hausmann, R. (2009). The building blocks of economic complexity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(26), 10570-10575.
  • Işık, N. (2018). Avrupa'da sürdürülebilir kalkınma, büyüme ve turizm: Panel veri analizi. International Review of Economics and Management, 6(2), 1-20.
  • Işık, N. (2018). Sustainable development and tourism in Asia: Panel data analysis. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 11(59), 970-979. http://dx.doi.org/10.17719/jisr.2018.2707
  • Kao, C. (1999). Spurious regression and residual-based tests for cointegration in panel data. Journal of Econometrics, 90, 1-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4076(98)00023-2
  • Karabulut, K., Akyol, H., & Karakuş, K. (2020). Dış ticaret ve turizmin bölgesel kalkınma üzerindeki etkisi nedir: PMG-ARDL ve panel kantil yaklaşımlar. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 38, 297-314.
  • Kılıç, C., & Balan, F. (2019). The effect of institutional factors on economic complexity in OECD countries: A panel data analysis. Scientific Committee, 1181.
  • Khadraoui, N., & Smida, M. (2012). Financial development and economic growth: static and dynamic panel data analysis. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 4(5), 94-104. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v4n5p94
  • Khan, A., Bibi, S., Lorenzo, A., Lyu, J., & Babar, Z. U. (2020). Tourism and development in developing economies: A policy implication perspective. Sustainability, 12, 1618, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12041618
  • Lee, K. K., & Vu, T. V. (2020). Economic complexity, human capital and income inequality: A cross-country analysis. The Japanese Economic Review, 71(4), 695-718. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42973-019- 00026-7
  • Manzoor, F., Wei, L., Asif, M., Ul Haq, M. Z., & Ur Rehman, H. (2019). The contribution of sustainable tourism to economic growth and employment in Pakistan. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16, 3785, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193785
  • Ninerola, A., Sanchez-Rebull, M. V., & Hernandez-Lara, A. B. (2019). Tourism research on sustainability: a bibliometric analysis. Sustainability, 11, 1377, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11051377
  • Nissan, E., Galindo, M. G., & Méndez, M. T. (2011). Relationship between tourism and economic growth. The Service Industries Journal, 31(10), 1567-1572. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2010.485636
  • Okech, R., Haghiri, M. & George, B. P. (2012). Rural tourism as a sustainable development alternative: an analysıs with special reference to Luanda, Kenya.Cultur, 6 (3), 36-54.
  • Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2020). OECD Tourism Trends and Policies. OECD Publishing, Paris.
  • Pablo-Romero, M. D. P., & Molina, J. A. (2013). Tourism and economic growth: a review of empirical literature. Tourism Management Perspectives, 8, 28–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TMP.2013.05.006
  • Pan, X. M. & Dossou, T. A. M. (2020). The relationship between tourism and sustainable economic growth in The Republic of Benin. Current Issues in Tourism, 23(7), 785-794.
  • Pedrana, M. (2013). Local economic development policies and tourism. An approach to sustaınabılıty and culture. Regional Science Inquiry Journal, 1, 91-99. https://doi.org/10.24288/jttr.315071
  • Pedroni, P. (1999). Critical values for cointegration tests in heterogeneous panels with multiple regressors. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Special Issue, 0305-9049, 653-670.
  • Pedroni, P. (2004). Panel cointegration: Asymptotic and finite sample properties of pooled time series tests with an application to The PPP hypothesis. Econometric Theory, 20, 597–625.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. P. (1999). Pooled mean group estimation of dynamic heterogeneous panels. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 94(446), 621-634. https://doi.org/10.2307/2670182
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels. IZA, Discussion Paper Series, 1240, 1-39.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross-section dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22, 265–312.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2015). Testing weak cross-section all dependence in large panels. Econometric Reviews, 34, 6-10, 1089-1117.
  • Poncet, S., & De Waldemar, F. S. (2013). Export upgrading and growth: the prerequisite of domestic embeddedness. World Development, 51, 104-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.05.010
  • Ren, T., Can, M., Paramati, S. R., Fang, J. & Wu, W. (2019). The impact of tourism quality on economic development and environment: Evidence from Mediterranean countries. Sustainability, 11, 2296, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11082296
  • Selimi, N., Sadiku, L., & Sadiku, M. (2017). The impact of tourism on economic growth in the western balkan countries: an empirical analysis. International Journal of Business and Economic Sciences Applied Research, 10(2), 19-25. http://dx.doi.org/10.25103/ijbesar.102.02
  • Stojkoski, V., & Kocarev, L. (2017). The relationship between growth and economic complexity: evidence from Southeastern and Central Europe, Munich Personal RePEc Archive Paper 77837.
  • Tatoğlu, F. Y. (2016). Panel veri ekonometrisi- stata uygulamalı. İstanbul: Beta Basım Yayımcılık.
  • The Observatory of Economic Complexity. (2021). Economic complexity legacy rankings (ECI). https://oec.world/en/rankings/legacy/eci. Erişim Tarihi: 10 Mayıs 2021
  • The World Commission on Environment and Development (1987). Our common future. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • The World Tourism Organization (2017). Tourism and the sustainable development goals- journey to 2030. The United Nations Development Programme, 1-105.
  • Tugcu, C.T. (2014). Tourism and economic growth nexus revisited: a panel causality analysis forth case of the mediterranean region. Tourism Management, 42, 207-212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2013.12.007
  • United Nations Development Programme. (2021). Human development reports. http://hdr.undp.org/en/data. Erişim Tarihi: 10 Mayıs 2021
  • World Bank (2020). Indicators. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators. Erişim Tarihi: 10 Aralık 2020.
  • Yavlioğlu, C. (2002). Geri kalmışlık olgusu ve ekonomistik kalkınma teorileri. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 3(2), 49-70.
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Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Hikmet Akyol 0000-0001-9119-7416

Kübra Gül 0000-0001-9845-0082

Publication Date December 17, 2021
Submission Date September 29, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 35 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Akyol, H., & Gül, K. (2021). Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma, Ekonomik Karmaşıklık ve Uluslararası Turizmin Panel Veri Analizi İle İncelenmesi. Erciyes Akademi, 35(4), 1721-1740. https://doi.org/10.48070/erciyesakademi.1001890

ERCİYES AKADEMİ | 2021 | erciyesakademi@erciyes.edu.tr Bu eser Creative Commons Atıf-Gayri Ticari-Türetilemez 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı ile lisanslanmıştır.