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GÖÇ SÖYLEMİNİ ALGILAMAK: TÜRKİYE ÖRNEĞİ

Year 2022, Volume: 2 Issue: 2, 329 - 348, 31.12.2022

Merve Hazer Yiğit Uyar

Abstract

Siyasal, sosyal ve ekonomik olarak bir grubu dışlamak o grubu marjinalize ederek onu gerçek bir güvenlik sebebi yaratmaya itmek anlamına da gelmektedir. Göç ile yaratılan biz ve ötekiler algısı popülizmle körüklenmekte ve mülteciler güvenlikleştirilmektedir. Yaratılan öteki ise maalesef toplumun en kırılgan kesimlerinden biri olan mültecilerdir. Bu çalışmada temsili demokrasi konseptindeki en güçlü siyasi aktörler olarak görülen siyasi partilerin parti manifestolarına odaklanılmaktadır. Seçim manifestoları, partilerin duruşlarını gösteren resmi belgeler olması dolayısıyla önemli veri kaynaklarındandır. Mülteci Krizi öncesi ve sonrası Türkiye genel seçimleri manifestoları analize dahil edilmiştir (2007- 2011- 2015 Haziran- 2015 Kasım-2018). Karma yöntem kullanılarak göçün siyasal söylemde yer aldığı kategorilerin popülizm, güvenlikleştirme ve Avrupa şüpheciliği ile olduğu iddia edilmiştir. Seçim manifestolarının göç söylemleri politik tutumlarla ilişkilendirilmiştir. Bu çalışmanın temel argümanı ancak mülteci krizi ile beraber mülteci, göçmen, sığınmacı kelimelerine öteki anlamının yüklendiği ve siyasal söylemde popülist retoriklerde güvenlikleştirme ile beraber yer alıp yabancı düşmanlığı ve Avrupa şüpheci argümanlarla desteklendiği yönündedir.

Keywords

Uluslararası Göç Mülteci Güvenlikleştirme Popülizm Uluslararası Siyaset

References

  • Erdoğan, E., & Erçetin, T. (2018). How Turkey’s repetitive elections affected the populist tone in the discourses of the Justice and Development Party Leaders. Philosophy and Social Criticism, 44(4), 382-398.
  • Akşener, M. (2018, 6 8). Meral Akşener Rize’de Konuştu. Retrieved 4 16, 2019, from iyiparti.org: https://iyiparti.org.tr/haber/meral-aksener-rizede-konustu
  • Albertazzi, D., & McDonnell, D. (2008). Introduction: The Sceptre and the Spectre. In D. Albertazzi, & D. McDonnell, Twenty-First Century Populism: The Spectre of Western European Democracy (pp. 1-14). Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Alexseev, M. (2005). Immigration Phobia and the Security Dilemma: Russia, Europe and the United States,. New York: Cambridge University Press,.
  • AnadoluAjansı. (2018, 6 20). CHP'nin adayı İnce: Kamu bankalarını yeniden düzenleyeceğiz. Retrieved 3 26, 2019, from aa.com.tr: https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/politika/chpnin-adayi-ince-kamu-bankalarini-yeniden-duzenleyecegiz/1180188
  • Bernhar, L., & Kriesi, H. (2019). Populism in election times: a comparative analysis of 11 countries in Western Europe. West European Politics, 42(6), 1188-1208.
  • Bigo, D. (2001). Migration and Security. In V. Guiraudon, & C. Joppke, Controlling a New Migration World. London: Routledge.
  • Brubaker, R. (2019). Why Populism. In G. Fitzi, J. Mackert, & B. Turner, Populism and the Crisis of Democracy: Volume 1 (pp. 27-46). London-New York: Routledge.
  • Buzan, B., Weaver, O., & De Wilde, J. (1998). Security: A New Fraework for Analysis. Lynne Reinner Publications: Lynne Reinner Publications.
  • Caiani, M. (2019). The populist parties and their electoral success: different causes behind different populisms? the case of the Five-star Movement and the League. Contemporary Italian Politics, 11(3), 236-250.
  • D'Appollonia, A. C. (2012). Frontiers of Fear: Immigration and Insecurity in the United States and Europe. New York: Cornell University Press.
  • Erdoğan, R. T. (2018, 1 24). 44. Muhtarlar Toplantısında Yaptıkları Konuşma. Retrieved 3 23, 2019, from Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Cumhurbaşkanlığı: https://www.tccb.gov.tr/konusmalar/353/89317/44-muhtarlar-toplantisinda-yaptiklari-konusma
  • Faist, T. (2002). 'Extension du domanie de la lutte’: International Migration and Security before and after September 11, 2001. International Migration Review, 36(1), 7-14.
  • Kopecky, P., & Mudde, C. (2002). Two Sides of Euroscepticism Party Positions on European Integration in East Central Europe. European Union Politics, 3(3), 297-326.
  • Lazaridis, G. (2011). Introduction. In G. Lazaridis, Security, Insecurity and Migration in Europe (pp. 1-12). Farnham Surrey: Ashgate.
  • Mandacı, N., & Özerim, G. (2013). Uluslararası göçlerin bir güvenlik konusuna dönüşümü: Avrupa’da Radikal Sağ Partiler ve Göçün Güvenlikleştirilmesi. Uluslararası İlişkiler, 10(9), 105-130.
  • Mazzoleni, G. (2008). Populism and the Media. In D. Albertazzi, & D. McDonnell, Twenty-First Century Populism (pp. 49-66). New York: Palgrave Macmillian.
  • Messina, A. (2014). Securitizing Immigration in the Age of Terror. World Politics, 66(3), 530-539.
  • Mouffe, C. (2005). The “End of Politics” and the Challenge of Right-wing Populism. In F. Panizza, Populism and the Mirror of the Democracy (pp. 50-71). London: Verso.
  • Mouffe, C. (2019). Sol Popülizm. (A. Yanık, Çev.) İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Mudde, C. (2004). The Populist Zeitgeist. Government and Opposition, 39(4), 541-563.
  • Mudde, C., & Kaltwasser, C. (2017). Populism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford-New York,: Oxford University Press.
  • Müller, J.-W. (2017). Popülizm Nedir? (O. Yıldız, Trans.) İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • OSCE/ODIHR. (2007). Election Assessment Mission Report, Türkiye 22 Temmuz 2007 Erken Parlamenter Seçimleri,. Warsaw: OSCE/ODIHR.
  • OSCE/ODIHR. (2011). Election Assessment Mission Report, Türkiye 12 Haziran 2011 Parlamenter Seçimleri. Warsaw: OSCE/ODIHR.
  • OSCE/ODIHR. (2015). Limited Election Observation Mission Final Report, Türkiye 7 Haziran 2015 Seçimleri. Warsaw: OSCE/ODIHR.
  • OSCE/ODIHR. (2015). Limited Election Observation Mission Final Report, Türkiye 7 Haziran 2015 Seçimleri,. Warsaw: OSCE/ODIHR.
  • OSCE/ODIHR. (2016). Limited Election Observation Mission Final Report, Türkiye 1 Kasım 2015 Erken Parlamenter Seçimleri. Warsaw,: OSCE/ODIHR.
  • OSCE/ODIHR. (2018). Seçim Gözlem Heyeti Sonuç Raporu, Türkiye 24 Haziran 2018 Erken Cumhurbaşkani ve Milletvekili Genel Seçimleri. Warsaw: OSCE/ODIHR.
  • Phizacklea, A. (2011). Concluding Remarks: State Security versus the Security of Migrants: The Unbalanced Contest. In G. Lazaridis, Security, Insecurity and Migration in Europe (pp. 287-292). Farnham Surrey: Ashgate.
  • Rooduijn, M. (2013). A Populist Zeitgeist?-The Impact of Populism on Parties, Media and the Public. University of Amsterdam.
  • Stanley, B. (2008). The Thin Ideology of Populism. Journal of Political Ideologies, 13(1), 95-110.
  • Taggart, P. (2019). Populism and “Unpolitics. In G. Fitzi, J. Mackert, & B. Turner, Populism and the Crisis of Democracy: Volume 1 (pp. 79-87). London-New York: Routledge.
  • Taggart, P., & Szczerbiak, A. (2000, 10). Opposing Europe: Party Systems and Opposition to the Union, the Euro and Europeanisation. SEI Working Paper, 36. Brighton: Sussex European Institute.
  • Toğral, B. (2011). Convergence of Securitization of Migration and ‘New Racisim’ in Europe: Rise of Culturalism and Disappearance of Politics. In G. Lazaridis, Security, Insecurity and Migration in Europe. Farnham Surrey: Ashgate.
  • Wirth, W. v. (2016). The Appeal of Populist Ideas, Strategies and Styles: A Theoretical Model and Research Design for Analyzing Populist Political Communication. (88), Working Paper, University of Zurich.
  • Wirth, W. v. (2016). The Appeal of Populist Ideas, Strategies and Styles: A Theoretical Model and Research Design for Analyzing Populist Political Communication. Working Paper, 88. University of Zurich.
  • Wodak, R. (2015). Politics of Fear- What Right-Wing Populist Discourses Mean. SAGE.
  • Yiğit, M. H., & Uyar, C. (2021). Political Discourse on Syrian Refugees in Turkey. In N. Akıncılar Köseoğlu, & D. Apak, Challenging Discrimination in Different Areas: Turkey (pp. 145-164). Berlin: Peter Lang.

GRASPING THE MIGRATION DISCOURSE: CASE OF TURKEY

Year 2022, Volume: 2 Issue: 2, 329 - 348, 31.12.2022

Merve Hazer Yiğit Uyar

Abstract

To exclude a group politically, socially and economically also means marginalizing that group and pushing it to create a real reason for security. The perception of us and others created by migration is fueled by populism, and refugees are securitized. The other created is unfortunately refugees, one of the most vulnerable segments of society. This study focuses on the party manifestos of political parties, which are seen as the strongest political actors in the concept of representative democracy. Election manifestos are important data sources as they are official documents showing the positions of the parties. Turkey’s general election manifestos before and after the Refugee Crisis were included in the analysis (2007- 2011- 2015 June- 2015 November- 2018). Using the mixed method, it has been claimed that the categories in which migration takes place in political discourse are populism, securitization, Euroscepticism. Migration discourses of election manifestos are associated with political attitudes. The main argument of this study is that only with the refugee crisis, the words refugee, immigrant, asylum seeker are given the meaning of other and they take place together with securitization in populist rhetoric in political discourse and are supported by xenophobic and Eurosceptic arguments.

Keywords

Keywords: International Migration Refugee Securitization Populism International Politics

References

  • Erdoğan, E., & Erçetin, T. (2018). How Turkey’s repetitive elections affected the populist tone in the discourses of the Justice and Development Party Leaders. Philosophy and Social Criticism, 44(4), 382-398.
  • Akşener, M. (2018, 6 8). Meral Akşener Rize’de Konuştu. Retrieved 4 16, 2019, from iyiparti.org: https://iyiparti.org.tr/haber/meral-aksener-rizede-konustu
  • Albertazzi, D., & McDonnell, D. (2008). Introduction: The Sceptre and the Spectre. In D. Albertazzi, & D. McDonnell, Twenty-First Century Populism: The Spectre of Western European Democracy (pp. 1-14). Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Alexseev, M. (2005). Immigration Phobia and the Security Dilemma: Russia, Europe and the United States,. New York: Cambridge University Press,.
  • AnadoluAjansı. (2018, 6 20). CHP'nin adayı İnce: Kamu bankalarını yeniden düzenleyeceğiz. Retrieved 3 26, 2019, from aa.com.tr: https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/politika/chpnin-adayi-ince-kamu-bankalarini-yeniden-duzenleyecegiz/1180188
  • Bernhar, L., & Kriesi, H. (2019). Populism in election times: a comparative analysis of 11 countries in Western Europe. West European Politics, 42(6), 1188-1208.
  • Bigo, D. (2001). Migration and Security. In V. Guiraudon, & C. Joppke, Controlling a New Migration World. London: Routledge.
  • Brubaker, R. (2019). Why Populism. In G. Fitzi, J. Mackert, & B. Turner, Populism and the Crisis of Democracy: Volume 1 (pp. 27-46). London-New York: Routledge.
  • Buzan, B., Weaver, O., & De Wilde, J. (1998). Security: A New Fraework for Analysis. Lynne Reinner Publications: Lynne Reinner Publications.
  • Caiani, M. (2019). The populist parties and their electoral success: different causes behind different populisms? the case of the Five-star Movement and the League. Contemporary Italian Politics, 11(3), 236-250.
  • D'Appollonia, A. C. (2012). Frontiers of Fear: Immigration and Insecurity in the United States and Europe. New York: Cornell University Press.
  • Erdoğan, R. T. (2018, 1 24). 44. Muhtarlar Toplantısında Yaptıkları Konuşma. Retrieved 3 23, 2019, from Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Cumhurbaşkanlığı: https://www.tccb.gov.tr/konusmalar/353/89317/44-muhtarlar-toplantisinda-yaptiklari-konusma
  • Faist, T. (2002). 'Extension du domanie de la lutte’: International Migration and Security before and after September 11, 2001. International Migration Review, 36(1), 7-14.
  • Kopecky, P., & Mudde, C. (2002). Two Sides of Euroscepticism Party Positions on European Integration in East Central Europe. European Union Politics, 3(3), 297-326.
  • Lazaridis, G. (2011). Introduction. In G. Lazaridis, Security, Insecurity and Migration in Europe (pp. 1-12). Farnham Surrey: Ashgate.
  • Mandacı, N., & Özerim, G. (2013). Uluslararası göçlerin bir güvenlik konusuna dönüşümü: Avrupa’da Radikal Sağ Partiler ve Göçün Güvenlikleştirilmesi. Uluslararası İlişkiler, 10(9), 105-130.
  • Mazzoleni, G. (2008). Populism and the Media. In D. Albertazzi, & D. McDonnell, Twenty-First Century Populism (pp. 49-66). New York: Palgrave Macmillian.
  • Messina, A. (2014). Securitizing Immigration in the Age of Terror. World Politics, 66(3), 530-539.
  • Mouffe, C. (2005). The “End of Politics” and the Challenge of Right-wing Populism. In F. Panizza, Populism and the Mirror of the Democracy (pp. 50-71). London: Verso.
  • Mouffe, C. (2019). Sol Popülizm. (A. Yanık, Çev.) İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Mudde, C. (2004). The Populist Zeitgeist. Government and Opposition, 39(4), 541-563.
  • Mudde, C., & Kaltwasser, C. (2017). Populism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford-New York,: Oxford University Press.
  • Müller, J.-W. (2017). Popülizm Nedir? (O. Yıldız, Trans.) İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • OSCE/ODIHR. (2007). Election Assessment Mission Report, Türkiye 22 Temmuz 2007 Erken Parlamenter Seçimleri,. Warsaw: OSCE/ODIHR.
  • OSCE/ODIHR. (2011). Election Assessment Mission Report, Türkiye 12 Haziran 2011 Parlamenter Seçimleri. Warsaw: OSCE/ODIHR.
  • OSCE/ODIHR. (2015). Limited Election Observation Mission Final Report, Türkiye 7 Haziran 2015 Seçimleri. Warsaw: OSCE/ODIHR.
  • OSCE/ODIHR. (2015). Limited Election Observation Mission Final Report, Türkiye 7 Haziran 2015 Seçimleri,. Warsaw: OSCE/ODIHR.
  • OSCE/ODIHR. (2016). Limited Election Observation Mission Final Report, Türkiye 1 Kasım 2015 Erken Parlamenter Seçimleri. Warsaw,: OSCE/ODIHR.
  • OSCE/ODIHR. (2018). Seçim Gözlem Heyeti Sonuç Raporu, Türkiye 24 Haziran 2018 Erken Cumhurbaşkani ve Milletvekili Genel Seçimleri. Warsaw: OSCE/ODIHR.
  • Phizacklea, A. (2011). Concluding Remarks: State Security versus the Security of Migrants: The Unbalanced Contest. In G. Lazaridis, Security, Insecurity and Migration in Europe (pp. 287-292). Farnham Surrey: Ashgate.
  • Rooduijn, M. (2013). A Populist Zeitgeist?-The Impact of Populism on Parties, Media and the Public. University of Amsterdam.
  • Stanley, B. (2008). The Thin Ideology of Populism. Journal of Political Ideologies, 13(1), 95-110.
  • Taggart, P. (2019). Populism and “Unpolitics. In G. Fitzi, J. Mackert, & B. Turner, Populism and the Crisis of Democracy: Volume 1 (pp. 79-87). London-New York: Routledge.
  • Taggart, P., & Szczerbiak, A. (2000, 10). Opposing Europe: Party Systems and Opposition to the Union, the Euro and Europeanisation. SEI Working Paper, 36. Brighton: Sussex European Institute.
  • Toğral, B. (2011). Convergence of Securitization of Migration and ‘New Racisim’ in Europe: Rise of Culturalism and Disappearance of Politics. In G. Lazaridis, Security, Insecurity and Migration in Europe. Farnham Surrey: Ashgate.
  • Wirth, W. v. (2016). The Appeal of Populist Ideas, Strategies and Styles: A Theoretical Model and Research Design for Analyzing Populist Political Communication. (88), Working Paper, University of Zurich.
  • Wirth, W. v. (2016). The Appeal of Populist Ideas, Strategies and Styles: A Theoretical Model and Research Design for Analyzing Populist Political Communication. Working Paper, 88. University of Zurich.
  • Wodak, R. (2015). Politics of Fear- What Right-Wing Populist Discourses Mean. SAGE.
  • Yiğit, M. H., & Uyar, C. (2021). Political Discourse on Syrian Refugees in Turkey. In N. Akıncılar Köseoğlu, & D. Apak, Challenging Discrimination in Different Areas: Turkey (pp. 145-164). Berlin: Peter Lang.
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Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Merve Hazer Yiğit Uyar 0000-0003-2412-2494

Publication Date December 31, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 2 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Yiğit Uyar, M. H. (2022). GRASPING THE MIGRATION DISCOURSE: CASE OF TURKEY. Fenerbahçe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2(2), 329-348.
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