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NATO Ülkelerinde Kişi Başı Askeri Harcama Yakınsaması: Nahar-Inder Yakınsama Testinden Kanıtlar

Year 2022, Volume: 6 Issue: 3, 1194 - 1211, 14.09.2022
https://doi.org/10.25295/fsecon.1104878

Abstract

NATO üyesi ülkeler arasındaki yük paylaşımı tartışmalarının, soğuk savaş sonrası dönemden günümüze kadar gelen süreçte, uluslararası konjonktürdeki değişikliklere bağlı olarak, çeşitli dönemlerde ve farklı yoğunluklarda gündeme geldiği görülmektedir. Bu çerçevede ilgili ampirik literatürde, özellikle NATO üyesi ülkelerin askeri harcama düzeyleri için yakınsama davranışının araştırıldığı çalışmalar önemli bir yer kaplamaktadır. Bu çalışmada, 1960-2020 yıllarını kapsayan dönemde NATO ülkelerinde kişi başı askeri harcamaları açısından stokastik yakınsamanın varlığı, Nahar-Inder(2002) yakınsama testi yaklaşımı ile araştırılmaktadır. Nahar ve Inder (2002) yakınsama testi, genel olarak aynı davranış biçimine sahip örneklem içerisinde, farklı hareket eden ülkeleri belirlemeye imkan sağlayan polinom tipi bir test olarak ifade edilmektedir. Nahar ve Inder (2002) yakınsama testi ayrıca, incelenen serilerin durağan olmaması durumunda bile çıktı farklılıklarının yakınsama davranışı sergileyebileceğini göstermektedir. Çalışmada, örneklem içi hareketliliği ayrıştırmayı sağlayan zaman serisi analizine dayalı Nahar-Inder (2002) testi kullanılarak elde edilen bulgular, inceleme döneminde örneklemde bulunan Belçika, Portekiz ve Norveç hariç diğer 13 ülkenin örneklem ortalamasına doğru yakınsama davranışı içerisinde olduğunu göstermektedir.

Supporting Institution

Destekleyen Kurum Bulunmamaktadır.

Project Number

Çalışma bir projeden türetilmemiştir.

References

  • Ahmed, A. D. (2012). Debt Burden, Military Spending and Growth in Sub-saharan Africa: A Dynamic Panel Data Analysis. Defence and Peace Economics, 23(5),485–506.
  • Ali, H. E. (2012). Military Expenditures and Inequality in the Middle East and North Africa: A Panel Analysis, Defence and Peace Economics, 23 (6),575–589.
  • Alozious, J. (2021). NATO’s 2 Percent Guideline: A Demand for Military Expenditure Perspective, Defence & Peace Economics, doi:10.1080/10242694.2021.1940649.
  • Apergis, N., Christou, C. & Hassapis, C. (2013). Convergence in Public Expenditures across EU Countries: Evidence from Club Convergence, Economics & Finance Research, 1(1): 45–59.
  • Arvanitidis, P., Kollias, C. & Anastasopoulos, K. (2014). Is There an International Convergence in Defence Burdens? Some Initial Findings, Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy, 20(4), 611-620.
  • Arvanitidis, P. & Kollias, C. (2016). Converging Defence Burdens? Some Further Findings, Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy, 22(4), 365–375.
  • Arvanitidis, P., Kollias, C., & Messis, P. (2017). Converging Allies?. Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy, 23(2),20160044.
  • Bağbaşlıoğlu, A. (2021). NATO Burden-sharing in the COVID-19 Era: A Diminishing U.S. Appetite for Security Guarantees for Europe? Perceptions, XXVI(1), 29-53.
  • Bajona, C. & Kehoe, T.J. (2010). Trade, Growth, and Convergence in a Dynamic Heckscher–Ohlin Model, Review of Economic Dynamics, 13(3), 487–513.
  • Barro, R. J. & Sala-i Martin, X. (1992). Convergence, Journal of Political Economy, 100, 223-251.
  • Batchelor, P., Dunne, P. & Lamb, G. (2002). The Demand for Military Spending in South Africa, Journal of Peace Research, 39(3), 339–354.
  • Benoit, E. (1973). Defence and Economic Growth in Developing Countries. Boston, MA: Lexington Books.
  • Benoit, E. (1978). Growth and Defense in Developing Countries, Economic Development and Cultural Change, 26(2), 271–280.
  • Bernard, A. B. &Durlauf, S.N. (1995). Convergence in International Output, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 10(2), 97–108.
  • Bove, V. & Nistico, R. (2014). Military in Politics and Budgetary Allocations, Journal of Comparative Economics, 42(4), 1065–1078.
  • Ceylan, R. (2010). OECD Ülkelerinde İmalat Sanayinde Birim Emek Maliyetleri Yakınsıyor mu? Marmara Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, XXVIII (1), 105-119.
  • Clements, B.J., Gupta, S. & Khamidova, S. (2021). Is Military Spending Converging to a Low Level Across Countries? Economic Modelling, 94, 433-441.
  • Collier, P. & Hoeffler, A. (2007). Unintended Consequences: Does Aid Promote Arms Races? Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 69(1),1–27.
  • Elveren, A.Y. & Hsu, S. (2018). The Effect of Military Expenditure on Profit Rates: Evidence from Major Countries, World Journal of Applied Economics, 4(2), 75-94.
  • Elveren, A.Y. (2021). Askeri Harcamalar ve Ekonomi Eleştirel Bir Yaklaşım, İletişim Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Eichenberg, R. C. & Stoll, R. (2003). Representing Defense: Democratic Control of the Defense Budget in the United States and Western Europe, Journal of Conflict Resolution, 47(4), 399–422.
  • Evans, P. (1998). Using Panel Data to Evaluate Growth Theories, International Economic Review, 39(2),295–306.
  • Evans, P. & Karras, G. (1996). Convergence Revisited, Journal of Monetary Economics, 37, 249-265.
  • Fordham, B. O. (2004). A Very Sharp Sword: The Influence of Military Capabilities on American Decisions to Use Force. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 48(5),632–656.
  • Friis, K. (2021). Norway, NATO and, Northern Flank. Michele Testoni (Ed.) NATO and Transatlantik Relations in the 21st Century Foreign and Security Perspectives içinde (67-84. Ss.). Routledge Taylor&Francis Group. London and Newyork.
  • Goldsmith, B. E. (2003). Bearing the Defense Burden, 1886–1989: Why Spend More? Journal of Conflict Resolution, 47(5), 551–573.
  • Güri̇ş, S., Güriş, B., & Tiraşoğlu, M. (2017). Do Military Expenditures Converge in NATO Countries? Linear and Nonlinear Unit Root test evidence. Theoretical & Applied Economics, 24(2), 237-248.
  • Günlük-Şenesen, G. (2004). Special Issue on Deficits, Debt and Defence, Defence and Peace Economics, 15(2), 109-110.
  • Hartley, T. & Russett, B. (1992). Public Opinion and the Common Defense: Who Governs Military Spending in the United States? American Political Science Review, 86(4),905-915.
  • Henderson, E. A. (1998). Military Spending and Poverty, The Journal of Politics, 60(2),503-520.
  • Hewitt, D. (1992). Military Expenditures Worldwide: Determinants and Trends, 1972–1988, Journal of Public Policy, 12(2),105–152.
  • Kollias, C. & Paleologou, S.M. (2019). Military Spending, Economic Growth and Investment: A Disaggregated Analysis by Income Group, Empirical Economics, 56(3),935–958.
  • Lau, C. K. M., Demir, E. & Bilgin, M.H. (2016). A Nonlinear Model of Military Expenditure Convergence: Evidence from Estar Nonlinear Unit Root Test, Defence and Peace Economics, 27(3), 392-403.
  • Lebovic, J. H.& Ishaq, A. (1997). Military Burden, Security Needs, and Economic Growth in the Middle East, Journal of Conflict Resolution, 31(1),106–138.
  • Liu, T. Y., Su, C. W., Tao, R., & Cong, H. (2019). Better is the Neighbor?. Defence and Peace Economics, 30(6), 706-718.
  • Mankiw, G. N., Romer, D. & Weil, D. (1992). A Contribution to The Empirics of Economic Growth, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 107, 407-437.
  • Mintz, A. & Michael, D. W. (1989). The Political Economy of Military Spending in Israel. American Political Science Review, 83(2), 521–533.
  • Mishra, V. & Smyth, R. (2014). Convergence in Energy Consumption Per Capita Among ASEAN Countries, Energy Policy, 73,180–185.
  • Mollavelioğlu, M.Ş. & Ceylan, R. (2010). Türkiye ve AB Ülkelerinde Tarımsal Toplam Faktör Verimliliği ve Yakınsama Analizi, Akdeniz İ.İ.B.F. Dergisi, (20), 86-103.
  • Murdoch, J. C. & Sandler, T. (1984). Complementarity, Free Riding, and the Military Expenditures of NATO Allies. Journal of Public Economics, 25(1), 83–101.
  • Nahar, S. & Inder, B. (2002). Testing Convergence in Economic Growth for OECD Countries, Applied Economics, 34(16), 2011-2022.
  • NATO (2014).Wales Summit Declaration, https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_ texts_112964.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 16.03.2022).
  • Nordhaus, W., Oneal, J.R. & Bruce Russett, B. (2012). The effects of the International Security Environment on National Military Expenditures: A Multicountry Study, International Organization, 66(3),491–513.
  • Odenhal, J. (2015). Military Expenditures and Free-Riding in NATO, Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy, 21(4), 479-487.
  • Odehnal, J., Neubauer, J., Olejníček, A., Boulaouad, J., & Brizgalová, L. (2021). Empirical Analysis of Military Expenditures in NATO Nations. Economies, 9(3), 107.
  • Olson, M. & Richard Zeckhauser, R. (1966) An Economic Theory of Alliances, Review of Economics and Statistics, 48(3),266–279.
  • Saba, C.S. & Ngepah, N. (2020). Empirical Analysis of Military Expenditure and Industrialisation Nexus: A Regional Approach for Africa, International Economic Journal, 34(1), 58-84.
  • Saba, C. S. (2021). Convergence or Divergence Patterns in Global Defence Spending: Further Evidence from a Nonlinear Single Factor Model, Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy, 27(1), 51-90.
  • Sawhney, B., Anoruo, E. & W. R. DiPietro, W.R. (2016). The World Distribution of Military Spending: Is There a Convergence? International Journal of Computational Economics and Econometrics, 6(4),351–365.
  • Schneider, E. (1988). Causal Factors in Variations in US Postwar Defense Spending, Defense Analysis, 4(1),53–79.
  • SIPRI (2022). SIPRI Military Expenditure Database, https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex (Erişim Tarihi: 15.02.2022).
  • Solarin, S. A. & Lean, H.H. (2014). Nonlinearity Convergence of Tourism Markets in Seychelles, Current Issues in Tourism, 17(6),475–479.
  • Solow, R. M. (1956). A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 70(1),65–94.
  • Thorpe, R. U. (2014). The American Warfare State: The Domestic Politics of Military Spending. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  • Ulucak, R. & Apergis, N. (2018). Does Convergence Really Matter for the Environment? An Application Based on Club Convergence and on the Ecological Footprint Concept for the EU Countries, Environmental Science & Policy, 80,21–27.
  • Üçler, G. & Ümit, B. (2020). Re-examination of the Convergence in Military Expenditures across NATO Countries: Do Different Approximations in Modeling Structural Breaks Matter? Applied Economics Journal, 28(1), 43–62.
  • Yazgan, Ş., Ceylan, R. & Mollavelioğlu, M. Ş. (2018). Seçilmiş NATO Ülkelerinde Askeri Harcamaların Yakınsaması: Doğrusal Olmayan Birim Kök Testinden Kanıtlar, Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi, 18(37), 118-132.
  • Yılancı, V., Eryüzlü, H. & Hopoğlu, S. (2020). Convergence of Military Burdens in the MENA Region, Uluslararası İlişkiler, 17(66), 41-59.
  • Zielinski, R.C., Fordham, B.O. & Schilde, K.E. (2017). What Goes Up, Must Come Down? The Asymmetric Effects of Economic Growth and International Threat on Military Spending, Journal of Peace Research, 54(4),1 -15.

Convergence of Military Expenditure per Capita in NATO Countries: Evidence from Nahar-Inder Convergence Tests

Year 2022, Volume: 6 Issue: 3, 1194 - 1211, 14.09.2022
https://doi.org/10.25295/fsecon.1104878

Abstract

It is seen that the burden sharing debates between NATO member countries have come to the fore at various periods and with different intensities, depending on the changes in the international arena, from the post-cold war era to the present. In this context, studies investigating the convergence behavior for military spending levels of NATO member countries occupy an important place in the relevant empirical literature. In this study, the existence of stochastic convergence in terms of military expenditures per capita in NATO countries in the period covering the years 1960-2020 is investigated using the Nahar-Inder (2002) convergence test approach. Nahar and Inder (2002) convergence test is expressed as a polynomial type test that allows to determine countries that act differently in a sample with the same behavior in general. Nahar-Inder (2002) convergence test also shows that output differences may exhibit convergence behavior even if the series under consideration are not stationary. In this study, the findings obtained by using the Nahar-Inder (2002) test, which is based on time series analysis, which allows to decompose intra-sample mobility, show that 13 countries in the sample, except Belgium, Portugal and Norway, converge towards the sample mean.

Project Number

Çalışma bir projeden türetilmemiştir.

References

  • Ahmed, A. D. (2012). Debt Burden, Military Spending and Growth in Sub-saharan Africa: A Dynamic Panel Data Analysis. Defence and Peace Economics, 23(5),485–506.
  • Ali, H. E. (2012). Military Expenditures and Inequality in the Middle East and North Africa: A Panel Analysis, Defence and Peace Economics, 23 (6),575–589.
  • Alozious, J. (2021). NATO’s 2 Percent Guideline: A Demand for Military Expenditure Perspective, Defence & Peace Economics, doi:10.1080/10242694.2021.1940649.
  • Apergis, N., Christou, C. & Hassapis, C. (2013). Convergence in Public Expenditures across EU Countries: Evidence from Club Convergence, Economics & Finance Research, 1(1): 45–59.
  • Arvanitidis, P., Kollias, C. & Anastasopoulos, K. (2014). Is There an International Convergence in Defence Burdens? Some Initial Findings, Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy, 20(4), 611-620.
  • Arvanitidis, P. & Kollias, C. (2016). Converging Defence Burdens? Some Further Findings, Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy, 22(4), 365–375.
  • Arvanitidis, P., Kollias, C., & Messis, P. (2017). Converging Allies?. Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy, 23(2),20160044.
  • Bağbaşlıoğlu, A. (2021). NATO Burden-sharing in the COVID-19 Era: A Diminishing U.S. Appetite for Security Guarantees for Europe? Perceptions, XXVI(1), 29-53.
  • Bajona, C. & Kehoe, T.J. (2010). Trade, Growth, and Convergence in a Dynamic Heckscher–Ohlin Model, Review of Economic Dynamics, 13(3), 487–513.
  • Barro, R. J. & Sala-i Martin, X. (1992). Convergence, Journal of Political Economy, 100, 223-251.
  • Batchelor, P., Dunne, P. & Lamb, G. (2002). The Demand for Military Spending in South Africa, Journal of Peace Research, 39(3), 339–354.
  • Benoit, E. (1973). Defence and Economic Growth in Developing Countries. Boston, MA: Lexington Books.
  • Benoit, E. (1978). Growth and Defense in Developing Countries, Economic Development and Cultural Change, 26(2), 271–280.
  • Bernard, A. B. &Durlauf, S.N. (1995). Convergence in International Output, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 10(2), 97–108.
  • Bove, V. & Nistico, R. (2014). Military in Politics and Budgetary Allocations, Journal of Comparative Economics, 42(4), 1065–1078.
  • Ceylan, R. (2010). OECD Ülkelerinde İmalat Sanayinde Birim Emek Maliyetleri Yakınsıyor mu? Marmara Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, XXVIII (1), 105-119.
  • Clements, B.J., Gupta, S. & Khamidova, S. (2021). Is Military Spending Converging to a Low Level Across Countries? Economic Modelling, 94, 433-441.
  • Collier, P. & Hoeffler, A. (2007). Unintended Consequences: Does Aid Promote Arms Races? Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 69(1),1–27.
  • Elveren, A.Y. & Hsu, S. (2018). The Effect of Military Expenditure on Profit Rates: Evidence from Major Countries, World Journal of Applied Economics, 4(2), 75-94.
  • Elveren, A.Y. (2021). Askeri Harcamalar ve Ekonomi Eleştirel Bir Yaklaşım, İletişim Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Eichenberg, R. C. & Stoll, R. (2003). Representing Defense: Democratic Control of the Defense Budget in the United States and Western Europe, Journal of Conflict Resolution, 47(4), 399–422.
  • Evans, P. (1998). Using Panel Data to Evaluate Growth Theories, International Economic Review, 39(2),295–306.
  • Evans, P. & Karras, G. (1996). Convergence Revisited, Journal of Monetary Economics, 37, 249-265.
  • Fordham, B. O. (2004). A Very Sharp Sword: The Influence of Military Capabilities on American Decisions to Use Force. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 48(5),632–656.
  • Friis, K. (2021). Norway, NATO and, Northern Flank. Michele Testoni (Ed.) NATO and Transatlantik Relations in the 21st Century Foreign and Security Perspectives içinde (67-84. Ss.). Routledge Taylor&Francis Group. London and Newyork.
  • Goldsmith, B. E. (2003). Bearing the Defense Burden, 1886–1989: Why Spend More? Journal of Conflict Resolution, 47(5), 551–573.
  • Güri̇ş, S., Güriş, B., & Tiraşoğlu, M. (2017). Do Military Expenditures Converge in NATO Countries? Linear and Nonlinear Unit Root test evidence. Theoretical & Applied Economics, 24(2), 237-248.
  • Günlük-Şenesen, G. (2004). Special Issue on Deficits, Debt and Defence, Defence and Peace Economics, 15(2), 109-110.
  • Hartley, T. & Russett, B. (1992). Public Opinion and the Common Defense: Who Governs Military Spending in the United States? American Political Science Review, 86(4),905-915.
  • Henderson, E. A. (1998). Military Spending and Poverty, The Journal of Politics, 60(2),503-520.
  • Hewitt, D. (1992). Military Expenditures Worldwide: Determinants and Trends, 1972–1988, Journal of Public Policy, 12(2),105–152.
  • Kollias, C. & Paleologou, S.M. (2019). Military Spending, Economic Growth and Investment: A Disaggregated Analysis by Income Group, Empirical Economics, 56(3),935–958.
  • Lau, C. K. M., Demir, E. & Bilgin, M.H. (2016). A Nonlinear Model of Military Expenditure Convergence: Evidence from Estar Nonlinear Unit Root Test, Defence and Peace Economics, 27(3), 392-403.
  • Lebovic, J. H.& Ishaq, A. (1997). Military Burden, Security Needs, and Economic Growth in the Middle East, Journal of Conflict Resolution, 31(1),106–138.
  • Liu, T. Y., Su, C. W., Tao, R., & Cong, H. (2019). Better is the Neighbor?. Defence and Peace Economics, 30(6), 706-718.
  • Mankiw, G. N., Romer, D. & Weil, D. (1992). A Contribution to The Empirics of Economic Growth, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 107, 407-437.
  • Mintz, A. & Michael, D. W. (1989). The Political Economy of Military Spending in Israel. American Political Science Review, 83(2), 521–533.
  • Mishra, V. & Smyth, R. (2014). Convergence in Energy Consumption Per Capita Among ASEAN Countries, Energy Policy, 73,180–185.
  • Mollavelioğlu, M.Ş. & Ceylan, R. (2010). Türkiye ve AB Ülkelerinde Tarımsal Toplam Faktör Verimliliği ve Yakınsama Analizi, Akdeniz İ.İ.B.F. Dergisi, (20), 86-103.
  • Murdoch, J. C. & Sandler, T. (1984). Complementarity, Free Riding, and the Military Expenditures of NATO Allies. Journal of Public Economics, 25(1), 83–101.
  • Nahar, S. & Inder, B. (2002). Testing Convergence in Economic Growth for OECD Countries, Applied Economics, 34(16), 2011-2022.
  • NATO (2014).Wales Summit Declaration, https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_ texts_112964.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 16.03.2022).
  • Nordhaus, W., Oneal, J.R. & Bruce Russett, B. (2012). The effects of the International Security Environment on National Military Expenditures: A Multicountry Study, International Organization, 66(3),491–513.
  • Odenhal, J. (2015). Military Expenditures and Free-Riding in NATO, Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy, 21(4), 479-487.
  • Odehnal, J., Neubauer, J., Olejníček, A., Boulaouad, J., & Brizgalová, L. (2021). Empirical Analysis of Military Expenditures in NATO Nations. Economies, 9(3), 107.
  • Olson, M. & Richard Zeckhauser, R. (1966) An Economic Theory of Alliances, Review of Economics and Statistics, 48(3),266–279.
  • Saba, C.S. & Ngepah, N. (2020). Empirical Analysis of Military Expenditure and Industrialisation Nexus: A Regional Approach for Africa, International Economic Journal, 34(1), 58-84.
  • Saba, C. S. (2021). Convergence or Divergence Patterns in Global Defence Spending: Further Evidence from a Nonlinear Single Factor Model, Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy, 27(1), 51-90.
  • Sawhney, B., Anoruo, E. & W. R. DiPietro, W.R. (2016). The World Distribution of Military Spending: Is There a Convergence? International Journal of Computational Economics and Econometrics, 6(4),351–365.
  • Schneider, E. (1988). Causal Factors in Variations in US Postwar Defense Spending, Defense Analysis, 4(1),53–79.
  • SIPRI (2022). SIPRI Military Expenditure Database, https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex (Erişim Tarihi: 15.02.2022).
  • Solarin, S. A. & Lean, H.H. (2014). Nonlinearity Convergence of Tourism Markets in Seychelles, Current Issues in Tourism, 17(6),475–479.
  • Solow, R. M. (1956). A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 70(1),65–94.
  • Thorpe, R. U. (2014). The American Warfare State: The Domestic Politics of Military Spending. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  • Ulucak, R. & Apergis, N. (2018). Does Convergence Really Matter for the Environment? An Application Based on Club Convergence and on the Ecological Footprint Concept for the EU Countries, Environmental Science & Policy, 80,21–27.
  • Üçler, G. & Ümit, B. (2020). Re-examination of the Convergence in Military Expenditures across NATO Countries: Do Different Approximations in Modeling Structural Breaks Matter? Applied Economics Journal, 28(1), 43–62.
  • Yazgan, Ş., Ceylan, R. & Mollavelioğlu, M. Ş. (2018). Seçilmiş NATO Ülkelerinde Askeri Harcamaların Yakınsaması: Doğrusal Olmayan Birim Kök Testinden Kanıtlar, Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi, 18(37), 118-132.
  • Yılancı, V., Eryüzlü, H. & Hopoğlu, S. (2020). Convergence of Military Burdens in the MENA Region, Uluslararası İlişkiler, 17(66), 41-59.
  • Zielinski, R.C., Fordham, B.O. & Schilde, K.E. (2017). What Goes Up, Must Come Down? The Asymmetric Effects of Economic Growth and International Threat on Military Spending, Journal of Peace Research, 54(4),1 -15.
There are 59 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Şekip Yazgan 0000-0003-1006-668X

Cihat Karademir 0000-0001-9074-0915

Project Number Çalışma bir projeden türetilmemiştir.
Publication Date September 14, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 6 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Yazgan, Ş., & Karademir, C. (2022). NATO Ülkelerinde Kişi Başı Askeri Harcama Yakınsaması: Nahar-Inder Yakınsama Testinden Kanıtlar. Fiscaoeconomia, 6(3), 1194-1211. https://doi.org/10.25295/fsecon.1104878

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