Abstract
Okakura Tenshin (Kakuzō), one of the important thinkers of the Meiji Period, aimed to introduce Asian and the society, art, history and culture of Japan to the Western world by writing works in English throughout his life. As a matter of fact, he achieved his goal and became very popular in Europe and America after his works were published. On the other hand, he was not well known in Japan when he was alive, due to the fact that he did not produce works in native language. So he gained fame after his death. His thoughts attracted the attention of nationalist groups. Especially while the rhetoric of “Asia is one” was the key word of the Greater East Asian War, Okakura was described as a Pan-Asianist. Afterwards, his works started to be translated into Japanese one by one and Okakura became known by the Japanese society. The interesting point is that although he mostly wrote about art, Okakura was described as a Pan-Asianist. Also even though he was not alive when the World War II began, he was declared a war criminal. At this point, the following questions arise: What did Okakura really want to convey in his works? Is it really possible to qualify him as Pan-Asian, as stated? What did he actually mean by his famuos rhetoric of “Asia is one”, which made him known worldwide? In our study, firstly these questions will be try to find answers. And then whether Okakura is a Pan-Asianist or not and his perception of Asia will be examined through his works.
References
- HEARN, Lafcadio, Japonya, Çev: Oğuz Adanır, Doğu Batı Yayınları, Ankara 2016.
- IKIMATSU, Keizo, “Profile of Asian Minded Man IV: Okakura Tenshin”, The Developing Economies, Vol. 4, No. 4, 1966, s. 638-653.
- JING, He, “Okakura Tenshin and Pan-Asianism, 1903-1906”, Pan-Asianism A Documentary History, Volume 1: 1850-1920, Ed: Sven Saaler, Christopher W. A. Szpilman, Rowman&Littlefield, İngiltere 2011, s.101-112.
- KINOSHITA, Nagahiro, “Okakura Kakuzō as a Historian of Art”, Review of Japanese Culture and Society, Vol: 24, 2012, s. 26-38.
- KORHONEN, Pekka, “The Geography of Okakura Tenshin”, Japan Review, No: 13, 2001, s. 107-127.
- Maruyama Masao, “Fukuzawa, Uchimura and Okakura”, The Developing Economies, Vol: 4, No:4, 1966.
- KENICHI, Matsumoto, “Okakura Tenshin and the Ideal of Pan-Asianism”, Okakura Tenshin and Pan- Asianism, Ed. Brij Tankha, Global Oriental,İngiltere 2009, s. 11-21.
- MATTHISEN, Sven, Japanese Pan-Asianism and the Philippines from the late 19th Century to the End of World War II, Brill, Leiden 2015.
- MURAI, Noriko- LIPPIT Yukio Lippit, “Okakura Kakuzō: A Reintroduction”, Review of Japanese Culture and Society, Vol: 24, 2012, s. 1-14.
- NAKAJIMA, Takeshi, Ajiashugi, Ushio, Tokyo 2014.
- NAKAO, Miyuki, “Daitōakyōeiken no Naritachi to Kokueki”, Nihon Daigakuin Sōgō Shakai Jōhō Kenkyū Kiyō, Sayı: 9, 2008, s. 17 – 28.
- NITOBE, Inazō, Buşido, Çev: Doruk Akyüz, Dergâh Yayınları, İstanbul, Mayıs 2016.
- NOTEHELFER, F.G., “On Idealism and Realism in the Thought of Okakura Tenshin”, The Journal of Japanese Studies, Vol: 16, No: 2, 1990, s. 309-355.
- OKAKURA, Kakuzō, The Awakening of the Japan, The Century Co., New York 1904.
- OKAKURA, Kakuzō, The Book of Tea, Dover Publications, Amerika 1964.
- OKAKURA, Kakuzō, The Ideals of the East With Special Reference to the Art of Japan, Stone Bridge Press, Kaliforniya 2007.
- SHIGEMI, Inaga “Okakura Kakuzō’s Nostalgic Journey to India and the Invention of Asia”, Noltalgic Journeys-Literary Pilgrimages Between Japan and the West, Ed. Susan Fisher, CJR Japan Research Series, Vancouver 2001, s. 119.132.
- SHIGEMI, Inaga-SINGLETON Kevin, “Okakura Kakuzō and India: The Trajectory of Modern National Consciousness and Pan-Asian Ideology Across Borders”, Review of Japanese Culture and Society, Vol: 24, 2012, s. 39-57.
- TAKASHI, Matsumoto, “Okakura Tenshin”, Nagoya Gakugei Daigaku, Kenkyū Kiyō, 5, 2009, s. 21 – 31.
- Takeuchi Yoshimi, “Okakura Tenshin: Civilization Critique from the Standpoint of Asia (1962)”, Çev: Christopher L. Hill, Review of Japanese Culture and Society, Vol: 24, 2012, s. 15-25.
- TANKHA, Brij, “Okakura Tenshin: “Asia is One,” 1903”, Pan-Asianism A Documentary History, Volume 1: 1850-1920, Ed: Sven Saaler, Christopher W. A. Szpilman, Rowman&Littlefield, İngiltere 2011, s.93-100.
- TANKHA, Brij, “Okakura Tenshin: Writing a Good History Upon a Modern Plan”, Okakura Tenshin and Pan- Asianism, Ed. Brij Tankha, Global Oriental, İngiltere 2009, s. 27-48.
- WAKAKUMA, Midori, “Japanese Cultural Identity and Nineteenth – century Asian Nationalism: Okakura Tenshin and Swami Vivekananda”, Okakura Tenshin and Pan- Asianism, Ed. Brij Tankha, Global Oriental 2009, s. 22-26.
- D. İnternet Erişim Adresleri
- https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ernest-F-Fenollosa./ Erişim Tarihi: 26.06.2023
Abstract
Meiji Dönemi önemli düşünürlerinden biri olan Okakura Tenshin (Kakuzō) hayatı boyunca İngilizce’de eser vererek Asya ve Japon toplumunu, sanatını, tarihini ve kültürünü Batı dünyasına tanıtmaya kendisine amaç edinmiştir. Nitekim hedefine ulaşmış, eserleri yayımlandıktan sonra Avrupa ve Amerika’da oldukça popüler olmuştur. Buna karşın ana dilinde eser vermemesinden dolayı hayattayken Japonya’da pek fazla tanınmamış, ölümünden sonra ün kazanmıştır. Onun düşünceleri milliyetçi grupların dikkatini çekmiş, özellikle “Asya tektir.” söylemi Büyük Doğu Asya Savaşı’nın kilit sözcüğü olurken Okakura da Pan-Asyacı olarak nitelendirilmiştir. Ardından eserleri tek tek Japonca’ya çevrilmeye başlanmış ve haliyle Okakura da Japon toplumu tarafından tanınır hale gelmiştir. İlginç olan nokta ise daha çok sanatla ilgili yazmasına rağmen Okakura’nın Pan-Asyacı olarak nitelendirilmesi ve II. Dünya Savaşı başladığında hayatta olmamasına karşın savaş suçlusu olarak ilan edilmesidir. Bu noktada karşımıza şu sorular çıkmaktadır: Okakura’nın eserlerinde asıl anlatmak istediği neydi? Gerçekten belirtildiği gibi onu Pan-Asyacı olarak nitelendirmek mümkün müdür? Dünyaca tanınmasını sağlayan “Asya tektir.” söylemi ile aslında kendisi ne anlatmak istemiştir? Çalışmamızda öncelikle sorulan sorulara cevaplar aranmaya çalışılarak, Okakura’nın Pan-Asyacı olup olmadığı ve Asya algısı eserleri üzerinden irdelenecektir.
References
- HEARN, Lafcadio, Japonya, Çev: Oğuz Adanır, Doğu Batı Yayınları, Ankara 2016.
- IKIMATSU, Keizo, “Profile of Asian Minded Man IV: Okakura Tenshin”, The Developing Economies, Vol. 4, No. 4, 1966, s. 638-653.
- JING, He, “Okakura Tenshin and Pan-Asianism, 1903-1906”, Pan-Asianism A Documentary History, Volume 1: 1850-1920, Ed: Sven Saaler, Christopher W. A. Szpilman, Rowman&Littlefield, İngiltere 2011, s.101-112.
- KINOSHITA, Nagahiro, “Okakura Kakuzō as a Historian of Art”, Review of Japanese Culture and Society, Vol: 24, 2012, s. 26-38.
- KORHONEN, Pekka, “The Geography of Okakura Tenshin”, Japan Review, No: 13, 2001, s. 107-127.
- Maruyama Masao, “Fukuzawa, Uchimura and Okakura”, The Developing Economies, Vol: 4, No:4, 1966.
- KENICHI, Matsumoto, “Okakura Tenshin and the Ideal of Pan-Asianism”, Okakura Tenshin and Pan- Asianism, Ed. Brij Tankha, Global Oriental,İngiltere 2009, s. 11-21.
- MATTHISEN, Sven, Japanese Pan-Asianism and the Philippines from the late 19th Century to the End of World War II, Brill, Leiden 2015.
- MURAI, Noriko- LIPPIT Yukio Lippit, “Okakura Kakuzō: A Reintroduction”, Review of Japanese Culture and Society, Vol: 24, 2012, s. 1-14.
- NAKAJIMA, Takeshi, Ajiashugi, Ushio, Tokyo 2014.
- NAKAO, Miyuki, “Daitōakyōeiken no Naritachi to Kokueki”, Nihon Daigakuin Sōgō Shakai Jōhō Kenkyū Kiyō, Sayı: 9, 2008, s. 17 – 28.
- NITOBE, Inazō, Buşido, Çev: Doruk Akyüz, Dergâh Yayınları, İstanbul, Mayıs 2016.
- NOTEHELFER, F.G., “On Idealism and Realism in the Thought of Okakura Tenshin”, The Journal of Japanese Studies, Vol: 16, No: 2, 1990, s. 309-355.
- OKAKURA, Kakuzō, The Awakening of the Japan, The Century Co., New York 1904.
- OKAKURA, Kakuzō, The Book of Tea, Dover Publications, Amerika 1964.
- OKAKURA, Kakuzō, The Ideals of the East With Special Reference to the Art of Japan, Stone Bridge Press, Kaliforniya 2007.
- SHIGEMI, Inaga “Okakura Kakuzō’s Nostalgic Journey to India and the Invention of Asia”, Noltalgic Journeys-Literary Pilgrimages Between Japan and the West, Ed. Susan Fisher, CJR Japan Research Series, Vancouver 2001, s. 119.132.
- SHIGEMI, Inaga-SINGLETON Kevin, “Okakura Kakuzō and India: The Trajectory of Modern National Consciousness and Pan-Asian Ideology Across Borders”, Review of Japanese Culture and Society, Vol: 24, 2012, s. 39-57.
- TAKASHI, Matsumoto, “Okakura Tenshin”, Nagoya Gakugei Daigaku, Kenkyū Kiyō, 5, 2009, s. 21 – 31.
- Takeuchi Yoshimi, “Okakura Tenshin: Civilization Critique from the Standpoint of Asia (1962)”, Çev: Christopher L. Hill, Review of Japanese Culture and Society, Vol: 24, 2012, s. 15-25.
- TANKHA, Brij, “Okakura Tenshin: “Asia is One,” 1903”, Pan-Asianism A Documentary History, Volume 1: 1850-1920, Ed: Sven Saaler, Christopher W. A. Szpilman, Rowman&Littlefield, İngiltere 2011, s.93-100.
- TANKHA, Brij, “Okakura Tenshin: Writing a Good History Upon a Modern Plan”, Okakura Tenshin and Pan- Asianism, Ed. Brij Tankha, Global Oriental, İngiltere 2009, s. 27-48.
- WAKAKUMA, Midori, “Japanese Cultural Identity and Nineteenth – century Asian Nationalism: Okakura Tenshin and Swami Vivekananda”, Okakura Tenshin and Pan- Asianism, Ed. Brij Tankha, Global Oriental 2009, s. 22-26.
- D. İnternet Erişim Adresleri
- https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ernest-F-Fenollosa./ Erişim Tarihi: 26.06.2023
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Early Modern History (Other) |
| Journal Section | Research Articles |
| Authors | |
| Early Pub Date | November 27, 2023 |
| Publication Date | November 30, 2023 |
| Submission Date | July 18, 2023 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2023 Volume: 15 Issue: 4 |
