Abstract
Bu çalışmada, Orta Çağ Avrupası’nda tuz üretim yöntemleri ve tuz ticareti ele alınacaktır. Bu amaçla öncelikle tuzun dönem toplumları açısından önemi üzerinde durulacaktır. Saklama koşullarının çok zor olduğu çağlarda gıdadan, cenazelerin muhafazasına kadar geniş bir kullanım alanına sahip olan tuz, bir değişim aracı ve ticari emtia olarak da karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bu hususlar değerlendirildikten sonra konunun daha iyi izah edilebilmesi için dönemin Avrupası’ndaki tuz üretim teknikleri ele alınacak ve mukayese edilecektir. Bu süreçte özellikle kaya tuzu ile denizden elde edilen tuz arasındaki farklılıklar irdelenecek, devamında tuz üretim bölgeleri tek tek incelenecek, üretim tekniklerinin bölgesel koşullar ile bağlantısı örnekler verilerek araştırılacaktır. Bütün bu başlıklar, kuzeyden güneye bir sıralamaya tabi tutularak, her bölgenin fonksiyonları ve önemi üzerinde değerlendirmelerde bulunulacaktır. Bu noktada özellikle Orta Çağ’ın ikinci yarısından itibaren Avrupa’da yükselen tuz ticareti üzerinde durulacak, Alman ticaret örgütü Hansa Birliği ve İtalyan devletlerinin tesiri ele alınacaktır. Bunun yanında manastırların tuz üretimindeki etkileri ve vergilendirme hususunda bazı değerlendirmeler olacaktır. Akabinde elde edilen bulgulardan yola çıkılarak sonuç bölümünde çıkarımlar sunulacaktır.
Ethical Statement
Çalışmam etik beyan gerektirecek bir içeriğe sahip değildir.
References
- Adshead, S. A. M. (1992). Salt and Civilization. Palgrave. Hampshire.
- Avcı, Sedat. (2003). “Ekonomik Coğrafya Açısından Önemli Bir Maden Tuz”. Coğrafya Dergisi. 11. İstanbul. 21-45.
- Bavel, B. V. (2010). Manors and Markets Economy and Society in the Low Countries 500-1600. Oxford University Press. Oxford.
- Blackburn, M. (2006). “Money and Coinage”. The new Cambridge Medieval History. Vol. I. Paul Fouracre (Edit.). Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. 665-674.
- Blomkvist, N. (2005). North Europe and the Baltic c. 400-1700 AD. Brill. Boston.
- Bridbury, A. R. (1955). England and the Salt Trade in the Later Middle Ages. Clarendon Press. Oxford.
- Brooke, C. (1987). Europe in the Central Middle Ages. 962-1154 (Second Edition). Longman. London.
- Calvert, A. F. Salt And Salt Industry. Sir Isaac Pirman & Sons. Ltd. London.
- Çetin Ünal, B. (2022). Orta Çağ Almanyası’nın Kısa Tarihi. Kriter Yayınevi. İstanbul.
- Darby, H. C. (1971). The Domesday Geography of Eastern England. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.
- Dollinger, P. (1970). The German Hansa. (Çev. D. S. Ault & S. H. Steinberg). Stanford University Press. Stanford.
- Duby, G. (1968). Rural Economy and Country Life in the Medieval West. (Çev. Cynthia Postan). Great Britain. Edward Arnold Ltd.
- Forbes, R. J. (1965). Studies in Ancient Technology III. Brill. Leiden.
- Georgius A. (1912). De Re Metallica. (Çev. Herbert Clark Hoover). The Mining Magazine. Salisbury.
- Hewitt, H. J. (1929). Medieval Cheshire. Chetham Society. Manchester.
- İbn Battuta T. (2000). İbn Battuta Seyahatnamesi II. (Çev. A. Sait Aykut). Yapı Kredi Yayınları. İstanbul.
- Jones, G. (1969). A History of the Vikings. Oxford University Press. Oxford.
- Karakuş, N. (2023). “Silah Tüccarı Bir Sahabi. Nevfel b. Hâris”. Journal of Analytic Divinity. 7/1. pp 48-63. https://doi.org/10.46595/jad.1247032
- Kurlansky, M. (2002). Salt A World History. Walker and Company. New York.
- Malowist, M. (1965). “The Trade of Eastern Europe in the Later Middle Ages". The Cambridge Economic History of Europe II (Second Edition). M. M. Postan (Edit.). Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. 525-613.
- Mollat du Jourdin, M. (1993). Europe and the Sea. (Çev. Teresa Lavender Fagan). Blackwell. Oxford.
- Montanari, M. (1993). Kıtlık ve Bolluk. (Çev. Mesut Önen & Biranda Hinginar Çoban). Nika Yayınevi). Ankara.
- Multhauf, R. P. (1988). “Salt Trade”. Dictionary of the Middle Ages X. Joseph R. Strayer (Edit.). 629-634.
- Multhauf, R. P. (1978). Neptune’s Gift: A History of Common Salt. The Johns Hopkins University Press. London.
- Postan, M. M. (1973). Mediaeval Trade and Finance. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.
- Ratton, J. L. (1882). Common Salt (Second Edition). Higginbotham and Co. London.
- Rowell, S. C. (2006). “Baltic Europe”. The new Cambridge Medieval History. 6. Jones Michael (Edit.). Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. 699-734.
- Sands, T. & Higby, C. P. (1949). “France and the Salt Tax”. The Historian. Spring. 11. 145-165.
- Sawyer, P. (2006). “Scandinavia in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries”. The new Cambridge Medieval History Vol IV-II David Luscombe & Jonathan Riley-Smith (Edit.). Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. 290-303.
- Spufford, P. (2006). “Trade in fourteenth-century Europe”. The new Cambridge Medieval History. 6. Jones Michael (Edit.). Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. 155-208.
- Tannahill, R. (1988). Food in History. Penguin. London.
- Thompson, J. W. (1928). Economic and Social History of the Middle Ages. The Century Co. New York.
- Watson, J. S. (1963). A History Of The Salters Company. Oxford University Press. London.
- Weatherford, J. (1997). The History of Money. Crown Publishers Inc. NewYork.
- Whitelock, D. (1952). The Beginnings of English Society. Penguin Books. Harmondsworth.
- Wickham, C. (2006). “Rural society in Carolingian Europe”. The new Cambridge Medieval History II (Fifth Edition).
- Rosamond McKitteric (Edit.). Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. 510-536.
- Wilson, C. A. (1973). Food and Drink in Britain. Penguin Books. London.
Abstract
In this study, salt production methods and salt trade in Medieval Europe will be discussed. For this purpose, we will first focus on the importance of salt for the societies of the period. In times when storage conditions were very difficult, salt had a wide range of uses, from food to preservation of corpses. It also appears as a medium of exchange and commercial commodity. After these issues are evaluated, salt production techniques in Europe of the period will be discussed and compared in order to better explain the subject. In this process, the differences between rock salt and salt obtained from the sea will be examined. In the continuation, salt production regions will be examined one by one, and the connection of production techniques with regional conditions will be investigated by giving examples. All these titles will be subjected to a ranking from north to south, and evaluations will be made on the functions of each region. At this point, the increasing salt trade in Europe since the second half of the Middle Ages will be emphasized, and then the influence of the Hanseatic League and the Italian states will be discussed. In addition, there will be some evaluations regarding the effects of monasteries on salt production and taxation. Subsequently, inferences will be presented in the conclusion section based on the findings.
References
- Adshead, S. A. M. (1992). Salt and Civilization. Palgrave. Hampshire.
- Avcı, Sedat. (2003). “Ekonomik Coğrafya Açısından Önemli Bir Maden Tuz”. Coğrafya Dergisi. 11. İstanbul. 21-45.
- Bavel, B. V. (2010). Manors and Markets Economy and Society in the Low Countries 500-1600. Oxford University Press. Oxford.
- Blackburn, M. (2006). “Money and Coinage”. The new Cambridge Medieval History. Vol. I. Paul Fouracre (Edit.). Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. 665-674.
- Blomkvist, N. (2005). North Europe and the Baltic c. 400-1700 AD. Brill. Boston.
- Bridbury, A. R. (1955). England and the Salt Trade in the Later Middle Ages. Clarendon Press. Oxford.
- Brooke, C. (1987). Europe in the Central Middle Ages. 962-1154 (Second Edition). Longman. London.
- Calvert, A. F. Salt And Salt Industry. Sir Isaac Pirman & Sons. Ltd. London.
- Çetin Ünal, B. (2022). Orta Çağ Almanyası’nın Kısa Tarihi. Kriter Yayınevi. İstanbul.
- Darby, H. C. (1971). The Domesday Geography of Eastern England. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.
- Dollinger, P. (1970). The German Hansa. (Çev. D. S. Ault & S. H. Steinberg). Stanford University Press. Stanford.
- Duby, G. (1968). Rural Economy and Country Life in the Medieval West. (Çev. Cynthia Postan). Great Britain. Edward Arnold Ltd.
- Forbes, R. J. (1965). Studies in Ancient Technology III. Brill. Leiden.
- Georgius A. (1912). De Re Metallica. (Çev. Herbert Clark Hoover). The Mining Magazine. Salisbury.
- Hewitt, H. J. (1929). Medieval Cheshire. Chetham Society. Manchester.
- İbn Battuta T. (2000). İbn Battuta Seyahatnamesi II. (Çev. A. Sait Aykut). Yapı Kredi Yayınları. İstanbul.
- Jones, G. (1969). A History of the Vikings. Oxford University Press. Oxford.
- Karakuş, N. (2023). “Silah Tüccarı Bir Sahabi. Nevfel b. Hâris”. Journal of Analytic Divinity. 7/1. pp 48-63. https://doi.org/10.46595/jad.1247032
- Kurlansky, M. (2002). Salt A World History. Walker and Company. New York.
- Malowist, M. (1965). “The Trade of Eastern Europe in the Later Middle Ages". The Cambridge Economic History of Europe II (Second Edition). M. M. Postan (Edit.). Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. 525-613.
- Mollat du Jourdin, M. (1993). Europe and the Sea. (Çev. Teresa Lavender Fagan). Blackwell. Oxford.
- Montanari, M. (1993). Kıtlık ve Bolluk. (Çev. Mesut Önen & Biranda Hinginar Çoban). Nika Yayınevi). Ankara.
- Multhauf, R. P. (1988). “Salt Trade”. Dictionary of the Middle Ages X. Joseph R. Strayer (Edit.). 629-634.
- Multhauf, R. P. (1978). Neptune’s Gift: A History of Common Salt. The Johns Hopkins University Press. London.
- Postan, M. M. (1973). Mediaeval Trade and Finance. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.
- Ratton, J. L. (1882). Common Salt (Second Edition). Higginbotham and Co. London.
- Rowell, S. C. (2006). “Baltic Europe”. The new Cambridge Medieval History. 6. Jones Michael (Edit.). Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. 699-734.
- Sands, T. & Higby, C. P. (1949). “France and the Salt Tax”. The Historian. Spring. 11. 145-165.
- Sawyer, P. (2006). “Scandinavia in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries”. The new Cambridge Medieval History Vol IV-II David Luscombe & Jonathan Riley-Smith (Edit.). Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. 290-303.
- Spufford, P. (2006). “Trade in fourteenth-century Europe”. The new Cambridge Medieval History. 6. Jones Michael (Edit.). Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. 155-208.
- Tannahill, R. (1988). Food in History. Penguin. London.
- Thompson, J. W. (1928). Economic and Social History of the Middle Ages. The Century Co. New York.
- Watson, J. S. (1963). A History Of The Salters Company. Oxford University Press. London.
- Weatherford, J. (1997). The History of Money. Crown Publishers Inc. NewYork.
- Whitelock, D. (1952). The Beginnings of English Society. Penguin Books. Harmondsworth.
- Wickham, C. (2006). “Rural society in Carolingian Europe”. The new Cambridge Medieval History II (Fifth Edition).
- Rosamond McKitteric (Edit.). Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. 510-536.
- Wilson, C. A. (1973). Food and Drink in Britain. Penguin Books. London.
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Medieval Age Archeology |
| Journal Section | Tüm Sayı |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | March 14, 2024 |
| Submission Date | December 15, 2023 |
| Acceptance Date | February 20, 2024 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2024 Volume: 12 Issue: 23 |
