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Covid-19 Sonrası Türkiye Ekonomisi Toplumsal Cinsiyet Eşitliğini Nasıl Geliştirebilir?

Year 2022, Volume: 15 Issue: 1, 21 - 32, 30.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.37093/ijsi.956785

Abstract

Toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliği yalnızca temel bir insan hakkı değil, aynı zamanda barışçıl bir toplum, insan potansiyelini tam kullanım ve uzun vadeli gelişmenin bir koşuludur. Bu nedenle, bir ekonominin gelişmesinde kilit bir rol oynayabilir. Erkeklerin ve kadınların sosyal kalkınmaya eşit derecede katkıda bulunabilecekleri gerçeğini benimsemek bu yüzden oldukça önemlidir. Kadınların güçlendirilmesinin gerçekleşmesi için bütüncül yaklaşım, sağlam politikalar ve uzun vadeli özveri gerekmektedir. Ayrıca, uygulanması hedeflenen ulusal politika ve programlar geliştirilirken, toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliği öncelikli olarak gözetilmelidir. Türk kadınının sosyal, siyasi ve ekonomik hayatındaki gelişmelere rağmen güçlendirmeleri henüz istenilen noktaya ulaşamamıştır. Bu çalışma, Türkiye'de Korona Virüsünün bir diğer adıyla Covid-19'un ortaya çıkmasından önce ve sonra kadınların eğitim ve işgücü piyasasındaki durumunu incelemektedir. Kadınların Türkiye ekonomisine katılımına ilişkin zorluklar ve fırsatlar analiz edilmektedir.

References

  • Akkaş, İ. (2019). Cinsiyet ve toplumsal cinsiyet kavramları çercevesinde ortaya çıkan toplumsal cinsiyet ayrımcılığı [Social gender discrimination concerning the concept of gender and social gender]. Ekev Akademi Dergisi, ICOAEF Özel Sayı, 97-118. http://dx.doi.org/10.17753/Ekev1038
  • Alat, Z., & Alat, K. (2011). A qualitative study of parental resistance to girls’ schooling. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 11(3), 1369-1373.
  • Bahar Özvarış, Ş., Kayı, İ., Mardin, D., Sakarya, S., Ekzayez, A., Meagher, K., & Patel, P. (2020). COVID-19 barriers and response strategies for refugees and undocumented migrants in Turkey. Journal of Migration and Health, 1-2, 100012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmh.2020.100012
  • Börkan, B., Levent, H., Dereli, O., Bakış, O., & Pelek, S. (2014). Temel belirleyicileri açısından ilköğretimde okula devam ve devamsızlık [School attendance and absenteeism in primary education in terms of key determinants]. MEB, ERG, UNICEF. http://tegm.meb.gov.tr/meb_iys_dosyalar/2016_05/09023316_temel_belirleyicileri_acisindan_ ilkogretimde_okula_devam_ve_devamsizlik_arastirma_raporu.pdf
  • Cebeci, T. (2015). Performance of female employers in Turkey (Report No. 102015-TR). World Bank, Washington, D.C. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/25411
  • Chakraborty, I., & Maity, P. (2020). COVID-19 outbreak: Migration, effects on society, global environment and prevention. The Science of the Total Environment, 728, 138882. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138882
  • Demiray, E. (2015). Problems in women’s education in Turkey: Implementations and suggested solutions. International Journal on New Trends in Education and Their Implications, 6(1), 1–12.
  • Francis, B., & Skelton, C. (2005). Reassessing gender and achievement: Questioning contemporary key debates. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203412923
  • Gümüş, S., & Chudgar, A. (2016). Factors affecting school participation in Turkey: An analysis of regional differences. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 46(6), 929-951. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057925.2015.1095073
  • International Crisis Group. (2018, January 29). Turkey’s Syrian refugees: Defusing metropolitan tensions (Europe Report No. 248). 29 January 2018. https://reliefweb.int/report/turkey/europe-report-n-248-turkey-s-syrian-refugees-defusing-metropolitan-tensions
  • International Labour Organization. (2020). Gender equality in the world of work: Towards a transformative and measurable agenda for more equal societies [Brochure]. ILO Publications: Geneva. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---gender/documents/publication/wcms_751914.pdf
  • International Labour Organization. (2021, October 27). ILO Monitor: COVID-19 and the world of work. Seventh edition. [Briefing Note] https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/documents/briefingnote/ wcms_824092.pdf
  • International Telecommunication Union. (2020, May 26). Celebrating girls as creators of technology and digital solutions. https://www.itu.int/hub/2020/05/celebrating-girls-as-creators-of-technology-and-digital-solutions
  • İçli, G. (2018). Toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliği politikaları ve küreselleşme [Gender equality policies and globalization]. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 30, 133-144.
  • İnal, E. (2020, March 31). Turkey launches stimulus package amid COVID-19 threat. Norton Rose Fulbright. https://www.nortonrosefulbright.com/en/inside-turkey/blog/2020/03/turkey-launches-stimulus-package-amid-covid-19-threat
  • Işık, O., Tengilimoğlu, D., Şenel Tekin, P., Tosun, N., & Zekioğlu, A. (2021). Evaluation of students’ opinions regarding distance learning practices in Turkish universities during the Covid-19 pandemic. Yükseköğretim Dergisi, 11(3), 607–616. https://doi:10.2399/yod.20.006000
  • Kalaycı, İ., & Kaya, M. (2020). Adaletin cinsiyeti olur mu? Feminist politik iktisat açısından bazı yanıtlar [Does justice have gender or not? Some answers in terms of feminist political economics]. Çukurova Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 24(1), 15-34. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/cuiibfd/issue/57848/647256
  • Kalaycı, İ. (2017). Feminist iktisat: Toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliğine seçenek bir bakış [Feminist economics: An alternative view to gender mainstreaming]. Avrasya Sosyal ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi (ASEAD), 4(12), 533-542. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/asead/issue/52678/694432
  • Murphy, P., & Elwood, J. (1998). Gendered learning outside and inside school: Influences on achievement. In D. Epstein, J. Elwood, V. Hey, & J. Maw (Eds.), Failing boys? Issues in gender and achievement (pp. 162-182). Open University.
  • O’Dwyer, J., Aksit, N., & Sands, M. (2010). Expanding educational access in Eastern Turkey: A new initiative. International Journal of Educational Development, 30(2), 193-203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2009.03.005
  • OECD (2018). Bridging the digital gender divide include, upskill, innovative. OECD Publishing
  • OECD (2019). Employment rate. https://data.oecd.org/emp/employment-rate.htm
  • OECD (2020a). Environment at a glance 2020. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/4ea7d35f-en
  • OECD (2020b). Women at the core of the fight against COVID-19 crisis. https://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/ policyresponseswomen-at-the-core-of-the-fight-against-covid-19-crisis-553a8269
  • OECD (2020c). Making the green recovery work for jobs, income and growth Updated 06 October 2020. https://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/making-the-green-recovery-work-for-jobs-income-and-growtha505f3e7
  • Pratt, J.; Bloomfield, J.; & Seale, C. (1984). Option choice: A question of equal opportunity. NFER-Nelson
  • Riordan, C. (1990). Girls and boys in school: Together or separate? Teachers College Press.
  • Schleicher, A. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on education insights from education at a glance 2020. OECD Publications
  • Statista (2020). Turkey: Urbanization from 2010 to 2020. https://www.statista.com/statistics/255487/urbanization-in-turkey
  • TUIK (2020). İşgücü istatistikleri [Labour force statistics]. Retrieved June 6, 2021, from https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p =Isgucu-Istatistikleri-Kasim-2020-37480
  • UN Women. (2020, April 6). Violence against women and girls: the shadow pandemic. https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2020/4/statement-ed-phumzile-violence-against-women-during-pandemic
  • Unterhalter, E. (2005). Fragmented frameworks: Researching women, gender, education and development. In S. Aikman, and E. Unterhalter (Eds.), Beyond access: Developing gender equality in education (pp. 15–35). Oxford: Oxfam.
  • Wang, Q., & Su, M. (2020). A preliminary assessment of the impact of COVID-19 on environment ― A case study of China. Science of The Total Environment, 728, 138915. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138915
  • Wenham, C., Smith, J., & Morgan, R. (2020). COVID-19: The gendered impacts of the outbreak. Lancet (London, England), 395(10227), 846-848. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30526-2
  • World Economic Forum. (2020). The global gender gap report 2020. https://www.weforum.org/reports/gender-gap-2020-report-100-years-pay-equality
  • World Government Bonds. (2020). Turkey 5 years CDS-historical data [online]. Retrieved June 5, 2021, from http://www.worldgovernmentbonds.com

How Can the Post-COVID-19 Economy of Turkey Help to Improve Gender Equality?

Year 2022, Volume: 15 Issue: 1, 21 - 32, 30.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.37093/ijsi.956785

Abstract

Gender equality is not only a fundamental human right, but it is also necessary for a peaceful society, the attainment of full human potential, and long-term progress. It can also play a significant role in the growth of any modern economy. Therefore, it is critical to realize that men and women may both contribute to societal growth. A holistic approach, sound policies, and long-term commitment by all levels of government are essential for women's empowerment to become a reality. In addition, gender equality must be a priority in developing national policies and initiatives. Despite improvements in Turkish women’s social, political, and economic lives, women's empowerment has yet to be attained. This research explores the position of women in school and the labor market in Turkey before and after the emergence of COVID-19. The research highlights the problems and opportunities that women regarding participating in the Turkish economy.

References

  • Akkaş, İ. (2019). Cinsiyet ve toplumsal cinsiyet kavramları çercevesinde ortaya çıkan toplumsal cinsiyet ayrımcılığı [Social gender discrimination concerning the concept of gender and social gender]. Ekev Akademi Dergisi, ICOAEF Özel Sayı, 97-118. http://dx.doi.org/10.17753/Ekev1038
  • Alat, Z., & Alat, K. (2011). A qualitative study of parental resistance to girls’ schooling. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 11(3), 1369-1373.
  • Bahar Özvarış, Ş., Kayı, İ., Mardin, D., Sakarya, S., Ekzayez, A., Meagher, K., & Patel, P. (2020). COVID-19 barriers and response strategies for refugees and undocumented migrants in Turkey. Journal of Migration and Health, 1-2, 100012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmh.2020.100012
  • Börkan, B., Levent, H., Dereli, O., Bakış, O., & Pelek, S. (2014). Temel belirleyicileri açısından ilköğretimde okula devam ve devamsızlık [School attendance and absenteeism in primary education in terms of key determinants]. MEB, ERG, UNICEF. http://tegm.meb.gov.tr/meb_iys_dosyalar/2016_05/09023316_temel_belirleyicileri_acisindan_ ilkogretimde_okula_devam_ve_devamsizlik_arastirma_raporu.pdf
  • Cebeci, T. (2015). Performance of female employers in Turkey (Report No. 102015-TR). World Bank, Washington, D.C. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/25411
  • Chakraborty, I., & Maity, P. (2020). COVID-19 outbreak: Migration, effects on society, global environment and prevention. The Science of the Total Environment, 728, 138882. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138882
  • Demiray, E. (2015). Problems in women’s education in Turkey: Implementations and suggested solutions. International Journal on New Trends in Education and Their Implications, 6(1), 1–12.
  • Francis, B., & Skelton, C. (2005). Reassessing gender and achievement: Questioning contemporary key debates. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203412923
  • Gümüş, S., & Chudgar, A. (2016). Factors affecting school participation in Turkey: An analysis of regional differences. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 46(6), 929-951. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057925.2015.1095073
  • International Crisis Group. (2018, January 29). Turkey’s Syrian refugees: Defusing metropolitan tensions (Europe Report No. 248). 29 January 2018. https://reliefweb.int/report/turkey/europe-report-n-248-turkey-s-syrian-refugees-defusing-metropolitan-tensions
  • International Labour Organization. (2020). Gender equality in the world of work: Towards a transformative and measurable agenda for more equal societies [Brochure]. ILO Publications: Geneva. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---gender/documents/publication/wcms_751914.pdf
  • International Labour Organization. (2021, October 27). ILO Monitor: COVID-19 and the world of work. Seventh edition. [Briefing Note] https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/documents/briefingnote/ wcms_824092.pdf
  • International Telecommunication Union. (2020, May 26). Celebrating girls as creators of technology and digital solutions. https://www.itu.int/hub/2020/05/celebrating-girls-as-creators-of-technology-and-digital-solutions
  • İçli, G. (2018). Toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliği politikaları ve küreselleşme [Gender equality policies and globalization]. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 30, 133-144.
  • İnal, E. (2020, March 31). Turkey launches stimulus package amid COVID-19 threat. Norton Rose Fulbright. https://www.nortonrosefulbright.com/en/inside-turkey/blog/2020/03/turkey-launches-stimulus-package-amid-covid-19-threat
  • Işık, O., Tengilimoğlu, D., Şenel Tekin, P., Tosun, N., & Zekioğlu, A. (2021). Evaluation of students’ opinions regarding distance learning practices in Turkish universities during the Covid-19 pandemic. Yükseköğretim Dergisi, 11(3), 607–616. https://doi:10.2399/yod.20.006000
  • Kalaycı, İ., & Kaya, M. (2020). Adaletin cinsiyeti olur mu? Feminist politik iktisat açısından bazı yanıtlar [Does justice have gender or not? Some answers in terms of feminist political economics]. Çukurova Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 24(1), 15-34. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/cuiibfd/issue/57848/647256
  • Kalaycı, İ. (2017). Feminist iktisat: Toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliğine seçenek bir bakış [Feminist economics: An alternative view to gender mainstreaming]. Avrasya Sosyal ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi (ASEAD), 4(12), 533-542. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/asead/issue/52678/694432
  • Murphy, P., & Elwood, J. (1998). Gendered learning outside and inside school: Influences on achievement. In D. Epstein, J. Elwood, V. Hey, & J. Maw (Eds.), Failing boys? Issues in gender and achievement (pp. 162-182). Open University.
  • O’Dwyer, J., Aksit, N., & Sands, M. (2010). Expanding educational access in Eastern Turkey: A new initiative. International Journal of Educational Development, 30(2), 193-203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2009.03.005
  • OECD (2018). Bridging the digital gender divide include, upskill, innovative. OECD Publishing
  • OECD (2019). Employment rate. https://data.oecd.org/emp/employment-rate.htm
  • OECD (2020a). Environment at a glance 2020. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/4ea7d35f-en
  • OECD (2020b). Women at the core of the fight against COVID-19 crisis. https://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/ policyresponseswomen-at-the-core-of-the-fight-against-covid-19-crisis-553a8269
  • OECD (2020c). Making the green recovery work for jobs, income and growth Updated 06 October 2020. https://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/making-the-green-recovery-work-for-jobs-income-and-growtha505f3e7
  • Pratt, J.; Bloomfield, J.; & Seale, C. (1984). Option choice: A question of equal opportunity. NFER-Nelson
  • Riordan, C. (1990). Girls and boys in school: Together or separate? Teachers College Press.
  • Schleicher, A. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on education insights from education at a glance 2020. OECD Publications
  • Statista (2020). Turkey: Urbanization from 2010 to 2020. https://www.statista.com/statistics/255487/urbanization-in-turkey
  • TUIK (2020). İşgücü istatistikleri [Labour force statistics]. Retrieved June 6, 2021, from https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p =Isgucu-Istatistikleri-Kasim-2020-37480
  • UN Women. (2020, April 6). Violence against women and girls: the shadow pandemic. https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2020/4/statement-ed-phumzile-violence-against-women-during-pandemic
  • Unterhalter, E. (2005). Fragmented frameworks: Researching women, gender, education and development. In S. Aikman, and E. Unterhalter (Eds.), Beyond access: Developing gender equality in education (pp. 15–35). Oxford: Oxfam.
  • Wang, Q., & Su, M. (2020). A preliminary assessment of the impact of COVID-19 on environment ― A case study of China. Science of The Total Environment, 728, 138915. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138915
  • Wenham, C., Smith, J., & Morgan, R. (2020). COVID-19: The gendered impacts of the outbreak. Lancet (London, England), 395(10227), 846-848. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30526-2
  • World Economic Forum. (2020). The global gender gap report 2020. https://www.weforum.org/reports/gender-gap-2020-report-100-years-pay-equality
  • World Government Bonds. (2020). Turkey 5 years CDS-historical data [online]. Retrieved June 5, 2021, from http://www.worldgovernmentbonds.com
There are 36 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Meltem Ince Yenilmez 0000-0002-4689-3196

Publication Date June 30, 2022
Submission Date June 23, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 15 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Ince Yenilmez, M. (2022). How Can the Post-COVID-19 Economy of Turkey Help to Improve Gender Equality?. International Journal of Social Inquiry, 15(1), 21-32. https://doi.org/10.37093/ijsi.956785

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