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Dirençli Kent Tasarımında Katılımcılık: Türkiye'de Belediyeler ve STK'lar Arasındaki Paydaşlık İlişkisinin İncelenmesi

Year 2023, Volume: 16 Issue: 1, 297 - 313, 30.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.37093/ijsi.1210342

Abstract

Bir kentte fiziksel, çevresel, sosyal ve ekonomik anlamda ortaya çıkabilecek tüm sorunlarla mücadelede kentin paydaşları ile ortaklaşa hareket edilmesi, kenti daha dirençli hale getirebileceği gibi tüm paydaşları kendilerini daha güvende hissedebilecekleri bir kente dönüştürecektir. Bu durum her şeyden önce belediyelerde katılımcı bir modelin benimsenmesi ve paydaş katılımına önem veren bir yönetim anlayışıyla mümkündür. Bu çalışmada dirençli kent tasarımında belediyelerin önemli bir paydaşı olan STK’larla olan katılımcılık ilişkisinin mevcut durumuna odaklanılmaktadır. Çalışmanın amacı Türkiye’de belediyeler ile STK’lar arasındaki katılımcılık ilişkisini değerlendirmektir. Çalışmada nicel yöntem benimsenmiştir. Bu kapsamda toplam 800 veri STK örneklemi ve 552 veri Belediye örneklemi için anket toplanmıştır. Çalışmada elde edilen en önemli bulgu karar alma süreçlerine katılımcılık konusunda Türkiye’de belediyeler ile STK’lar arasındaki paydaşlık ilişkisinin zayıf olduğu ve dirençli kent tasarımında katılımcılık ilişkisine önem verilmesi gerektiği yönündedir.

Supporting Institution

TÜBİTAK (SOBAG) 1001

Project Number

120K148

Thanks

Bu çalışma, TÜBİTAK (SOBAG) 1001 kapsamında desteklenen 120K148 numaralı ve “Türkiye’de Yerel Yönetimlerde Planlama ve Bütçeleme Süreçlerinde Belediye ile Sivil Toplum Kuruluşları Arasındaki Katılımcılık İlişkisinin Büyükşehir Belediyeleri ve İl Belediyeleri Açısından Analizi” başlıklı projeden üretilmiştir. Mali desteklerinden dolayı TÜBİTAK’a teşekkür ederiz.

References

  • Başaran, İ. (2008). Kent ve yerel yönetim. Okutan Yayıncılık.
  • Berner, M. (2003). Current practices for involving citizens in local government budgeting: Moving beyond method. Public Administration Quarterly, 27(4), 410-432.
  • Bush, J., & Doyon, A. (2019). Building urban resilience with nature-based solutions: How can urban planning contribute? Cities, 95, 102483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2019.102483
  • Callahan, K. (2007). Citizen participation: Models and methods. International Journal of Public Administration, 30(11), 1179–1196. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900690701225366
  • Cattivelli, V., & Rusciano, V. (2020). Social innovation and food provisioning during COVID-19: The case of urban–rural initiatives in the province of Naples. Sustainability, 12(11), 4444. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12114444
  • Carter, J. G., Cavan, G., Connelly, A., Guy, S., Handley, J., & Kazmierczak, A. (2015). Climate change and the city: Building capacity for urban adaptation. Progress in Planning, 95, 1–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progress.2013.08.001
  • Chirenje, L. I., Giliba, R. A., & Musamba, E. B. (2013). Local communities’ participation in decision-making processes through planning and budgeting in African countries. Chinese Journal of Population Resources and Environment, 11(1), 10–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/10042857.2013.777198
  • Coaffee, J., Therrien, M. C., Chelleri, L., Henstra, D., Aldrich, D. P., Mitchell, C. L., Tsenkova, S., & Rigaud, R. (2018). Urban resilience implementation: A policy challenge and research agenda for the 21st century. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 26(3), 403–410. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5973.12233
  • Cretney, R. (2014). Resilience for whom? Emerging critical geographies of socio-ecological resilience. Geography Compass, 8(9), 627–640. https://doi.org/10.1111/gec3.12154
  • Çın, S. (2015). Yönetişim sürecinde sivil toplum kuruluşları. Üçüncü Sektör Sosyal Ekonomi, 50(1), 16–30.
  • Çiriş, S. (2017). Kentsel planlamada paradigma değişiminin bir ürünü: "Dirençli Ulaştırma" ve İstanbul kenti üzerine inceleme: Giriş. 12. Ulaştırma Kongresi (Ulaştırma Politikaları) Bildiriler Kitabı içinde (ss. 147–156). https://www.imo.org.tr/resimler/ekutuphane/pdf/18001_41_29.pdf
  • Cloete, C. E. (2012). Assessing urban resilience. WIT Transactions on Information and Communication Technologies, 44(11), 341–351. https://doi.org/10.2495/risk120291
  • Derici, N. (2020). Civil society, governance and development. Liberal Düşünce Dergisi, 25(97), 227–248. https://doi.org/10.36484/liberal.679412
  • Desouza, K. C., & Flanery, T. H. (2013). Designing, planning, and managing resilient cities: A conceptual framework. Cities, 35, 89–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2013.06.003
  • Devas, N., & Grant, U. (2003). Local government decision-making—citizen participation and local accountability: Some evidence from Kenya and Uganda. Public Administration and Development, 23(4), 307–316. https://doi.org/10.1002/pad.281
  • Eren, Ş. G. (2019). Tokyo: Solaris - Güneş İmparatorluğu’nun dirençli, kırılgan ve tehlikeli kenti. İdealkent, 10(28), 907–941. https://doi.org/10.31198/idealkent.635099
  • Ergen, Z. (2012). Yönetimden yönetişime : Katılımcı bütçeleme modeli. Maliye Dergisi, (163), 316–334.
  • European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Manca, A. R., Benczur, P., & Giovannini, E. (2017). Building a scientific narrative towards a more resilient EU society (JRC Science for Policy Report). European Union. https://dx.doi.org/10.2760/635528
  • Godschalk, D. R. (2003). Urban hazard mitigation: Creating resilient cities. Natural Hazards Review, 4(3), 136–143. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1527-6988(2003)4:3(136)
  • Gönüllü, C. (2020). “STK-Belediye-Yönetişim Ekseninde” birbirlerinin gözünden aktörler: Burdur ili örneği. Emek ve Toplum, 9(23), 51–69. https://doi.org/10.31199/hakisderg.686028
  • Hayta, Y. (2016). Kent kültürü ve değişen kent kavramı. Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 5(2), 165–184. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/bitlissos/issue/45113/563898
  • Holling, C. S. (1973). Resilience and stability of ecological systems. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 4(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.04.110173.000245
  • Innes, J. E., & Booher, D. E. (2004). Reframing public participation: Strategies for the 21st century. Planning Theory & Practice, 5(4), 419–436. https://doi.org/10.1080/1464935042000293170
  • Jabareen, Y. (2013). Planning the resilient city: Concepts and strategies for coping with climate change and environmental risk. Cities, 31, 220–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2012.05.004
  • Kafa, C., & Ataay, F. (2008). Yönetişim: Devlet-Toplum ilişkilerinde yeni bir aşama. Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 17(3), 229–240. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/cusosbil/issue/4380/60078
  • Kavanoz, S. (2020). “Kentsel Direnç” kavramı üzerine. Kent ve Çevre Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(1), 5–24. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/yykentcevre/issue/55330/733459
  • Kaypak, A. (2012). Yerel yönetimlerde katılımcı/müzakereci demokrasi sürecinde sivil toplum kuruluşlarının önemi. Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi-International Journal of Management Economics and Business, 8(17). https://doi.org/10.11122/ijmeb.2012.8.17.72
  • Keyman, F. (2004). Sivil toplum, sivil toplum kuruluşları ve Türkiye (Konferans Yazıları No. 4). Sivil Toplum ve Demokrasi Konferans Yazıları. İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi. https://stk.bilgi.edu.tr/media/uploads/2015/02/01/keyman_std_4.pdf
  • Kim, D., & Lim, U. (2016). Urban resilience in climate change adaptation: A conceptual framework. Sustainability, 8(4), 405. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8040405
  • Kooiman, J. (1999). Social-political governance. Public Management: An International Journal of Research and Theory, 1(1), 67–92. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037800000005
  • King, C. S., Feltey, K. M., & Susel, B. O. (1998). the question of participation: Toward authentic public participation in public administration. Public Administration Review, 58(4), 317. https://doi.org/10.2307/977561
  • Krellenberg, K., Koch, F., & Kabisch, S. (2016). Urban sustainability transformations in lights of resource efficiency and resilient city concepts. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 22, 51–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2017.04.001
  • Lister, R. (1998). Citizen in action: Citizenship and community development in a Northern Ireland context. Community Development Journal, 33(3), 226–235. https://doi.org/10.1093/cdj/33.3.226
  • Meerow, S., Newell, J. P., & Stults, M. (2016). Defining urban resilience: A review. Landscape and Urban Planning, 147, 38–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.11.011
  • Mirti Chand, A. V. (2018). Place Based Approach to plan for Resilient Cities: A local government perspective. Procedia Engineering, 212, 157–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2018.01.021
  • Payam, M. M. (2019). Dirençli kentlerde belediyelerin suç önlemedeki rolüne yeni bir bakış. İdealkent, 10(28), 1022–1049. https://doi.org/10.31198/idealkent.634237
  • Røiseland, A., & Vabo, S. I. (2016). Interactive or counteractive governance? Lessons learned about citizen participation and political leadership. In J. Edelenbos & I. van Meerkerk (Eds.), Critical reflections on interactive governance (pp. 120-145). Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • Ruige, A., Üskent, S., & Micka, P. (2014). Yönetişim ve katılım: Etkili katılım için araçlar yöntemler mekanizmalar (Katılımcılık Rehberleri No. 1/4). İçişleri Bakanlığı Mahalli İdareler Genel Müdürlüğü, Stratejik Yerel Yönetişim Projesi. Başak Matbaası.
  • Schauppenlehner-Kloyber, E., & Penker, M. (2016). Between participation and collective action—from occasional liaisons towards long-term co-management for urban resilience. Sustainability, 8(7), 664. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8070664
  • Sharifi, A., & Khavarian-Garmsir, A. R. (2020). The COVID-19 pandemic: Impacts on cities and major lessons for urban planning, design, and management. Science of the Total Environment, 749, 142391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142391
  • Spaans, M., & Waterhout, B. (2017). Building up resilience in cities worldwide – Rotterdam as participant in the 100 Resilient Cities Programme. Cities, 61, 109–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2016.05.011
  • Stoker, G. (1998). Governance as theory: Five propositions. International Social Science Journal, 50(155), 15–28. https://doi.org/10.1111/issj.12189
  • Tang, J., & Heinimann, H. R. (2018). A resilience-oriented approach for quantitatively assessing recurrent spatial-temporal congestion on urban roads. PLoS ONE, 13(1), e0190616. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190616
  • Tuğaç, Ç. (2019). Kentsel dirençlilik perspektifinden yerel yönetimlerin görevleri ve sorumlulukları. İdealkent, 10(28), 984–1019. https://doi.org/10.31198/idealkent.634144
  • United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction [UNISDR]. (2010). Making cities resilient: My city is getting ready. https://www.unisdr.org/we/inform/publications/14043
  • Wu, C., Cenci, J., Wang, W., & Zhang, J. (2022). Resilient city: Characterization, challenges and outlooks. Buildings, 12(5), 516. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12050516
  • Yeşildağ, A. (2020). Sivil toplum ve yerel yönetimlerde katılım: Yönetişim temelli bir yaklaşım. Sosyal Bilimler Metinleri, 2, 31–44. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/sbm/issue/59557/825447
  • Zhu, S., Li, D., & Feng, H. (2019). Is smart city resilient? Evidence from China. Sustainable Cities and Society, 50, 101636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2019.101636
  • Zhu, S., Li, D., Feng, H., Gu, T., Hewage, K., & Sadiq, R. (2020). Smart city and resilient city: Differences and connections. WIREs Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, 10(6). https://doi.org/10.1002/widm.1388

Participation in Resilient Cities: Evaluation of Stakeholder Relationship Between Municipalities and NGOs in Türkiye

Year 2023, Volume: 16 Issue: 1, 297 - 313, 30.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.37093/ijsi.1210342

Abstract

Acting in partnership with the city's stakeholders in combating all the problems that may arise in a city in physical, environmental, social and economic terms can make the city more resilient and transform it into a city where all stakeholders can feel more secure. This is possible first and foremost through the adoption of a participatory model in municipalities and a management approach that attaches importance to stakeholder participation. This study focuses on the current state of the participation relationship between municipalities and NGOs, which are important stakeholders of municipalities in resilient city design. The aim of the study is to evaluate the participation relationship between municipalities and NGOs in Türkiye. The quantitative method was adopted in the study. In this context, a total of 800 data were collected for the NGO sample and 552 data were collected for the municipality sample. The most important finding of the study is that the stakeholder relationship between municipalities and NGOs in Türkiye is weak in terms of participation in decision-making processes and that participation should be given importance in resilient urban design.

Project Number

120K148

References

  • Başaran, İ. (2008). Kent ve yerel yönetim. Okutan Yayıncılık.
  • Berner, M. (2003). Current practices for involving citizens in local government budgeting: Moving beyond method. Public Administration Quarterly, 27(4), 410-432.
  • Bush, J., & Doyon, A. (2019). Building urban resilience with nature-based solutions: How can urban planning contribute? Cities, 95, 102483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2019.102483
  • Callahan, K. (2007). Citizen participation: Models and methods. International Journal of Public Administration, 30(11), 1179–1196. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900690701225366
  • Cattivelli, V., & Rusciano, V. (2020). Social innovation and food provisioning during COVID-19: The case of urban–rural initiatives in the province of Naples. Sustainability, 12(11), 4444. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12114444
  • Carter, J. G., Cavan, G., Connelly, A., Guy, S., Handley, J., & Kazmierczak, A. (2015). Climate change and the city: Building capacity for urban adaptation. Progress in Planning, 95, 1–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progress.2013.08.001
  • Chirenje, L. I., Giliba, R. A., & Musamba, E. B. (2013). Local communities’ participation in decision-making processes through planning and budgeting in African countries. Chinese Journal of Population Resources and Environment, 11(1), 10–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/10042857.2013.777198
  • Coaffee, J., Therrien, M. C., Chelleri, L., Henstra, D., Aldrich, D. P., Mitchell, C. L., Tsenkova, S., & Rigaud, R. (2018). Urban resilience implementation: A policy challenge and research agenda for the 21st century. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 26(3), 403–410. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5973.12233
  • Cretney, R. (2014). Resilience for whom? Emerging critical geographies of socio-ecological resilience. Geography Compass, 8(9), 627–640. https://doi.org/10.1111/gec3.12154
  • Çın, S. (2015). Yönetişim sürecinde sivil toplum kuruluşları. Üçüncü Sektör Sosyal Ekonomi, 50(1), 16–30.
  • Çiriş, S. (2017). Kentsel planlamada paradigma değişiminin bir ürünü: "Dirençli Ulaştırma" ve İstanbul kenti üzerine inceleme: Giriş. 12. Ulaştırma Kongresi (Ulaştırma Politikaları) Bildiriler Kitabı içinde (ss. 147–156). https://www.imo.org.tr/resimler/ekutuphane/pdf/18001_41_29.pdf
  • Cloete, C. E. (2012). Assessing urban resilience. WIT Transactions on Information and Communication Technologies, 44(11), 341–351. https://doi.org/10.2495/risk120291
  • Derici, N. (2020). Civil society, governance and development. Liberal Düşünce Dergisi, 25(97), 227–248. https://doi.org/10.36484/liberal.679412
  • Desouza, K. C., & Flanery, T. H. (2013). Designing, planning, and managing resilient cities: A conceptual framework. Cities, 35, 89–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2013.06.003
  • Devas, N., & Grant, U. (2003). Local government decision-making—citizen participation and local accountability: Some evidence from Kenya and Uganda. Public Administration and Development, 23(4), 307–316. https://doi.org/10.1002/pad.281
  • Eren, Ş. G. (2019). Tokyo: Solaris - Güneş İmparatorluğu’nun dirençli, kırılgan ve tehlikeli kenti. İdealkent, 10(28), 907–941. https://doi.org/10.31198/idealkent.635099
  • Ergen, Z. (2012). Yönetimden yönetişime : Katılımcı bütçeleme modeli. Maliye Dergisi, (163), 316–334.
  • European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Manca, A. R., Benczur, P., & Giovannini, E. (2017). Building a scientific narrative towards a more resilient EU society (JRC Science for Policy Report). European Union. https://dx.doi.org/10.2760/635528
  • Godschalk, D. R. (2003). Urban hazard mitigation: Creating resilient cities. Natural Hazards Review, 4(3), 136–143. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1527-6988(2003)4:3(136)
  • Gönüllü, C. (2020). “STK-Belediye-Yönetişim Ekseninde” birbirlerinin gözünden aktörler: Burdur ili örneği. Emek ve Toplum, 9(23), 51–69. https://doi.org/10.31199/hakisderg.686028
  • Hayta, Y. (2016). Kent kültürü ve değişen kent kavramı. Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 5(2), 165–184. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/bitlissos/issue/45113/563898
  • Holling, C. S. (1973). Resilience and stability of ecological systems. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 4(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.04.110173.000245
  • Innes, J. E., & Booher, D. E. (2004). Reframing public participation: Strategies for the 21st century. Planning Theory & Practice, 5(4), 419–436. https://doi.org/10.1080/1464935042000293170
  • Jabareen, Y. (2013). Planning the resilient city: Concepts and strategies for coping with climate change and environmental risk. Cities, 31, 220–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2012.05.004
  • Kafa, C., & Ataay, F. (2008). Yönetişim: Devlet-Toplum ilişkilerinde yeni bir aşama. Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 17(3), 229–240. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/cusosbil/issue/4380/60078
  • Kavanoz, S. (2020). “Kentsel Direnç” kavramı üzerine. Kent ve Çevre Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(1), 5–24. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/yykentcevre/issue/55330/733459
  • Kaypak, A. (2012). Yerel yönetimlerde katılımcı/müzakereci demokrasi sürecinde sivil toplum kuruluşlarının önemi. Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi-International Journal of Management Economics and Business, 8(17). https://doi.org/10.11122/ijmeb.2012.8.17.72
  • Keyman, F. (2004). Sivil toplum, sivil toplum kuruluşları ve Türkiye (Konferans Yazıları No. 4). Sivil Toplum ve Demokrasi Konferans Yazıları. İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi. https://stk.bilgi.edu.tr/media/uploads/2015/02/01/keyman_std_4.pdf
  • Kim, D., & Lim, U. (2016). Urban resilience in climate change adaptation: A conceptual framework. Sustainability, 8(4), 405. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8040405
  • Kooiman, J. (1999). Social-political governance. Public Management: An International Journal of Research and Theory, 1(1), 67–92. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037800000005
  • King, C. S., Feltey, K. M., & Susel, B. O. (1998). the question of participation: Toward authentic public participation in public administration. Public Administration Review, 58(4), 317. https://doi.org/10.2307/977561
  • Krellenberg, K., Koch, F., & Kabisch, S. (2016). Urban sustainability transformations in lights of resource efficiency and resilient city concepts. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 22, 51–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2017.04.001
  • Lister, R. (1998). Citizen in action: Citizenship and community development in a Northern Ireland context. Community Development Journal, 33(3), 226–235. https://doi.org/10.1093/cdj/33.3.226
  • Meerow, S., Newell, J. P., & Stults, M. (2016). Defining urban resilience: A review. Landscape and Urban Planning, 147, 38–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.11.011
  • Mirti Chand, A. V. (2018). Place Based Approach to plan for Resilient Cities: A local government perspective. Procedia Engineering, 212, 157–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2018.01.021
  • Payam, M. M. (2019). Dirençli kentlerde belediyelerin suç önlemedeki rolüne yeni bir bakış. İdealkent, 10(28), 1022–1049. https://doi.org/10.31198/idealkent.634237
  • Røiseland, A., & Vabo, S. I. (2016). Interactive or counteractive governance? Lessons learned about citizen participation and political leadership. In J. Edelenbos & I. van Meerkerk (Eds.), Critical reflections on interactive governance (pp. 120-145). Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • Ruige, A., Üskent, S., & Micka, P. (2014). Yönetişim ve katılım: Etkili katılım için araçlar yöntemler mekanizmalar (Katılımcılık Rehberleri No. 1/4). İçişleri Bakanlığı Mahalli İdareler Genel Müdürlüğü, Stratejik Yerel Yönetişim Projesi. Başak Matbaası.
  • Schauppenlehner-Kloyber, E., & Penker, M. (2016). Between participation and collective action—from occasional liaisons towards long-term co-management for urban resilience. Sustainability, 8(7), 664. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8070664
  • Sharifi, A., & Khavarian-Garmsir, A. R. (2020). The COVID-19 pandemic: Impacts on cities and major lessons for urban planning, design, and management. Science of the Total Environment, 749, 142391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142391
  • Spaans, M., & Waterhout, B. (2017). Building up resilience in cities worldwide – Rotterdam as participant in the 100 Resilient Cities Programme. Cities, 61, 109–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2016.05.011
  • Stoker, G. (1998). Governance as theory: Five propositions. International Social Science Journal, 50(155), 15–28. https://doi.org/10.1111/issj.12189
  • Tang, J., & Heinimann, H. R. (2018). A resilience-oriented approach for quantitatively assessing recurrent spatial-temporal congestion on urban roads. PLoS ONE, 13(1), e0190616. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190616
  • Tuğaç, Ç. (2019). Kentsel dirençlilik perspektifinden yerel yönetimlerin görevleri ve sorumlulukları. İdealkent, 10(28), 984–1019. https://doi.org/10.31198/idealkent.634144
  • United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction [UNISDR]. (2010). Making cities resilient: My city is getting ready. https://www.unisdr.org/we/inform/publications/14043
  • Wu, C., Cenci, J., Wang, W., & Zhang, J. (2022). Resilient city: Characterization, challenges and outlooks. Buildings, 12(5), 516. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12050516
  • Yeşildağ, A. (2020). Sivil toplum ve yerel yönetimlerde katılım: Yönetişim temelli bir yaklaşım. Sosyal Bilimler Metinleri, 2, 31–44. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/sbm/issue/59557/825447
  • Zhu, S., Li, D., & Feng, H. (2019). Is smart city resilient? Evidence from China. Sustainable Cities and Society, 50, 101636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2019.101636
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There are 49 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Public Administration, Urban Sociology and Community Studies
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Erdal Eroğlu 0000-0002-5359-2420

Semra Taş 0000-0001-8727-9072

Mine Aydemir Dev 0000-0003-3276-8148

Project Number 120K148
Publication Date June 30, 2023
Submission Date November 26, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 16 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Eroğlu, E., Taş, S., & Aydemir Dev, M. (2023). Dirençli Kent Tasarımında Katılımcılık: Türkiye’de Belediyeler ve STK’lar Arasındaki Paydaşlık İlişkisinin İncelenmesi. International Journal of Social Inquiry, 16(1), 297-313. https://doi.org/10.37093/ijsi.1210342

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