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Tanrı ve Çocuk: Çocukların Tanrı Algıları ve Bilişsel Evre Teorilerinin Çıkmazı

Year 2023, Issue: 59, 54 - 60, 30.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.5152/ilted.2023.22194

Abstract

Gelişim psikolojisi alanındaki bazı bilim adamları, çocukların belirli bir yaşa kadar Tanrı'yı Tanrı sıfatlarıyla kavrayamadıklarını, bunun yerine Tanrı'yı insanüstü bir biçimde (antropomorfik) somut laştı rabil dikle rini belirtmişlerdir. Ancak çocuklarla yapılan bazı araştırmalar, küçük yaştaki çocukların çoğunun soyut bir Tanrı imgesini kavrayabildiklerini ve Tanrı'nın özelliklerini insanlardan ayırt edebildiklerini göstermiştir. Bu makale, dinin gelişim psikolojisinde çocukların Tanrı kavramlarının nasıl açıklandığını ve bu kuramların çocukların soyut Tanrı kavramlarını nasıl aydınlattığını açıklamaya çalışmıştır. Bu amaca ulaşmak için, pastoral ve pratik teolojide yaygın olarak kullanılan ve 4 aşamadan oluşan ‘pastoral döngü’ (deneyim, analiz, teolojik yansımalar ve eylem) yöntem olarak kullanılmıştır. Sonuç olarak, çocukların zihinleri, dinleri veya kültürel geçmişleri ne olursa olsun, doğumdan itibaren soyut Tanrı kavramını algılama ve kavrama yeteneğine sahip olabilecekleri bu makalede yapılan çalışma analizleri ile değerlendirilmiştir. Son yapılan çalışmalar, Tanrının çocuklar tarafından her yerde var olan, biçimsiz, her şeyi bilen ve her şeye gücü yeten bir varlık olarak anlaşılabilir olduğunu ileri sürmektedir. Bu da soyut dinî varlıklar ve dinî düşünme söz konusu olduğunda, çocukların dinî düşünme gelişiminin yalnızca bilişsel evre teorileri ile değil aynı zamanda farklı teorik yaklaşımlarla açıklanabileceğini göstermektedir

References

  • Abdel Haleem, M.A.S. The Qur’an: A New Translation by M. A. S. Abdel Haleem. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.
  • Abdul-Rahman, Muhammad Saed. Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz’7 (Part 7). MSA Publication Limited, 2009.
  • Albayrak, İzzet. Fritz K. Oser ve Dini Gelişim Teorisi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Marmara Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 2020.
  • Allport, Gordon. “The Individual and His Religion; A Psychological Interpretation”. The American Journal of Psychology 64/2 (1951), 304-305. https ://doi.org /10.2 307/1 41869 0.
  • Bandura, Albert. “Social-Learning Theory of Identificatory Processes”. Handbook of Socialization Theory and Research 1(969), 213-262.
  • Barrett, Justin L. et al. “God’s Beliefs versus Mother’s: The Development of Nonhuman Agent Concepts”. Child Development 72/1 (2001), 50-65.
  • Barrett, Justin L. - Richert, Rebekaha. “Anthropomorphism or Preparedness? Exploring Children’s God Concepts”. Review of Religious Research 44/3
  • (2003), 300-312. https ://do i.org /10.2 307/3 51238 9.
  • Cetinkaya, Merve. The Relationship between Spiritual Experience and Happiness among London Muslim Youth. Ankara: İlahiyat Kitap, 2023.
  • Cook, Bradley. “The “Book of Abraham” and the Islamic “Qiṣaṣ Al-Anbiya” (Tales of the Prophets) Extant Literature”. Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought 33/4 (2000), 127-146.
  • Deconchy, Jean-Pierre. “The Idea of God: Its Emergence between 7 and 16 Years”. From Religious Experience to Religious Attitude. ed. A. Godin. 97-108. Chicago: Loyola University Press, 1965.
  • Emanuel, Lawrence. God Concepts in Children : Beliefs About the Attributes of God and Implications For. Milwaukee, Wisconsin: The Faculty of the Graduate School, Marquette University, 1985.
  • Fowler, James W. Stages of Faith. San Francisco: CA: Harper & Row, 1981.
  • Fowler, James W. The Psychology of Human Development and Quest for Meaning. Harper Collins, 1995.
  • Gelman, Susan A. - Kremer, Kathleen E. “Understanding Natural Cause: Children’s Explanations of How Objects and Their Properties Originate”. Child Development 62/2 (1991), 396-414. ttps ://do i.org /10.1 111/j .1467 -8624 .1991 .tb01 540.x .
  • Goldman, Ronald J. “Researches in Religious Thinking”. Educational Research 6/2 (1964), 139-155. https ://do i.org /10.1 080/0 01318 86400 60207 .
  • Green, Laurie. Let’s Do Theology: A Pastoral Cycle Resource Book. London: Mowbrays, 1990. http: //boo ks.go ogle. com/b ooks? id=Hq fpAAA ACAAJ &pgis =1.
  • Greer, John E. “Stages in the Development of Religious Thinking”. British Journal of Religious Education 3/1 (1980), 24-29. https ://do i.org /10.1 080/0 1416208000 30107 .
  • Harms, Ernest. “The Development of Religious Experience in Children”. American Journal of Sociology 50/2 (1944), 112-122. https ://do i.org /10.1 086/219518 .
  • Heller, David I. The Children’s God. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1986.
  • Hidayat, Nurul - Naim, Ngainun. “Prophet Ibrahim (as), the Search for God and a Transformative Pedagogy Perspective”. Jurnal Iqra’ : Kajian Ilmu Pendidikan 7/1 (2022), 248-258. https ://do i.org /10.2 5217/ ji.v7 i1.20 10.
  • Hoehn, Richard A. - Fowler, James W. Stages of Faith: The Psychology of Human Development and the Quest for Meaning. Review of Religious Research. Harper Collins, 1983. https ://do i.org /10.2 307/3 51131 4.
  • Inhelder, Bärbel - Piaget, Jean. The Growth of Logical Thinking from Childhood to Adolescence: An Essay on the Construction of Formal Operational Structures. The Growth of Logical Thinking from Childhood to Adolescence: An Essay on the Construction of Formal Operational Structures. New York: Basic Books, 2013. https ://do i.org /10.4 324/9 78131 50096 74.
  • Jofter, Njobvu Maligelita. Testing Ronald Goldman's Theory of Children's Religious Thinking and Learning At Three Primary Schools in Lusaka District. University of Zambia, 2015.
  • Karaca, Faruk. Dini Gelişim Teorileri. İstanbul: Değerler Eğitimi Merkezi Yayınları, 2007.
  • Kirkpatrick, Lee. An Attachment-Theory Approach Psychology of Religion, 1992.
  • Lawrence, Peter John. “Children’s Thinking about Religion: A Study of Concrete Operational Thinking”. Religious Education 60/2 (1965), 111-116. https ://do i.org /10.1 080/0 03440 86506 00206 .
  • Lings, Martin. Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources. Book. London: Unwin Paperbacks, 1983.
  • Muammer, ESEN. “Hz. İbrahim’in İmanı ve Tevhid Mücadelesi”. Ankara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 52/2 (2011), 111-128. https ://do i.org /10.1 501/ilhfak 0000 00108 1.
  • Murphy, Roger J. L. “A New Approach to the Study of the Development of Religious Thinking in Children”. Educational Studies 4/1 (1978), 19-22.
  • Nye, W. Chad - Carlson, Jerry S. “The Development of the Concept of God in Children”. Journal of Genetic Psychology 145/1 (1984), 137-148. https ://doi.org /10.1 080/0 02213 25.19 84.10 3225 9.
  • Nyhof, Melanie A. - Johnson, Carl N. “Is God Just a Big Person? Children’s Conceptions of God across Cultures and Religious Traditions”. British Journal of Developmental Psychology 35/1 (2017), 60-75. https ://do i.org /10.1 111/b jdp.1 2173.
  • Osmer, Richard R. Practical Theology: An Introduction. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2008.
  • Packiam, Glenn. Worship and the World to Come: Exploring Christian Hope in Contemporary Worship (Dynamics of Christian Worship). InterVarsity Press, 2020. https ://iv press .com/ Media /Defa ult/D ownlo ads/E xcerp ts-an d-Sam ples/ 4931- excer pt.pd f?utm sour ce=Ca lvin- Sympo sium- Worship-21 &utm_ mediu m=web &utm_ campa ign=w wc-dc w-cha pter- downl oad.
  • Parker, Monica. OMG! How Children See God. Florida: Health Communications Inc, 2016.
  • Petrovich, Olivera. “Understanding of Non-Natural Causality in Children and Adults: A Case Against Artificialism”. Psyche En Geloof 8 (1997), 151-165.
  • Piaget, Jean. The Child Conception of the World. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1929.
  • Pitts, V. Peter. Concept Development and the Development of the God Concept in the Child. A Bibliography. Archives de Sciences Sociales Des Religions. Schenectady, NY: Character Research Press, 1980. https ://ww w.per see.f r/doc /assr 0335 -5985 1980 num_ 49_2_ 1217_ t1_02 96_00 00_4
  • Reich, K. Helmut. “Invited Essay: The Person-God Relationship: A Dynamic Model”. International Journal of Phytoremediation 21/1 (2003), 229-247. https://do i.org /10.1 207/S 15327 582IJ PR130 4_1.
  • Reich, K. Helmut. “The Psychology of Religion. an Empirical Approach”. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion 8/4 (1998), 275-281. https://do i.org /10.1 207/s 15327 582ij pr080 4_8.
  • Richert, Rebekah A. - Barrett, Justin L. “Research: Do You See What i See? Young Children’s Assumptions about God’s Perceptual Abilities”. International Journal of Phytoremediation 21/1 (2005), 283-295. https ://do i.org /10.1 207/s 15327 582ij pr150 4_2.
  • Richert, Rebekah A. - Granqvist, Pehr. “Religious and Spiritual Development in Childhood”. Handbook of the Psychology of Religion and Spirituality. 165-182, 2013.
  • Slater, Ted. The Development of Children’s Concept of God. 1991. http: //www .ijot .com/ ted/p apers /chil ds_go d_con cept. pdf.
  • Sloan, William Wilson. The Discovery and Measurement of the Religious Ideas of Children. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation. Evanston: Northwestern University, 1936.
  • Woodward, James. Practical Theology In Action: Christian Thinking in the Service of Church and Society. Theology. London: SPCK, 1997.
  • Yavuz, Kerim. Çocukta Dini Duygu ve Düşüncenin Gelişimi. Ankara: Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı Yayınları, 1983.

God and Child: Children’s God Concept and Deadlock of Cognitive Stage Theories

Year 2023, Issue: 59, 54 - 60, 30.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.5152/ilted.2023.22194

Abstract

Some scholars in the area of psychology of religion have stated that children until a certain age cannot comprehend God as a God but instead, they can concrete God in a superhuman format (anthropomorphic). However, some studies conducted with children have shown that most of the children at a young age can comprehend an abstract God image and can differentiate God’s features from humans. Therefore, this article will attempt to clarify how children’s God concepts have been explained in the developmental psychology of religion and how these theories illuminate the children’s abstract God concepts. To achieve this goal, the pastoral cycle was used as a method, which is a common one in pastoral and practical theology and consists of 4 stages: experience, analysis, theological reflections, and action. As a conclusion, regardless of their religion or cultural background, children’s minds may have the ability of receiving and comprehending the abstract God concept since birth. God can be understood as an all-present, formless, all-knowing, and allpowerful being by children. This illustrates that the religious thinking development of children has different explanations along with the stage theories including Piaget’s one, when the issue comes to the abstract religious entities and religious thinking.

References

  • Abdel Haleem, M.A.S. The Qur’an: A New Translation by M. A. S. Abdel Haleem. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.
  • Abdul-Rahman, Muhammad Saed. Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz’7 (Part 7). MSA Publication Limited, 2009.
  • Albayrak, İzzet. Fritz K. Oser ve Dini Gelişim Teorisi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Marmara Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 2020.
  • Allport, Gordon. “The Individual and His Religion; A Psychological Interpretation”. The American Journal of Psychology 64/2 (1951), 304-305. https ://doi.org /10.2 307/1 41869 0.
  • Bandura, Albert. “Social-Learning Theory of Identificatory Processes”. Handbook of Socialization Theory and Research 1(969), 213-262.
  • Barrett, Justin L. et al. “God’s Beliefs versus Mother’s: The Development of Nonhuman Agent Concepts”. Child Development 72/1 (2001), 50-65.
  • Barrett, Justin L. - Richert, Rebekaha. “Anthropomorphism or Preparedness? Exploring Children’s God Concepts”. Review of Religious Research 44/3
  • (2003), 300-312. https ://do i.org /10.2 307/3 51238 9.
  • Cetinkaya, Merve. The Relationship between Spiritual Experience and Happiness among London Muslim Youth. Ankara: İlahiyat Kitap, 2023.
  • Cook, Bradley. “The “Book of Abraham” and the Islamic “Qiṣaṣ Al-Anbiya” (Tales of the Prophets) Extant Literature”. Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought 33/4 (2000), 127-146.
  • Deconchy, Jean-Pierre. “The Idea of God: Its Emergence between 7 and 16 Years”. From Religious Experience to Religious Attitude. ed. A. Godin. 97-108. Chicago: Loyola University Press, 1965.
  • Emanuel, Lawrence. God Concepts in Children : Beliefs About the Attributes of God and Implications For. Milwaukee, Wisconsin: The Faculty of the Graduate School, Marquette University, 1985.
  • Fowler, James W. Stages of Faith. San Francisco: CA: Harper & Row, 1981.
  • Fowler, James W. The Psychology of Human Development and Quest for Meaning. Harper Collins, 1995.
  • Gelman, Susan A. - Kremer, Kathleen E. “Understanding Natural Cause: Children’s Explanations of How Objects and Their Properties Originate”. Child Development 62/2 (1991), 396-414. ttps ://do i.org /10.1 111/j .1467 -8624 .1991 .tb01 540.x .
  • Goldman, Ronald J. “Researches in Religious Thinking”. Educational Research 6/2 (1964), 139-155. https ://do i.org /10.1 080/0 01318 86400 60207 .
  • Green, Laurie. Let’s Do Theology: A Pastoral Cycle Resource Book. London: Mowbrays, 1990. http: //boo ks.go ogle. com/b ooks? id=Hq fpAAA ACAAJ &pgis =1.
  • Greer, John E. “Stages in the Development of Religious Thinking”. British Journal of Religious Education 3/1 (1980), 24-29. https ://do i.org /10.1 080/0 1416208000 30107 .
  • Harms, Ernest. “The Development of Religious Experience in Children”. American Journal of Sociology 50/2 (1944), 112-122. https ://do i.org /10.1 086/219518 .
  • Heller, David I. The Children’s God. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1986.
  • Hidayat, Nurul - Naim, Ngainun. “Prophet Ibrahim (as), the Search for God and a Transformative Pedagogy Perspective”. Jurnal Iqra’ : Kajian Ilmu Pendidikan 7/1 (2022), 248-258. https ://do i.org /10.2 5217/ ji.v7 i1.20 10.
  • Hoehn, Richard A. - Fowler, James W. Stages of Faith: The Psychology of Human Development and the Quest for Meaning. Review of Religious Research. Harper Collins, 1983. https ://do i.org /10.2 307/3 51131 4.
  • Inhelder, Bärbel - Piaget, Jean. The Growth of Logical Thinking from Childhood to Adolescence: An Essay on the Construction of Formal Operational Structures. The Growth of Logical Thinking from Childhood to Adolescence: An Essay on the Construction of Formal Operational Structures. New York: Basic Books, 2013. https ://do i.org /10.4 324/9 78131 50096 74.
  • Jofter, Njobvu Maligelita. Testing Ronald Goldman's Theory of Children's Religious Thinking and Learning At Three Primary Schools in Lusaka District. University of Zambia, 2015.
  • Karaca, Faruk. Dini Gelişim Teorileri. İstanbul: Değerler Eğitimi Merkezi Yayınları, 2007.
  • Kirkpatrick, Lee. An Attachment-Theory Approach Psychology of Religion, 1992.
  • Lawrence, Peter John. “Children’s Thinking about Religion: A Study of Concrete Operational Thinking”. Religious Education 60/2 (1965), 111-116. https ://do i.org /10.1 080/0 03440 86506 00206 .
  • Lings, Martin. Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources. Book. London: Unwin Paperbacks, 1983.
  • Muammer, ESEN. “Hz. İbrahim’in İmanı ve Tevhid Mücadelesi”. Ankara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 52/2 (2011), 111-128. https ://do i.org /10.1 501/ilhfak 0000 00108 1.
  • Murphy, Roger J. L. “A New Approach to the Study of the Development of Religious Thinking in Children”. Educational Studies 4/1 (1978), 19-22.
  • Nye, W. Chad - Carlson, Jerry S. “The Development of the Concept of God in Children”. Journal of Genetic Psychology 145/1 (1984), 137-148. https ://doi.org /10.1 080/0 02213 25.19 84.10 3225 9.
  • Nyhof, Melanie A. - Johnson, Carl N. “Is God Just a Big Person? Children’s Conceptions of God across Cultures and Religious Traditions”. British Journal of Developmental Psychology 35/1 (2017), 60-75. https ://do i.org /10.1 111/b jdp.1 2173.
  • Osmer, Richard R. Practical Theology: An Introduction. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2008.
  • Packiam, Glenn. Worship and the World to Come: Exploring Christian Hope in Contemporary Worship (Dynamics of Christian Worship). InterVarsity Press, 2020. https ://iv press .com/ Media /Defa ult/D ownlo ads/E xcerp ts-an d-Sam ples/ 4931- excer pt.pd f?utm sour ce=Ca lvin- Sympo sium- Worship-21 &utm_ mediu m=web &utm_ campa ign=w wc-dc w-cha pter- downl oad.
  • Parker, Monica. OMG! How Children See God. Florida: Health Communications Inc, 2016.
  • Petrovich, Olivera. “Understanding of Non-Natural Causality in Children and Adults: A Case Against Artificialism”. Psyche En Geloof 8 (1997), 151-165.
  • Piaget, Jean. The Child Conception of the World. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1929.
  • Pitts, V. Peter. Concept Development and the Development of the God Concept in the Child. A Bibliography. Archives de Sciences Sociales Des Religions. Schenectady, NY: Character Research Press, 1980. https ://ww w.per see.f r/doc /assr 0335 -5985 1980 num_ 49_2_ 1217_ t1_02 96_00 00_4
  • Reich, K. Helmut. “Invited Essay: The Person-God Relationship: A Dynamic Model”. International Journal of Phytoremediation 21/1 (2003), 229-247. https://do i.org /10.1 207/S 15327 582IJ PR130 4_1.
  • Reich, K. Helmut. “The Psychology of Religion. an Empirical Approach”. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion 8/4 (1998), 275-281. https://do i.org /10.1 207/s 15327 582ij pr080 4_8.
  • Richert, Rebekah A. - Barrett, Justin L. “Research: Do You See What i See? Young Children’s Assumptions about God’s Perceptual Abilities”. International Journal of Phytoremediation 21/1 (2005), 283-295. https ://do i.org /10.1 207/s 15327 582ij pr150 4_2.
  • Richert, Rebekah A. - Granqvist, Pehr. “Religious and Spiritual Development in Childhood”. Handbook of the Psychology of Religion and Spirituality. 165-182, 2013.
  • Slater, Ted. The Development of Children’s Concept of God. 1991. http: //www .ijot .com/ ted/p apers /chil ds_go d_con cept. pdf.
  • Sloan, William Wilson. The Discovery and Measurement of the Religious Ideas of Children. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation. Evanston: Northwestern University, 1936.
  • Woodward, James. Practical Theology In Action: Christian Thinking in the Service of Church and Society. Theology. London: SPCK, 1997.
  • Yavuz, Kerim. Çocukta Dini Duygu ve Düşüncenin Gelişimi. Ankara: Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı Yayınları, 1983.
There are 46 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Rümeysa Nur Doğan

Publication Date June 30, 2023
Submission Date February 16, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Issue: 59

Cite

APA Nur Doğan, R. (2023). God and Child: Children’s God Concept and Deadlock of Cognitive Stage Theories. İlahiyat Tetkikleri Dergisi(59), 54-60. https://doi.org/10.5152/ilted.2023.22194
AMA Nur Doğan R. God and Child: Children’s God Concept and Deadlock of Cognitive Stage Theories. ilted. June 2023;(59):54-60. doi:10.5152/ilted.2023.22194
Chicago Nur Doğan, Rümeysa. “God and Child: Children’s God Concept and Deadlock of Cognitive Stage Theories”. İlahiyat Tetkikleri Dergisi, no. 59 (June 2023): 54-60. https://doi.org/10.5152/ilted.2023.22194.
EndNote Nur Doğan R (June 1, 2023) God and Child: Children’s God Concept and Deadlock of Cognitive Stage Theories. İlahiyat Tetkikleri Dergisi 59 54–60.
IEEE R. Nur Doğan, “God and Child: Children’s God Concept and Deadlock of Cognitive Stage Theories”, ilted, no. 59, pp. 54–60, June 2023, doi: 10.5152/ilted.2023.22194.
ISNAD Nur Doğan, Rümeysa. “God and Child: Children’s God Concept and Deadlock of Cognitive Stage Theories”. İlahiyat Tetkikleri Dergisi 59 (June 2023), 54-60. https://doi.org/10.5152/ilted.2023.22194.
JAMA Nur Doğan R. God and Child: Children’s God Concept and Deadlock of Cognitive Stage Theories. ilted. 2023;:54–60.
MLA Nur Doğan, Rümeysa. “God and Child: Children’s God Concept and Deadlock of Cognitive Stage Theories”. İlahiyat Tetkikleri Dergisi, no. 59, 2023, pp. 54-60, doi:10.5152/ilted.2023.22194.
Vancouver Nur Doğan R. God and Child: Children’s God Concept and Deadlock of Cognitive Stage Theories. ilted. 2023(59):54-60.