Research Article
Year 2023,
Volume: 6 Issue: 11, 81 - 106, 26.12.2023
Abstract
Babur Shah was a ruler who was constantly engaged in military activities from the first days of his reign until the time of his death. Among his military achievements, the battles of Pânîpet and Kânvâ, which led to the conquest of Hindustan, stand out. However, Babur Shah's military activities extended beyond field battles. This article analyses his siege wars in various territories from Fergana to India. The most notable sieges in the Vaqâyi have been identified as Madu, Isfarah, Bajaur, Samarkand and Chanderi. While Babur continued to conduct his siege operations based on conventional methods, he also sought to exploit the potential of firearms. The paper tries to analyze Babur Shah's siege wars by examining the physical features of the forts, the siege weapons and equipment, and the siege methods.
Keywords
References
- ABU’L-FAZL, The History of Akbar, c. I, Ed. ve Çev. Wheeler M. Thacks-ton, Murty Classical Library of India, London 2015.
- AGOSTON, Gabor, “Firangi, Zarbzan, and Rum Dasturi: The Ottomans and the Diffusion of Firearms in Asia”, in Şerefe. Studies in Honour of Prof. Géza David on His Seventieth Birthday, Ed. Pal Fodor, Nandor E. Kovacs, Benedek Peri, Research Centre for the Humanities of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 2019, ss. 89-104.
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- ARAT, Reşit Rahmeti, “Notlar”, Baburnâme (Vekayi), Kabalcı Yayınevi, İs-tanbul 2006.
- BAYEZİD BEYAT, Tadhkira-i Humayun wa Akbar, Ed. Muhammed Hida-yet Hüseyin, Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta 1941.
- CLAVIJO, Ruy Gonzalez de, Embassy to Tamerlane 1403-1406, Çev. Guy le Strange, George Routledge&Sons, London 1928.
- DALE, Stephen Fredric, The Garden of Eight Pradises: Babur and the Cul-ture of Empire in Central Asia, Afghanistanand India (1483-1530), Brill, Leiden 2004.
- DALE, Stephen Fredric, Timurid Prince and Mughal Emperor 1483-1530, Cambridge University Press, 2018.
- DUGHLAT, Mirza Muhammad Haidar, The Tarikh-i- Rashidi: A History of Moghuls of Central Asia, Çev. E. Denison Ross, Sampson Low, Marston and Company, London 1895.
- ERDOĞAN, Eralp, “Babürlü İmparatorluğu’nun Kuruluş Safhasında Şah İsmail ile Babür İttifakı”, History Studies, ciltVI, sayı 4, 2014, ss. 31-39.
- EREN, Sinan, Tarihçi Gıyaseddin Ali Yezdî’nin Saadetnâme’si (Metin Ter-cümesi ve Değerlendirme), Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İs-tanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul 2015.
- FLOOR, William, “The Safavid Army: Continuity and Change”, The Safavid World, Ed. Rudi Matthee, Routledge, New York 2022, ss. 224-244.
- GARZA, Andre de la, The Mughal Empire at War: Babur, Akbar and the Indian Military Revolution, 1500-1605, Routledge, New York 2016.
- GAZİ ZAHÎREDDİN MUHAMMED BABUR, Baburnâme (Vekayi), Doğu Türkçesinden Çev. Reşit Rahmeti Arat, Kabalcı Yayınevi, İstanbul 2006.
- GIYÂSEDDİN ALİ-İ YEZDÎ, Saadetâame ya Rûznâme-i Gazavât-ı Hin-dustân, Ed. İrec Afşar, Miras-ı Mektub, Tahran 1379.
- GOMMANS, Jos, Mughal Warfare: Indian Frontiers and High Roads to Empire, 1500-1700, Routledge, London and New York, 2002.
- GULBADAN BEGAM, The History of Humâyûn (Humâyûn-Nâma), Çev. Annette S. Beveridge, Royal Asiatic Society, London 1902.
- GÜL, Ekrem, “Babürname’de Geçen Askeri Terimler Üzerine”, Türk Dili Araştırmaları Yıllığı-Belleten, cilt LXII, sayı 1, 2014, ss. 27-104.
- HÂNDMÎR, Habîbü’s-Siyer fî Ahbâr-ı Efrâd-ı Beşer, c. IV, (Nşr. Muham-med Debîr Siyâkî), İntişârât-ı Hayyâm, Tahran 1380.
- IRVINE, William, The Army of the Indian Moguls: Its Organization and Administration, Luzac&Co, London 1903.
- İZGİN, Burhan, Babürler Devleti’nde Askerî Teşkilat, Yayımlanmamış Yük-sek Lisans Tezi,İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitü-sü,İstanbul 2020.
- KANAR, Mehmet, Farsça-Türkçe Sözlük, Say Yayınları, İstanbul 2013.
- KHAN, Iqtidar Alam, “Firearms in Central Asia and Iran During the Fifte-enth Century and the Origins and Nature of Firearms Brought By Babur”, Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, ciltLVI, 1995, ss. 435-446.
- KHAN, Iqtidar Alam, “The Matchlock Musket in the Mughal Empire: An Instrument of Centralization”, Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, c. LIX, 1998, ss. 341-359.
- KHAN, Iqtidar Alam, Gunpowder and Firearms Warfare in Medieval India, Oxford University Press, New Delhi 2004.
- KHWÂJAH NIZÂMUDDÎN AHMAD, The Tabaqât-i- Akbarî, c. II, Çev. B. De, The Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta 1936.
- KHWANDAMIR, Habibu’s-Siyar, c. III/ II, Ed. ve Çev. Wheeler M. Thackston, The Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilisa-tions, Harvard University, 1994.
- KOÇAK, Muhammed Emin, “Timur’un Savaş Sanatı: Hindistan Seferi Ör-neği (1398-1399)”, Genel Türk Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi, ciltV, sa-yı 9, 2023, ss. 161-176.
- MÎRHÂND, Muhammed b. Hâvendşâh b. Mahmûd, Târih-i Ravzatu’s-Safa fi Sîreti el-Enbiyâ ve’l-Mülûk ve’l-Hulefâ, c. VII, Nşr. Cemşîd Keyân-fer, İntişârât-ı Esâtîr, Tahran 1380.
- NATH, Pratyay, “Siege Warfare in Mughal India, 1519-1538”, Warfare and Politics in South Asia From Ancient to Modern Times, Ed. Kaushik Roy, Manohar, New Delhi 2011, ss. 121-144.
- NATH, Pratyay, Climate of Conquest: War, Environment, and Empire in Mughal North India, Oxford University Press, New Delhi 2019.
- PARKER, Geoffrey, Cambridge Savaş Tarihi, Çev. Füsun Tayanç ve Tunç Tayanç, Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, İstanbul 2014.
- PARKER, Geoffrey, The Military Revolution: Military Innovation and the Rise of the West, 1500-1800, 18th Printing, New York 2013.
- SARIÇİÇEK, Sertaç, “Safevîlerde Topçu Sınıfı ve Topun Safevî Harp Sana-tındaki Yeri”, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi, sayı 37, 2022, ss. 49-75.
- STEINGASS, F., A Comprehensive Persian-English Dictionary, Routledge, Fifth Impression, London 1963.
- STREUSAND, Douglas E., Islamic Gunpowder Empires: Ottomans, Safa-vids, and Mughals, Westview Press, Boulder 2011.
- ZAHIRU’D-DÎN MUHAMMAD BÂBUR PÂDSHÂH GHÂZÎ, The Bâbur-nâma in English (Memoirs of Bâbur), c. I, Çev. Annette Su-sannah Beveridge, Luzac and Co., London 1922.
- ZAHIRU’D-DÎN MUHAMMAD BÂBUR PÂDSHÂH GHÂZÎ, The Bâbur-nâma in English (Memoirs of Bâbur), c. II, Çev. Annette Su-sannah Beveridge, Luzac and Co., London 1922.
- ZAHIRUDDIN MUHAMMAD BABUR MIRZA, Bâburnâma, Part One: Fergana and Transaxonia, Chaghatay Turkish Text with Abdul-Rahim Khankhanan’s Persian Translation, Ed. ve Çev. Wheeler M. Thacks-ton, The Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilisations, Harvard University, 1993.
- ZAHIRUDDIN MUHAMMAD BABUR MIRZA, Bâburnâma, Part Two: Kabul, Chaghatay Turkish Text with Abdul-Rahim Khankhanan’s Persian Translation, Ed. ve Çev. Wheeler M. Thackston, The De-partment of Near Eastern Languages and Civilisations, Harvard Uni-versity, 1993.
- ZAHIRUDDIN MUHAMMAD BABUR MIRZA, Bâburnâma, Part Three: Hindustan, Chaghatay Turkish Text with Abdul-Rahim Khankha-nan’s Persian Translation, Ed. ve Çev. Wheeler M. Thackston, The Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilisations, Harvard University, 1993.
- ZAIN KHAN, Tabaqat-ı Baburi, Çev. S. Hasan Askari, Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli, Delhi 1982.
Year 2023,
Volume: 6 Issue: 11, 81 - 106, 26.12.2023
Abstract
Babür Şah, saltanatının ilk günlerinden vefat ettiği tarihe kadar mütemadiyen askeri faaliyetler ile iştigal etmiş bir hükümdardır. Onun askeri başarıları içerisinde Pânîpet ve Kânvâ muharebeleri, Hindustan’ın fethine yol açması sebebiyle öne çıkar. Ancak Babür Şah’ın askeri faaliyetleri meydan muharebeleri ile sınırlandırılamaz. Bu makalede Babür Şah’ın Fergana’dan Hindistan’a; farklı bölgelerde yürüttüğü kuşatma savaşlarını inceledik. Madu, Esfera, Becur, Semerkant, Çendiri Vekâyi’de dikkat çeken kuşatmalar olarak tespit edilmiştir. Babür geleneksel yöntemlere dayalı kuşatma faaliyetlerini sürdürürken bir yandan da ateşli silahların imkânlarından faydalanmaya çalışıyordu. Çalışmamız; kalelerin fiziki unsurları, kuşatma silah ve teçhizatları ile kuşatma yöntemleri üzerinden Babür Şah’ın kuşatma savaşlarını analiz etmektedir.
Keywords
References
- ABU’L-FAZL, The History of Akbar, c. I, Ed. ve Çev. Wheeler M. Thacks-ton, Murty Classical Library of India, London 2015.
- AGOSTON, Gabor, “Firangi, Zarbzan, and Rum Dasturi: The Ottomans and the Diffusion of Firearms in Asia”, in Şerefe. Studies in Honour of Prof. Géza David on His Seventieth Birthday, Ed. Pal Fodor, Nandor E. Kovacs, Benedek Peri, Research Centre for the Humanities of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 2019, ss. 89-104.
- AKGÜN, Ömer Faruk, “Babürname”, Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi, c. IV, İstanbul 1991, ss. 404-408.
- ARAT, Reşit Rahmeti, “Notlar”, Baburnâme (Vekayi), Kabalcı Yayınevi, İs-tanbul 2006.
- BAYEZİD BEYAT, Tadhkira-i Humayun wa Akbar, Ed. Muhammed Hida-yet Hüseyin, Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta 1941.
- CLAVIJO, Ruy Gonzalez de, Embassy to Tamerlane 1403-1406, Çev. Guy le Strange, George Routledge&Sons, London 1928.
- DALE, Stephen Fredric, The Garden of Eight Pradises: Babur and the Cul-ture of Empire in Central Asia, Afghanistanand India (1483-1530), Brill, Leiden 2004.
- DALE, Stephen Fredric, Timurid Prince and Mughal Emperor 1483-1530, Cambridge University Press, 2018.
- DUGHLAT, Mirza Muhammad Haidar, The Tarikh-i- Rashidi: A History of Moghuls of Central Asia, Çev. E. Denison Ross, Sampson Low, Marston and Company, London 1895.
- ERDOĞAN, Eralp, “Babürlü İmparatorluğu’nun Kuruluş Safhasında Şah İsmail ile Babür İttifakı”, History Studies, ciltVI, sayı 4, 2014, ss. 31-39.
- EREN, Sinan, Tarihçi Gıyaseddin Ali Yezdî’nin Saadetnâme’si (Metin Ter-cümesi ve Değerlendirme), Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İs-tanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul 2015.
- FLOOR, William, “The Safavid Army: Continuity and Change”, The Safavid World, Ed. Rudi Matthee, Routledge, New York 2022, ss. 224-244.
- GARZA, Andre de la, The Mughal Empire at War: Babur, Akbar and the Indian Military Revolution, 1500-1605, Routledge, New York 2016.
- GAZİ ZAHÎREDDİN MUHAMMED BABUR, Baburnâme (Vekayi), Doğu Türkçesinden Çev. Reşit Rahmeti Arat, Kabalcı Yayınevi, İstanbul 2006.
- GIYÂSEDDİN ALİ-İ YEZDÎ, Saadetâame ya Rûznâme-i Gazavât-ı Hin-dustân, Ed. İrec Afşar, Miras-ı Mektub, Tahran 1379.
- GOMMANS, Jos, Mughal Warfare: Indian Frontiers and High Roads to Empire, 1500-1700, Routledge, London and New York, 2002.
- GULBADAN BEGAM, The History of Humâyûn (Humâyûn-Nâma), Çev. Annette S. Beveridge, Royal Asiatic Society, London 1902.
- GÜL, Ekrem, “Babürname’de Geçen Askeri Terimler Üzerine”, Türk Dili Araştırmaları Yıllığı-Belleten, cilt LXII, sayı 1, 2014, ss. 27-104.
- HÂNDMÎR, Habîbü’s-Siyer fî Ahbâr-ı Efrâd-ı Beşer, c. IV, (Nşr. Muham-med Debîr Siyâkî), İntişârât-ı Hayyâm, Tahran 1380.
- IRVINE, William, The Army of the Indian Moguls: Its Organization and Administration, Luzac&Co, London 1903.
- İZGİN, Burhan, Babürler Devleti’nde Askerî Teşkilat, Yayımlanmamış Yük-sek Lisans Tezi,İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitü-sü,İstanbul 2020.
- KANAR, Mehmet, Farsça-Türkçe Sözlük, Say Yayınları, İstanbul 2013.
- KHAN, Iqtidar Alam, “Firearms in Central Asia and Iran During the Fifte-enth Century and the Origins and Nature of Firearms Brought By Babur”, Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, ciltLVI, 1995, ss. 435-446.
- KHAN, Iqtidar Alam, “The Matchlock Musket in the Mughal Empire: An Instrument of Centralization”, Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, c. LIX, 1998, ss. 341-359.
- KHAN, Iqtidar Alam, Gunpowder and Firearms Warfare in Medieval India, Oxford University Press, New Delhi 2004.
- KHWÂJAH NIZÂMUDDÎN AHMAD, The Tabaqât-i- Akbarî, c. II, Çev. B. De, The Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta 1936.
- KHWANDAMIR, Habibu’s-Siyar, c. III/ II, Ed. ve Çev. Wheeler M. Thackston, The Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilisa-tions, Harvard University, 1994.
- KOÇAK, Muhammed Emin, “Timur’un Savaş Sanatı: Hindistan Seferi Ör-neği (1398-1399)”, Genel Türk Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi, ciltV, sa-yı 9, 2023, ss. 161-176.
- MÎRHÂND, Muhammed b. Hâvendşâh b. Mahmûd, Târih-i Ravzatu’s-Safa fi Sîreti el-Enbiyâ ve’l-Mülûk ve’l-Hulefâ, c. VII, Nşr. Cemşîd Keyân-fer, İntişârât-ı Esâtîr, Tahran 1380.
- NATH, Pratyay, “Siege Warfare in Mughal India, 1519-1538”, Warfare and Politics in South Asia From Ancient to Modern Times, Ed. Kaushik Roy, Manohar, New Delhi 2011, ss. 121-144.
- NATH, Pratyay, Climate of Conquest: War, Environment, and Empire in Mughal North India, Oxford University Press, New Delhi 2019.
- PARKER, Geoffrey, Cambridge Savaş Tarihi, Çev. Füsun Tayanç ve Tunç Tayanç, Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, İstanbul 2014.
- PARKER, Geoffrey, The Military Revolution: Military Innovation and the Rise of the West, 1500-1800, 18th Printing, New York 2013.
- SARIÇİÇEK, Sertaç, “Safevîlerde Topçu Sınıfı ve Topun Safevî Harp Sana-tındaki Yeri”, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi, sayı 37, 2022, ss. 49-75.
- STEINGASS, F., A Comprehensive Persian-English Dictionary, Routledge, Fifth Impression, London 1963.
- STREUSAND, Douglas E., Islamic Gunpowder Empires: Ottomans, Safa-vids, and Mughals, Westview Press, Boulder 2011.
- ZAHIRU’D-DÎN MUHAMMAD BÂBUR PÂDSHÂH GHÂZÎ, The Bâbur-nâma in English (Memoirs of Bâbur), c. I, Çev. Annette Su-sannah Beveridge, Luzac and Co., London 1922.
- ZAHIRU’D-DÎN MUHAMMAD BÂBUR PÂDSHÂH GHÂZÎ, The Bâbur-nâma in English (Memoirs of Bâbur), c. II, Çev. Annette Su-sannah Beveridge, Luzac and Co., London 1922.
- ZAHIRUDDIN MUHAMMAD BABUR MIRZA, Bâburnâma, Part One: Fergana and Transaxonia, Chaghatay Turkish Text with Abdul-Rahim Khankhanan’s Persian Translation, Ed. ve Çev. Wheeler M. Thacks-ton, The Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilisations, Harvard University, 1993.
- ZAHIRUDDIN MUHAMMAD BABUR MIRZA, Bâburnâma, Part Two: Kabul, Chaghatay Turkish Text with Abdul-Rahim Khankhanan’s Persian Translation, Ed. ve Çev. Wheeler M. Thackston, The De-partment of Near Eastern Languages and Civilisations, Harvard Uni-versity, 1993.
- ZAHIRUDDIN MUHAMMAD BABUR MIRZA, Bâburnâma, Part Three: Hindustan, Chaghatay Turkish Text with Abdul-Rahim Khankha-nan’s Persian Translation, Ed. ve Çev. Wheeler M. Thackston, The Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilisations, Harvard University, 1993.
- ZAIN KHAN, Tabaqat-ı Baburi, Çev. S. Hasan Askari, Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli, Delhi 1982.
There are 42 citations in total.
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | History of The Social Sciences |
| Journal Section | Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | December 26, 2023 |
| Submission Date | November 22, 2023 |
| Acceptance Date | December 20, 2023 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2023 Volume: 6 Issue: 11 |