Research Article
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Kautilya's Mandala Theory as Constitutive Outside of Modern Realism

Year 2023, Volume: 12 Issue: 1, 211 - 232, 31.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1178937

Abstract

Criticisms of the claims that the international relations theories, which are called mainstream, have the power to explain all events and problems at the global level, have an important place in the last 40 years of disciplinary literature. The main focus of these criticisms has been the necessity of transforming the theoretical structure in the discipline of international relations from being Western-centred, parochial and hegemonic to universal, dialogue-oriented and pluralistic. From this point of view, especially in the last 20 years, the theories (non-Western theories) that have been tried to be developed by benefiting from the history and experiences of non-Western societies and states have become an important field of study in the discipline. However, attempts to develop non-Western theory have tended to create new alternative centers to the West instead of overcoming Western centrism, especially as seen in the example of Chinese IR. This situation has caused the theoretical accumulation in the discipline to develop around new centers that are scattered, parallel and disconnected from each other instead of evolving towards a pluralistic and dialogue-oriented structure. In this study, it is argued that making international relations theories truly universal by removing them from the West or any other hegemonic center can only be achieved by taking into account the historical mobility of knowledge between the West and non-Western or the rest of the world. In this sense, the main claim of the study is that the relationship between the mandala theory of Indian origin thinker and statesman Kautilya and modern realism constitutes an important example in terms of revealing the said mobility of knowledge. In the study, Kautilya's Arthashastra was used as the main source. In addition, Kautilya's works and thoughts, realist theory, Western-centrism, non-Western theory, the idea of Global International Relations, the literature review was conducted and the claim of the study was based. As tried to be done through the example of mandala theory in this study, revealing the founding-external role of non-Western thoughts and experiences on Western-centered theories in the context of the historical mobility of knowledge is the main way to make the theoretical accumulation in the discipline more pluralistic and universal. Based on this scope, in the first part the concept of "constitutive outside", which forms a conceptual basis for the study, is discussed. In the second part, firstly Kautilya and his work Arthashastra are introduced, then the roots of modern realist theory in Kautilya's mandala theory are tried to be revealed. The study ends with the conclusion part, which includes a critical evaluation of Kautilya's place in today's international relations and suggestions for solutions.

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Modern Realizmin Kurucu Dışı Olarak Kautilya’nın Mandala Teorisi

Year 2023, Volume: 12 Issue: 1, 211 - 232, 31.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1178937

Abstract

Ana akım olarak adlandırılan uluslararası ilişkiler teorilerinin küresel düzeydeki tüm olay ve sorunları açıklama gücüne sahip olduğu iddialarına yönelik eleştiriler, disiplin literatürünün son 40 yıllık birikimi içerisinde önemli bir yer tutmaktadır. Bu eleştirilerin odaklandığı temel nokta, uluslararası ilişkiler disiplinindeki teorik yapıyı Batı merkezci, dar görüşlü ve hegemonik olmaktan çıkarıp evrensel, diyalog odaklı ve çoğulcu hale getirmenin gerekliliği olmuştur. Bu odak noktasından hareketle özellikle son 20 yılda Batılı olmayan toplum ve devletlerin tarih ve deneyimlerden yararlanılarak geliştirilmeye çalışılan teoriler (Batı-dışı teoriler) disiplinde önemli bir çalışma alanı haline gelmiştir. Ancak Batı-dışı teori geliştirme girişimleri, özellikle Çin örneğinde görüldüğü üzere Batı merkezciliği aşmak yerine Batı’ya alternatif yeni merkezler yaratma eğilimi sergilemiştir. Bu durum, disiplindeki teorik birikimin çoğulcu ve diyalog odaklı bir yapıya doğru evrilmek yerine dağınık, birbirine paralel ve birbirinden kopuk yeni merkezler etrafında gelişmesine neden olmuştur. Bu çalışmada uluslararası ilişkileri teorilerini Batı veya herhangi bir başka hegemonik merkezden uzaklaştırarak gerçek manada evrensel kılmanın ancak Batı ile Batı-dışı veya dünyanın geri kalanı arasında bilginin tarihsel hareketliliğini dikkate alarak gerçekleşebileceği savunulmaktadır. Bu anlamda çalışmanın temel iddiası, Hint kökenli düşünür ve devlet adamı Kautilya’nın mandala teorisi ile modern realizm arasındaki ilişkinin söz konusu bilgi hareketliliğini ortaya koyma adına önemli bir örnek teşkil ettiğidir. Çalışmada temel kaynak olarak Kautilya’nın Arthaşastra adlı eserinden yararlanılmıştır. Aynı zamanda Kautilya’nın eserleri ve düşünceleri, realist teori, Batı-merkezcilik, Batı-dışı teori, Küresel Uluslararası İlişkiler fikri üzerine literatür taraması yapılarak çalışmanın iddiası temellendirilmiştir. Bu çalışmada mandala teorisi örneği üzerinden yapılmaya çalışıldığı gibi bilginin tarihsel hareketliliği bağlamında Batılı olmayan düşünce ve deneyimlerin Batı-merkezli teoriler üzerindeki kurucu-dış rolünü ortaya koymak, disiplindeki teorik birikimi daha çoğulcu ve evrensel kılmanın temel yoludur. Bu kapsamdan hareketle birinci bölümde, çalışmaya kavramsal bir temel oluşturan “kurucu dış” kavramı ele alınmaktadır. İkinci bölümde, öncelikle Kautilya ve eseri Arthaşastra tanıtılmakta ardından Kautilya’nın mandala teorisinde modern realist teorinin kökleri ortaya konmaya çalışılmaktadır. Kautilya’nın günümüz uluslararası ilişkilerindeki yerine dair eleştirel bir değerlendirmenin ve çözüm önerilerinin yer aldığı sonuç bölümü ile çalışma sonlandırılmaktadır.

References

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  • Acharya, A. (2011). Dialogue and discovery: In search of international relations theories beyond the West, Millennium: Journal Of International Studies, 39 (3), 619-637.
  • Acharya, A. (2014). Global international relations (IR) and regional worlds: A new agenda for international studies, International Studies Quarterly, 58 (4), 647-659.
  • Acharya, A. (2016). Advancing global IR: Challenges, contentions, and contributions. International Studies Review, 18 (1), 4-15.
  • Agarwal, A. (2021). Going beyond the add-and-stir critique: Tracing the hybrid masculinist legacies of the performative state. Uluslararasi Iliskiler, 18 (70), 63-83.
  • Alker, H. ve Biersteker, T. (1984). The dialectics of world order: Notes for a future archeologist of international savoir faire. International Studies Quarterly, 28 (2), 121–142.
  • Andrews, N. (2020). International relations (ir) pedagogy, dialogue and diversity: Taking the ir course syllabus seriously. All Azimuth, 9 (2), 267-281.
  • Aydınlı, E. ve Mathews, J. (2000). Are the core and the periphery irreconcilable? The curious world of publishing in contemporary international relations. International Studies Perspectives, 1 (3), 289–303.
  • Aydınlı, E. ve Erpul, O. (2021). The false promise of global IR: exposing the paradox of dependent development. International Theory, 1–41.
  • Babones, S. (2020), From Tianxia to Tianxia: The generalization of a concept, Chinese Political Science Review, 5 (2), 131-147.
  • Baipaj, K. (2003). Indian conceptions of order and justice: Nehruvian, Gandhian, Hindutva, and neo-liberal. R. Foot, J. Gaddis ve A. Hurrell (Yay. haz.). Order and justice in international relations içinde (s. 236-261). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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  • Behera, N. C. (2007). Re–imagining ir in India. International Relations of the Asia Pacific, 7 (3), 341–68.
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  • Bilgin, P. (2020). Opening up international relations, or: how I learned to stop worrying and love non-Western ir. S. C. Roach (Yay. haz.). Handbook of Critical International Relations içinde (s. 12-28). London: Edward Elgar Publishing.
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  • Bilgin, P. ve Çapan, Z. G. (2021). Introduction to the special issue regional international relations and global worlds: globalising international relations. Uluslararası İlişkiler, 18 (70), 1-11.
  • Biltekin, G. (2015). Özgün teori inşası ve Batı-dışı uluslararası ilişkiler teorileri. R. Gözen (Yay. haz.). Uluslararası ilişkiler teorileri içinde (s. 517-564). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Blaney, D. L. ve Inayatullah, N. (2008). International relations from below. C. Reus-Smit ve D. Snidal (Yay. haz.). The Oxford handbook of international relations içinde (s. 663-674). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Boesche, R. (2002). The First great political realist Kautilya and his Arthashastra. Oxford: Lexington Books.
  • Boesche, R. (2003). Kautilya’s Atrhasastra on war and diplomacy in Ancient India. The Journal of Military History, (67) 1, 9-38.
  • Breuning, M., Bredehoft, J. ve Walton, E. (2005). Promise and performance: An evaluation of journals in international relations. International Studies Perspectives, 6 (4), 447-461.
  • Callahan, W. A. (2008). Chinese visions of world order: post-hegemonic or a new hegemony?. International Studies Review, 10 (4), 749-761.
  • Chaturvedy R. R. (2014). India’s neighborhood policy under Modi. FPRC Journal (1), 89–95.
  • Chen, C. C. (2011). The absence of non–Western IR theory in Asia reconsidered. International Relations of the Asia Pacific, 11 (1), 1–23.
  • Chen, C. C. (2012). The im/possibility of building indigenous theories in a hegemonic discipline: the case of Japanese international relations”, Asian Perspective, 36 (3), 463-492.
  • Cox, R. W. (1981). Social forces, states and world orders: beyond international relations theory. Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 10 (2), 126-155.
  • Crawford, R.M.A. ve Jarvis, D.S.L. (2001). International relations—still An American social science? toward diversity in international thought. Alybany, NY: State University of New York Press.
  • Dankbaar, S. (2012). The U.S. monopoly in international relations and history: a comparative analysis of leading academic journals. Groningen: University of Groningen Press.
  • Dar, I. A. (2021). Beyond Eurocentrism: Kautilya’s realism and India’s regional diplomacy. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 8, 1-7.
  • Dirlik, A. (2011). Culture in contemporary ir theory: the Chinese provocation. R. Shilliam (Yay. haz.). International relations and Non-Western thought: Imperialism, colonialism and investigations of global modernity içinde (s. 139-156). New York: Routledge.
  • Elik, S. ve Uslu, S. (2021). Kautilya’nın dış politika kuramı çerçevesinde Hindistan’ın
  • Orta Asya ile ilişkileri, 1991-2019. Bilig, (98), 99-122.
  • Eun, Y. S. (2018). Beyond ‘the West/non-West divide’ in IR: How to ensure dialogue as mutual learning. The Chinese Journal of International Politics, 11 (4), 435-449.
  • Eun, Y. S. (2019). Opening up the debate over ‘Non-Western’ international relations. Politics, 39 (1), 4-17.
  • Eun, Y. S. (2022). Reflexive solidarity: toward a broadening of what it means to be “scientific” in global ir knowledge. All Azimuth, 11 (1), 107-122.
  • Friedrichs, J. (2004). European approaches to international relations theory: A house with many mansions. London ve New York: Routledge.
  • Gautam, P. K. (2013). One hundred years of Kautilya's Arthasastra. Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses Publicatons.
  • Goh, E. (2019). US dominance and American bias in international relations scholarship: A view from the outside. Journal of Global Security Studies, 4 (3), 402–410.
  • Gowen, H. H. (1929). "The Indian Machiavelli" or political theory in India two thousand years ago. Political Science Quarterly, 44 (2), 173-192.
  • Grieco, J. M. (1988). Anarchy and the limits of cooperation: a realist critique of the newest liberal institutionalism. International Organization, 42 (3), 485-507.
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There are 90 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects International Relations
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Özkan Gökcan 0000-0002-3286-1580

Early Pub Date March 19, 2023
Publication Date March 31, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 12 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Gökcan, Ö. (2023). Modern Realizmin Kurucu Dışı Olarak Kautilya’nın Mandala Teorisi. İnsan Ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 12(1), 211-232. https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1178937

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