Characterization of Wall Painting Fragments from the West Courtyard Passage at St. Nicholas Church in Demre
Abstract
This paper presents archaeometric analyses of representative wall painting fragments (dated to middle Byzantine period) from the West Courtyard Passage at Demre St. Nicholas Church (in ancient Myra), which is located in Antalya province today. Wall painting fragments were analyzed by a multi analytical methods which includes physical and chromametric determinations, optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectrometry and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (μ-XRF and PED-XRF), in order to identify the characteristics of the materials, painting technique and the pigments used. Microscopic examinations showed that the samples were two-layered (intonaco and arriccio) wall paintings that executed using the secco technique. The elemental compositions of the plasters are quite similar. The pigments used in the wall paintings is similar to others in the literature, including red and yellow ochre, calcite, green earth (celadonite) and carbon black. Archaeometric studies for the identification of archaeological pigments are carried out with micro-Raman spectroscopy and multiple analytical techniques. The same methodology was applied in this study. The results obtained will also contribute to the conservation/restoration studies of wall paintings.
Keywords
Archaeometry wall paintings Demre St. Nicholas Church material characterization Raman spectroscopy
Thanks
Ministry of Culture and Tourism, Lycian Civilizations Museum and Prof. Dr. Sema Doğan are greatly acknowledged for permission for research. The authors would like to thank Özge Boso Hanyalı for her contribution in petrographic analysis and S. Halit Canol, the director of MSGSÜ Material Research Center for Cultural Property and Artworks. The authors would like to thank Prof. Dr. Yusuf Kağan Kadıoğlu and Doç. Dr. Kıymet Deniz (Ankara University Earth Sciences Application and Research Center - YEBIM) for the petrographic and PED-XRF analyses. The authors would like to thank Gülşen Albuz Geren and Nefise Günaydın (Ankara Haci Bayram Veli University, Historical Material Research and Conservation Laboratory - MAKLAB) for the sample preparations for analyses.
References
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Demre Aziz Nikolaos Kilisesi Batı Avlu Geçiş Mekanında Bulunan Duvar Resmi Parçalarının Karakterizasyonu
Abstract
Bu çalışmada, Antalya’nın Demre ilçesinde bulunan St. Nicholas Kilisesi’nin (antik Myra kentinde yer alan) Batı Avlu geçiş mekânından ele geçen duvar resmi parçalarının arkeometrik analizleri sunulmaktadır. Duvar resmi parçaları; malzeme özellikleri, boyama teknikleri ve kullanılan pigmentler açısından fiziksel ve kromametrik belgelemeler, optik mikroskopi, X-ışını difraktometresi (XRD), Raman spektroskopisi ve X-ışını floresan spektroskopisi (μ-XRF ve PED-XRF) içeren çoklu analitik metotlar ile analiz edilmiştir. Mikroskobik incelemeler, duvar resimlerinin iki katmanlı (intonaco ve arriccio) olduğunu göstermiştir. Secco tekniği kullanılarak uygulandığı tespit edilen duvar resmi parçalarına ait sıva tabakalarının kimyasal bileşimleri oldukça benzerdir. Duvar resimlerinin pigment paleti literatür ile uyumlu olup, kırmızı ve sarı aşı boyası, kalsit, yeşil toprak (seladonit) ve karbon siyahından oluşmaktadır. Arkeolojik pigmentlerin tanımlanmasına yönelik arkeometrik çalışmalar mikro-Raman spektroskopisi ile beraber çoklu analitik tekniklerle gerçekleştirilmektedir. Bu çalışmada da aynı metodoloji uygulanmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlar duvar resimlerinin konservasyon/restorasyon çalışmalarına da katkı sağlayacaktır.
Keywords
Arkeometri duvar resimleri Demre Aziz Nikolaos Kilisesi malzeme karakterizasyonu Raman spektroskopisi
References
- Amadori Maria, Sara Barcelli, Gianluca Poldi, Fabiano Ferrucci, Alessia Andreotti, Pietro Baraldi and Maria Perla Colombini. “Invasive and Non-invasive Analyses for Knowledge and Conservation of Roman Wall Paintings of the Villa of the Papyri in Herculaneum.” Microchemical Journal 118 (2015): 183-192. google scholar
- Analytical Archaeometry: Selected Topics. Edited by Howell Edwards and Peter Vandenabeele. United Kingdom: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2016. google scholar
- Apostolaki Chryssa, Vassilis Perdikatsis, Efttychia Repuskou, Hariclia Brecoulaki and Sarah Lepinski. “Analysis of Roman Wall Paintings from Ancient Corinth/Greece.” Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Advances in Mineral Resources Management Environmental Geotechnology, Hania, 25-27 September 2006, 729-734. google scholar
- Boynton, Robert S. Chemistry and Technology of Lime and Limestone. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1980. google scholar
- Cerrato, Emilio, Daniel Cosano, Dolores Esquivel, Cesar Jimenez-Sanchidriân and Rafael Ruiz. “A Multi-analytical Study of Funerary Wall Paintings in the Roman Necropolis of Camino Viejo de Almodovar (C6rdoba, Spain).” The European Physical Journal Plus 135 (2020): 1-20. google scholar
- Çevik, Nevzat and Süleyman Bulut. “İkinci Kazı Sezonunda Myra ve Limanı Andriake.” Arkeolojisinden Doğasına Myra/Demre ve Çevresi. Ankara: T.C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı Yayını, 2010, 25-115. google scholar
- Damiani, Daniel, Elisabetta Gliozzo, I. Turbanti Memmi and Jorge E. Spangenberg. “Pigments and Plasters Discovered in the House of Diana (Cosa, Grosseto, Italy): An Integrated Study Between Art History, Archaeology and Scientific Analyses.” Archaeometry 45(2) (2003): 341-354. google scholar
- Doğan, Sema, Nilay Çorağan, Vera Bulgurlu, Çiğdem Alas, Ebru Fındık and Emre Apaydın. Demre - Myra Aziz Nikolaos Kilisesi. İstanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayını, 2014. google scholar
- Eastaugh, Nicholas, Valentine Walsh, Tracey Chaplin, and Ruth Siddall. Pigment Compendium: A Dictionary of Historical Pigments. Routledge, 2007. google scholar
- Frausto-Reyes, Claudio, Martin Ortiz-Morales, Juan Bujdud-Perez, Gloria Magana-Cota and Ricardo Mej^a-Falc6n. “Raman Spectroscopy for the Identification of Pigments and Color Measurement in Duges Watercolors.” Spectrochimica Acta PartA: Molecular andBiomolecular Spectroscopy 74(5) (2009): 1275-1279. google scholar
- Garofano, Isabel, Antonio Duran, Jose Luis Perez-Rodriguez and Maria Dolores Robador. “Natural Earth Pigments from Roman and Arabic Wall Paintings Revealed by Spectroscopic Techniques.” Spectroscopy Letters 44 (7-8) (2011): 560-565. google scholar
- Gunasekaran, Sethu, Gopalakrishnan Anbalagan, and S. Pandi. “Raman and Infrared Spectra of Carbonates of Calcite Structure.” Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 37(9) (2006): 892-899. google scholar
- Gutman, Maja, Katharina Zanier, Judita Lux and Sabina Kramar. “Pigment Analysis of Roman Wall Paintings from Two Villae Rusticae in Slovenia.” Mediterranean Archaeology & Archaeometry 16 (3) (2016): 193-206. google scholar
- Hernanz, Antonio, Jose Gavira-Vallejo, Juan Ruiz-L6pez and Howell Edwards. “A Comprehensive Micro-Raman Spectroscopic Study of Prehistoric Rock Paintings from the Sierra de las Cuerdas, Cuenca, Spain.” Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 39(8) (2008): 972-984. google scholar
- Hradil, David, Tomas Grygar, Janka Hradilovû and Petr Bezdicka. “Clay and Iron Oxide Pigments in the History of Painting.” Applied Clay Science 22(5) (2003): 223-236. google scholar
- Iriarte, Mercedes, Antonio Hernanz, Jose Gavira-Vallejo, Jose Alcolea-Gonzâlez and Rodrigo de Balbin-Behrmann. “ıı-Raman Spectroscopy of Prehistoric Paintings from the El Reno Cave (Valdesotos, Guadalajara, Spain).” Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 14 (2017): 454-460. google scholar
- Jorge-Villar, Susana and Howell Edwards. “Green and Blue Pigments in Roman Wall Paintings: A Challenge for Raman Spectroscopy.” Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 52 (12) (2021): 2190-2203. google scholar
- Liu, Hongshen, Huseyin Kaya, Yen Ting Lin, Andrew Ogrinc and Seong H. Kim. “Vibrational Spectroscopy Analysis of Silica and Silicate Glass Networks.” Journal of the American Ceramic Society 105 (4) (2022): 2355-2384. google scholar
- Liu, Zhaojun, Rui Yang, Weihao Wang, Wenzhong Xu and Mengzhu Zhang. “Multi-analytical Approach to the Mural Painting from an Ancient Tomb of Ming Dynasty in Jiyuan, China: Characterization of Materials and Techniques.” Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 279 (2022) 121419: 1-8. google scholar
- Mora, Paolo, Laura Mora and Paul Philippot. Conservation of Wall Paintings. London: Butterworths, 1984. google scholar
- Moretto, Ligia Maria, Emilio Francesco Orsega and Gian Antonio Mazzocchin. “Spectroscopic Methods for the Analysis of Celadonite and Glauconite in Roman Green Wall Paintings.” Journal of Cultural Heritage 12(4) (2011): 384-391. google scholar
- Ospitali, Francesca, Danilo Bersani, Gianfranco Di Lonardo and Pier Paolo Lottici. “‘Green Earths’: Vibrational and Elemental Characterization of Glauconites, Celadonites and Historical Pigments.” Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 39(8) (2008): 1066-1073. google scholar
- Peschlow, Urs. “Die Architektur der Nikolaoskirche in Myra.” Myra (Berlin: Gebr. Mann Verlag, 1975), 303-424. google scholar
- Rosewell, Roger. Medieval Wall Paintings. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2014. google scholar
- Rosina, Pierluigi, Hugo Gomes, Hipolito Collado, Maria Nicoli, Lisa Volpe and Carmela Vaccaro. “Micro-Raman Spectroscopy for the Characterization of Rock-art Pigments from Abrigo del Âguila (Badajoz-Spain).” Optics & Laser Technology 102 (2018): 274-281. google scholar
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Art History |
| Journal Section | ARAŞTIRMA MAKALESİ |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | July 31, 2023 |
| Submission Date | May 4, 2023 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2023 Issue: 20 |
