Research Article
Bir Siyasi İletişim Stili Olarak Popülizm: Akp’nin Popülist Siyasal Söyleminin Karşılaştırmalı Analizi
Abstract
Bu çalışmanın ana amacı Türkiye’de siyasi söylemde var olan popülizmin derecesini ve türlerini sayısal veriler kullanarak
test etmektir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda AKP, CHP ve MHP’nin siyasi söylemleri haftalık meclis grup konuşmaları üzerinden
karşılaştırmalı olarak analiz edilmiştir. Popülist partiler genellikle muhalefette olan partiler olmasına karşın, iktidara gelen
popülist partilerin düzen karşıtı söylemlerini iktidarları döneminde kullanmadıkları görülmektedir. Türkiye’de ise 16 yıldır
iktidarda olan AKP’nin söylemlerinin popülist özellik gösterdiği iddia edilmektedir. Bu durum popülizm literatüründe
AKP’nin farklı bir örnek olarak ön plana çıkmasına neden olmaktadır. Bu bağlamda AKP’nin siyasi söylemleri seçilen
diğer iki partinin söylemleriyle kıyaslanarak siyasi söylemde popülizmin yeri ve diğer iki partinin söylemlerinin zaman
içerisinde AKP’nin söylemlerine benzeyip benzemediği analiz edilmiştir. Çalışmada otuz adet grup konuşması sayısal el
kodlaması yöntemiyle kodlanarak partilerin popülist söylemlerinin sıklık ve derecesine ilişkin veriler elde edilmiştir. Elde
edilen sonuçlar AKP’nin özellikle dış politika popülizmi ve İslami popülizme sıkça başvurduğunu ve uzun yıllardır iktidarda
olmasına rağmen düzen karşıtı popülist söylemleri muhalefet partileri kadar sık kullandığını görülmektedir.
Keywords
References
- Albertazzi, D. ve McD. (2008), Twenty-First Century Populism, Palgrave Macmillan, London.
- Canovan, M. (1981), Populism, London Junction, London.
- Canovan, M. (1999), Trust the People! Populism and the Two Faces of Democracy. Political Studies, 47(1), 2-16.
- Çınar, M. (2017), Turkey’s ‘Western’ or ‘Muslim’ Identity and the AKP’s Civilizational Discourse, Turkish Studies, 19(2), 176-197.
- De La Torre, C. (2000), Populist Seduction in Latin America. Ohio University Press, Athens.
- Gümüşçü, Ş. ve Sert, D. (2009), The power of the Devout Bourgeoisie: The Case of the Justice and Development Party in Turkey. Middle Eastern Studies, 45(6). 953-968.
- Hawkins, K. A. (2009), Is Chávez Populist? Measuring Populist Discourse in Comparative Perspective. Comparative Political Studies. 42(8), 1040-1067.
- Hawkins, K. A. (2010), Venezuela’s Chavisma and Populism in Comparative Perspective, Cambridge University Press, New York.
- Jagers, J. ve Walgrave, S. (2007), Populism as Political Communication Style: an Empirical Study of Political Parties’ Discourse in Belgium. European Journal of Political Research, 46: 319-345.
- Kessel, S. V. (2011), Explaining the Electoral Performance of Populist Parties: The Netherlands as a Case Study. Perspectives on European Polities and Society, 12(1), 68-88.
- Knight, A. (1998), Populism and Neo-Populism in Latin America, Especially Mexico. Journal of Latin American Studies. 30(2), 223-248.
- Laclau, E. (2005), On Populist Reason. Verso, London. Lloyd, J. (2003), The Closing of the European Gates? The New Parties of Europe. The Poltical Quartely Publishing. Oxford.
- Özpek, B. B. ve Yaşar, N.T. (2017), “Populism and Foreign Policy in Turkey Under the AKP Rule”, Turkish Studies, 19(2), 198-216
- Mudde, C. (2004), The Populist Zeitgeist. Government and Opposition. 39(4), 541-563.
- Mudde, C. (2007), Populist Radical Right Parties in Europe. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.
- Pauwels, T. (2011), Measuring Populism: A Quantitative Text Analysis of Party Literature in Belguim. Journal of Elections. 21(1), 97-119.
- Rooduijn, M. (2009a, May 28-29), The Concept of Populism in Comparative Research. A double Operationalization Strategy of Generalization and Particularization. Paper Presented at the politicologenetmaal, Nijmegen.
- Rooduijn, M. (2009b, Sebtember 10-12), A Populist Zeitgesit? Populist Parties and Mainstream Parties in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, Paper Presented at the ECPR General Conference, Postdam,
- Selçuk, O. (2016), Strong Presidents and Weak Institutions: Populism in Turkey, Venezuela and Ecuador. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies. 16(4), 571-589.
- Stanley, B. (2008), The Thin Ideology of Populism. Journal of Political Ideologies. 13(1), 95-110.
- Taggart, P. (1995), New Populist Parties in Western Europe. West European Polities. 18(1), 34–51.
- Toprak, B. (1997), Türkiye’de Dinin Denetim İşlevi. Ersin Kalaycıoğlu – Yaşar Sarıbay (Ed.). Türkiye’de Siyaset: Süreklilik ve Değişim, (pp. 387-397). Der yayınları, İstanbul.
- Toprak, Z. (1992), Popülizm ve Türkiye’deki Boyutları. Cem Yayınları; Üniversite Öğretim Üyeleri Derneği. 1992, 41-65.
- Toprak, Z. (2013), Türkiye‘de Popülizm (1908-1923). Doğan Kitap, İstanbul.
- Yabancı, B. (2016), Populism as the Problem Child of Democracy: The AKP’s Enduring Appeal and the Use of Meso-Level Actors. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies. 16(4), 591-617.
Year 2018,
Volume: 27 Issue: 2, 187 - 219, 30.10.2018
Abstract
This study, through quantitative analysis, aims to investigate the level and kind of populism in modern Turkish political
discourse. In this regard, the rhetoric of the AKP, CHP and MHP (Justice and Development Party, Republican People’s Party,
and Nationalist Movement Party, respectively) were comparatively analyzed using parliamentary group speeches in the
TGNA (Turkish Grand National Assembly). Populist parties are typically opposition parties that, once in power, cease their
anti-establishment rhetoric. In Turkey, however, the AKP has ruled the country for 16 years, all the while maintaining its
populist style. This makes the party an outlier. It is in this context, then, that we have analyzed and compared AKP’s political
discourse with the two other parties, in order to measure their levels of populism and how the three resemble or differ
from each other. For the study, sixty parliamentary group speeches were coded using quantitative hand-coding procedures,
and data that measured the level and frequency of their populist discourse were gathered. According to the findings, AKP
engages in a high level of populist discourse, yet components of its populist rhetoric are significantly different than MHP and
CHP. The results show that the AKP uses Islamist and foreign policy populism more frequently than other two parties. The
party also uses, anti-establishment populist discourse almost as frequently as the actual opposition parties.
Keywords
References
- Albertazzi, D. ve McD. (2008), Twenty-First Century Populism, Palgrave Macmillan, London.
- Canovan, M. (1981), Populism, London Junction, London.
- Canovan, M. (1999), Trust the People! Populism and the Two Faces of Democracy. Political Studies, 47(1), 2-16.
- Çınar, M. (2017), Turkey’s ‘Western’ or ‘Muslim’ Identity and the AKP’s Civilizational Discourse, Turkish Studies, 19(2), 176-197.
- De La Torre, C. (2000), Populist Seduction in Latin America. Ohio University Press, Athens.
- Gümüşçü, Ş. ve Sert, D. (2009), The power of the Devout Bourgeoisie: The Case of the Justice and Development Party in Turkey. Middle Eastern Studies, 45(6). 953-968.
- Hawkins, K. A. (2009), Is Chávez Populist? Measuring Populist Discourse in Comparative Perspective. Comparative Political Studies. 42(8), 1040-1067.
- Hawkins, K. A. (2010), Venezuela’s Chavisma and Populism in Comparative Perspective, Cambridge University Press, New York.
- Jagers, J. ve Walgrave, S. (2007), Populism as Political Communication Style: an Empirical Study of Political Parties’ Discourse in Belgium. European Journal of Political Research, 46: 319-345.
- Kessel, S. V. (2011), Explaining the Electoral Performance of Populist Parties: The Netherlands as a Case Study. Perspectives on European Polities and Society, 12(1), 68-88.
- Knight, A. (1998), Populism and Neo-Populism in Latin America, Especially Mexico. Journal of Latin American Studies. 30(2), 223-248.
- Laclau, E. (2005), On Populist Reason. Verso, London. Lloyd, J. (2003), The Closing of the European Gates? The New Parties of Europe. The Poltical Quartely Publishing. Oxford.
- Özpek, B. B. ve Yaşar, N.T. (2017), “Populism and Foreign Policy in Turkey Under the AKP Rule”, Turkish Studies, 19(2), 198-216
- Mudde, C. (2004), The Populist Zeitgeist. Government and Opposition. 39(4), 541-563.
- Mudde, C. (2007), Populist Radical Right Parties in Europe. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.
- Pauwels, T. (2011), Measuring Populism: A Quantitative Text Analysis of Party Literature in Belguim. Journal of Elections. 21(1), 97-119.
- Rooduijn, M. (2009a, May 28-29), The Concept of Populism in Comparative Research. A double Operationalization Strategy of Generalization and Particularization. Paper Presented at the politicologenetmaal, Nijmegen.
- Rooduijn, M. (2009b, Sebtember 10-12), A Populist Zeitgesit? Populist Parties and Mainstream Parties in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, Paper Presented at the ECPR General Conference, Postdam,
- Selçuk, O. (2016), Strong Presidents and Weak Institutions: Populism in Turkey, Venezuela and Ecuador. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies. 16(4), 571-589.
- Stanley, B. (2008), The Thin Ideology of Populism. Journal of Political Ideologies. 13(1), 95-110.
- Taggart, P. (1995), New Populist Parties in Western Europe. West European Polities. 18(1), 34–51.
- Toprak, B. (1997), Türkiye’de Dinin Denetim İşlevi. Ersin Kalaycıoğlu – Yaşar Sarıbay (Ed.). Türkiye’de Siyaset: Süreklilik ve Değişim, (pp. 387-397). Der yayınları, İstanbul.
- Toprak, Z. (1992), Popülizm ve Türkiye’deki Boyutları. Cem Yayınları; Üniversite Öğretim Üyeleri Derneği. 1992, 41-65.
- Toprak, Z. (2013), Türkiye‘de Popülizm (1908-1923). Doğan Kitap, İstanbul.
- Yabancı, B. (2016), Populism as the Problem Child of Democracy: The AKP’s Enduring Appeal and the Use of Meso-Level Actors. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies. 16(4), 591-617.
There are 25 citations in total.
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Journal Section | Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | October 30, 2018 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2018 Volume: 27 Issue: 2 |
