Abstract
The sonnet as a form of poetry was first introduced from Italian into English during the Elizabethan age. Poets like Sir Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard were pioneers in translating the works of Italian sonnet master Petrarch into English. Therefore, it is not surprising that they were also first to experiment with the sonnet form. They were followed by significant poets of the era, such as Edmund Spenser. However, it was William Shakespeare that greatly contributed to maturing the sonnet form in English. As well as writing plays for the theatre, he mastered in writing sonnet. As a result, the sonnet became the prevailing form of poetry during the Elizabethan era. However, the English sonneteers did not solely copy or imitate the works of Petrarch. On the contrary, they transformed the Italian sonnet form in a way that resulted in creating a new pattern called the English sonnet. In these contexts, this study sets out to analyse various ways by which English Renaissance poets made a contribution or reacted to the Petrarchan convention of love poems. Therefore, it mainly discusses how Petrarchan traditions and conceits were used (and abused) by English poets. Particularly, the anti-Petrarchan attitudes which arose in the 1590s and later are examined in order to show the differences between Italian and English sonnet forms. To do so, first, Thomas Wyatt’s poems is going to be analysed to illustrate the way how he adapted the Italian sonnet form into the English language. Then, Edmund Spenser’s Amoretti (1595) is going to be examined to reflect the poetic differences that are in contrast with the Petrarchan sonnet tradition. Finally, William Shakespeare’s Sonnets (1609) are going to be studied to demonstrate anti-Petrarchan elements in the English sonnet form.
References
- Berdan, John Milton. Early Tudor Poetry, 1485–1547. London: MacMillan, 1931.
- Betteridge, Thomas. Tudor Court Culture. Eds. by Thomas Betteridge and Anna Riehl. Selinsgrove: Selinsgrove Susquehanna University Press, 2010
- Crawforth, Hannah. “An Introduction to Shakespeare’s Sonnets.” British Library, https://www.bl.uk/shakespeare/articles/an-introduction-to-shakespeares-sonnets. Accessed 24 April 2023.
- Cummings, Peter M. “Spenser's Amoretti as an Allegory of Love.” Texas Studies in Literature and Language, 12.2 (Summer 1970): 163-179.
- Dasenbrock, Reed Way. “The Petrarchan Context of Spenser’s Amoretti.” PMLA, 100.1 (January 1985): 38-50.
- ---. “Wyatt's Transformation of Petrarch.” Comparative Literature, 40.2 (Spring 1988): 122-133.
- Emerson, Oliver F. “Shakespeare's Sonneteering.” Studies in Philology, 20.2 (April 1923): 111-136.
- Keene, Dennis. Introduction. Selected Poems of Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey. New York: Routledge, 2003.
- Kerwin, William J. “The Historical Context of English Renaissance Literature: From Conflict to Creativity.” In The Renaissance Literature Handbook. Eds. by Susan Bruce and Rebecca Steinberger. (London: Continuum, 2009.), 23-40.
- Pallardy, Richard. “Stephen Greenblatt.” Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Stephen-Greenblatt#ref1133987. Accessed 25 April 2023.
- Prescott, Anne Lake. "Spenser's Shorter Poems". The Cambridge Companion to Spenser. Ed. Andrew Hadfield. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001. 143-161.
- Ribes, Purificacion. “Teaching Petrarchan and Anti-Petrarchan Discourses in Early Modern English Lyrics.” International Journal of Higher Education, 1.1 (May 2012): 1-10.
- Shakespeare, William. The Norton Anthology of English Literature. Ed. by Stephen Greenblatt. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2018
- Thomson, Patricia. Introduction to Wyatt: The Critical Heritage. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1974.
- Vendler, Helen. The Art of Shakespeare’ Sonnets. London: Harvard University Press, 1997. Waller, Garry F. “William Shakespeare.” In Critical Survey of Poetry: British Renaissance Poets. Ed. by Rosemary M. Canfield Reisman. (Massachusetts: EBSCO Publishing, 2012.), 188-200.
- Warnicke, Retha M. “The Eternal Triangle and Court Politics: Henry VIII, Anne Boleyn, and Sir Thomas Wyatt.” Albion, 18.4 (Winter 1986): 565-579.
- Wyatt, Thomas. I Find No Peace. Poetry Foundation, https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/45579/i-find-no-peace. Accessed 24 April 2023.
- ---. Whoso List to Hunt. Poetry Foundation, https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/45593/whoso-list-to-hunt-i-know-where-is-an-hind. Accessed 24 April 2023.
Abstract
Bir şiir biçimi olarak sone, ilk olarak Elizabeth döneminde İngilizce'ye İtalyanca'dan aktarılmıştır. Sir Thomas Wyatt ve Henry Howard gibi şairler, İtalyan sone ustası Petrarch'ın eserlerini İngilizce'ye çevirmede öncülük etmişlerdir. Bu nedenle, sone formunu ilk kez deneyen kişilerin de onlar olması şaşırtıcı değildir. Onları aralarında Edmund Spenser’ın da olduğu dönemin önemli şairleri izlemiştir. Ancak, İngilizce sone formunun olgunlaşmasına en büyük katkıda bulunan kişi William Shakespeare'dir. Shakespeare, tiyatro için oyunlar yazmanın yanı sıra sone yazmakta ustalaşmıştır. Neticede sone Elizabeth dönemi boyunca hakim şiir biçimi haline gelmiştir. Bununla birlikte, İngiliz sone şairleri Petrarch'ın eserlerini sadece kopyalamamış veya taklit etmemiştir. Aksine, İtalyan sone formunu İngiliz sonesi adı verilen yeni bir biçim yaratacak şekilde dönüştürmüşlerdir. Bu bağlamda, bu çalışma, İngiliz Rönesans şairlerinin Petrarch’ın aşk şiirlerine – geleneklere bağlı kalarak - nasıl katkıda bulunduklarını veya ne tür tepkiler verdiklerini analiz etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu nedenle, çalışma esas olarak Petrarch’ın geleneklerinin ve stillerinin İngiliz şairler tarafından nasıl kullanıldığını (veya kötüye kullanıldığını) tartışmaktadır. Özellikle 1590'lar ve sonrasında ortaya çıkan Petrarch karşıtı tutumlar, İtalyanca ve İngilizce sone biçimleri arasındaki farkları göstermek için incelenecektir. Bunu yapmak için önce, Thomas Wyatt'ın şiirleri, İtalyan sone formunu İngilizce'ye nasıl uyarlandığını göstermek için analiz edilecektir. Ardından Edmund Spenser'ın Amoretti (1595) adlı eseri Petrarch’ın sone geleneğine zıt olan şiirsel farklılıkları yansıtmak için incelenecektir. Son olarak, William Shakespeare'in Soneleri (1609), İngiliz sone formunda Petrarch karşıtı unsurları göstermek için analiz edilecektir.
Keywords
References
- Berdan, John Milton. Early Tudor Poetry, 1485–1547. London: MacMillan, 1931.
- Betteridge, Thomas. Tudor Court Culture. Eds. by Thomas Betteridge and Anna Riehl. Selinsgrove: Selinsgrove Susquehanna University Press, 2010
- Crawforth, Hannah. “An Introduction to Shakespeare’s Sonnets.” British Library, https://www.bl.uk/shakespeare/articles/an-introduction-to-shakespeares-sonnets. Accessed 24 April 2023.
- Cummings, Peter M. “Spenser's Amoretti as an Allegory of Love.” Texas Studies in Literature and Language, 12.2 (Summer 1970): 163-179.
- Dasenbrock, Reed Way. “The Petrarchan Context of Spenser’s Amoretti.” PMLA, 100.1 (January 1985): 38-50.
- ---. “Wyatt's Transformation of Petrarch.” Comparative Literature, 40.2 (Spring 1988): 122-133.
- Emerson, Oliver F. “Shakespeare's Sonneteering.” Studies in Philology, 20.2 (April 1923): 111-136.
- Keene, Dennis. Introduction. Selected Poems of Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey. New York: Routledge, 2003.
- Kerwin, William J. “The Historical Context of English Renaissance Literature: From Conflict to Creativity.” In The Renaissance Literature Handbook. Eds. by Susan Bruce and Rebecca Steinberger. (London: Continuum, 2009.), 23-40.
- Pallardy, Richard. “Stephen Greenblatt.” Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Stephen-Greenblatt#ref1133987. Accessed 25 April 2023.
- Prescott, Anne Lake. "Spenser's Shorter Poems". The Cambridge Companion to Spenser. Ed. Andrew Hadfield. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001. 143-161.
- Ribes, Purificacion. “Teaching Petrarchan and Anti-Petrarchan Discourses in Early Modern English Lyrics.” International Journal of Higher Education, 1.1 (May 2012): 1-10.
- Shakespeare, William. The Norton Anthology of English Literature. Ed. by Stephen Greenblatt. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2018
- Thomson, Patricia. Introduction to Wyatt: The Critical Heritage. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1974.
- Vendler, Helen. The Art of Shakespeare’ Sonnets. London: Harvard University Press, 1997. Waller, Garry F. “William Shakespeare.” In Critical Survey of Poetry: British Renaissance Poets. Ed. by Rosemary M. Canfield Reisman. (Massachusetts: EBSCO Publishing, 2012.), 188-200.
- Warnicke, Retha M. “The Eternal Triangle and Court Politics: Henry VIII, Anne Boleyn, and Sir Thomas Wyatt.” Albion, 18.4 (Winter 1986): 565-579.
- Wyatt, Thomas. I Find No Peace. Poetry Foundation, https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/45579/i-find-no-peace. Accessed 24 April 2023.
- ---. Whoso List to Hunt. Poetry Foundation, https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/45593/whoso-list-to-hunt-i-know-where-is-an-hind. Accessed 24 April 2023.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Creative Arts and Writing |
| Journal Section | Research Article |
| Authors | |
| Early Pub Date | July 14, 2023 |
| Publication Date | July 31, 2023 |
| Submission Date | September 13, 2022 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2023 Issue: 15 |
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