Research Article
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THE EFFECT OF R&D EXPENDITURES, ENERGY CONSUMPTION, AND HUMAN CAPITAL ON REGIONAL ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE

Year 2023, Volume: 14 Issue: 28, 764 - 788, 29.12.2023

Halim Tatlı

https://doi.org/10.36543/kauiibfd.2023.031

Abstract

This study aims to investigate the impact of R&D expenditures, energy consumption, and human capital on regional economic performance in level 1 regions in Turkey, using a random coefficient panel model. Annual data for the period 2010-2021 for level 1 regions were used. Regional gross domestic product, which is representative of regional economic performance, was used as the dependent variable. Regional electricity consumption, R&D expenditures, and the proportion of the workforce with higher education were used as independent variables. The study used panel data analysis methods, including horizontal panel dependency, panel unit root test, homogeneity, and random coefficient panel. According to the panel results of the random coefficient panel data model, all independent variables have a statistically significant and positive effect on the regional gross domestic product at a 1% level of significance. The cross-sectional results of the study indicate that R&D expenditures have a positive and significant effect on regional gross domestic product in many regions.

Keywords

R&D expenditures regional economic performance random coefficient panel model

References

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  • Baykul, A. (2018). Bölgesel ekonomik büyüme üzerinde Ar-Ge faaliyetlerinin etkileri: Türkiye’de düzey I bölgelerinde ampirik bir inceleme. Manas Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 7(2), 143-154.
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  • Doru, Ö. & Atay Polat, M. (2022). İhracat, enerji ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: Gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan düzey 2 bölgeleri için nedensellik analizi. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 23(2), 33-51. doi: 10.31671/doujournal.1074686
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  • Lucas, R. E. (1988). On the mechanics of economic development. Journal of monetary economics, 22(1), 3-42. doi:https://doi.o0.1016/0304-3932(88)90168-7
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  • Mıhçı, S., & KöksaL, M.Z. (2010). Determinants of cross-regional income differentials: The case of Turkey. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 28(2), 71-94.
  • Mudakkar, S. R., Zaman, K., Khan, M. M., & Ahmad, M. (2013). Energy for economic growth, industrialization, environment and natural resources: Living with just enough. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 25, 580-595. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.05.024.
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  • Ökmen, M., & Çavdar, Ş.Ç. (2022). Bölgesel büyümenin belirleyicilerine ilişkin bir analiz: Türkiye örneği an empirical analysis of the determinants of regional growth: the case of Turkey. On Eurasian Economies 2022, 171-176. International Conference On Eurasian Economies, 171-176. Baku – Azerbaijan and Online 20-22 September 2022.
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  • Pesaran, M. H. (2021). General diagnostic tests for cross-sectional dependence in panels. Empirical Economics, 60(1), 13-50. doi:10.1007/s00181-020-01875-7.
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  • Schultz, T. W. (1961). Investment in human capital. The American Economic Review, 51(1), 1-17.
  • Shahbaz, M., Song, M., Ahmad, S., & Vo, X.V. (2022). Does economic growth stimulate energy consumption? The role of human capital and R&D expenditures in China. Energy Economics, 105(105662), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2021.105662.
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AR-GE HARCAMALARININ, ENERJİ TÜKETİMİNİN VE BEŞERİ SERMAYENİN BÖLGESEL EKONOMİK PERFORMANS ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ

Year 2023, Volume: 14 Issue: 28, 764 - 788, 29.12.2023

Halim Tatlı

https://doi.org/10.36543/kauiibfd.2023.031

Abstract

Bu çalışma, Türkiye’deki düzey 1 bölgelerinde AR-GE harcamalarının, enerji tüketiminin ve beşeri sermayenin bölgesel ekonomik performans üzerindeki etkisini rassal katsayılı panel modelini kullanarak araştırmayı amaçlamaktadır. Düzey 1 bölgelerine ait 2010-2021 dönemi için yıllık veriler kullanılmıştır. Bağımlı değişken olarak bölgesel ekonomik performansın temsilcisi olan bölgesel gayrisafi yurt içi hasıla kullanılmıştır. Bağımsız değişkenler olarak bölgesel elektrik tüketimi, AR-GE harcamaları ve beşeri sermeyenin temsilcisi olan yükseköğretim mezunu iş gücü kullanılmıştır. Yatay kesit bağımlılığı, panel birim kök testi, homojenlik ve rassal katsayılı panel veri analiz yöntemleri kullanılmıştır. Rassal katsayılı panel veri modelinin panel sonuçlarına göre tüm bağımsız değişkenlerin %1 önem düzeyinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı ve pozitif bir biçimde bölgesel gayrisafi yurt içi hasılayı etkilemektedir. Çalışma modelinin kesit sonuçları, birçok bölgede AR-GE harcamalarının bölgesel gayrisafi yurt içi hasıla üzerinde pozitif ve anlamlı etkisinin olduğunu ortaya koymuştur.

Keywords

AR-GE harcamaları bölgesel ekonomik performans rassal katsayılı panel modeli

References

  • Aghion, P., & Howitt, P. W. (2008). The economics of growth: MIT press.
  • Alaali, F., Roberts, J., & Taylor, K. (2015). The effect of energy consumption and human capital on economic growth: an exploration of oil exporting and developed countries. SERPS (Sheffield Economics Research Papers Series), 015.
  • Anh, V. V., & Chelliah, T. (1999). Estimated generalized least squares for random coefficient regression models. Scandinavian Journal of Statistics, 26(1), 31-46. doi: 10.1111/1467-9469.00135
  • Aslan, A., Apergis, N. & Yildirim, S. (2014). Causality between energy consumption and GDP in the U.S.: Evidence from wavelet analysis. Frontiers in Energy, 8(1), 1-8.
  • Azam, M. (2019). Relationship between energy, investment, human capital, environment, and economic growth in four BRICS countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International. Environmental Science and Pollution Research., 26(33), 34388-34400.
  • Bayarçelik, E.B. & Taşel F. (2012). Research and development: source of economic growth. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 58, 744-753. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.1052
  • Baykul, A. (2018). Bölgesel ekonomik büyüme üzerinde Ar-Ge faaliyetlerinin etkileri: Türkiye’de düzey I bölgelerinde ampirik bir inceleme. Manas Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 7(2), 143-154.
  • Becker, G.S. (1964). Human capital: a theoretical and empirical analysis, with special reference to education. Chicago: University of Press, 19(6), 4.
  • Boeing, P., Eberle, J., & Howell, A. (2022). The impact of China's R&D subsidies on R&D investment, technological upgrading and economic growth. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 174. doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121212
  • Cai, D. S. (2009). Energy efficiency, energy infrastructure and sustainable development in North-East China. 2009 International Conference on Sustainable Power Generation and Supply, Vols 1-4, 2183-2189.
  • Chen, Z. (2018). Fang Industrial electricity consumption, human capital investment and economic growth in Chinese cities. Economic Modelling, 69, 205-219.
  • Cheratian, I., & Goltabar, S. (2017). Energy consumption and regional economic growth: The case of Iranian manufacturing sector. Retrieved from: https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/78315/
  • Çelik, N., & Karaçuka, M. (2018). Bölgesel kalkınmanın iktisadi politiği: Yerel dinamikler ve iktisadi büyüme. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 73(1), 1-18.
  • Doru, Ö. & Atay Polat, M. (2022). İhracat, enerji ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: Gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan düzey 2 bölgeleri için nedensellik analizi. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 23(2), 33-51. doi: 10.31671/doujournal.1074686
  • Eralp, A. (2023). Türkiye sanayi sektöründeki elektrik tüketimi ve ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişkinin mekânsal analizi. Verimlilik Dergisi, Circular Economy and Sustainability, 99-112 https://doi.org/10.51551/verimlilik.1111823
  • Fang, Z., & Yu, J. (2020). The role of human capital in energy-growth nexus: an international evidence. Empirical Economics, 58(3), 1225-1247.
  • Fatima, N., Li, Y., Ahmad, M., Jabeen, G., & Li X. (2019). Analyzing long-term empirical interactions between renewable energy generation, energy use, human capital, and economic performance in Pakistan. Energy, Sustainability and Society, 9(42), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13705-019-0228-x
  • Freimane, R. & Bāliņa, S. (2016). Research and development expenditures and economic growth in the EU: A panel data analysis. Economics and Business, 29(1), 5-11.
  • Gömleksiz, M., & Özşahin, Ş. (2017). The regional dynamics of economic growth: A case study on NUTS 2 Regions in Turkey. In The Sixth International Conference in Economics (pp. 1-13).
  • Herrerias, M.J., Joyeux, R., & Girardin, E. (2013). Short- and long-run causality between energy consumption and economic growth: evidence across regions in China, Applied Energy, 112, 1483-1492.
  • Hsiao, C., & Pesaran, M. H. (2004). Random coefficient panel data models. Available at SSRN 572783.
  • Inekwe, J.N. (2015). The contribution of R&D expenditure to economic growth in developing economies. Social Indicators Research, 124(3), 727-745.
  • İğdeli, A. (2019). AR-GE ve eğitim harcamalarının ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkisi: Türkiye örneği. Manas Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 8(3), 2517-2538.
  • Judge, G. G., Griffiths, W. E., Hill, R. C., Lütkepohl, H., & Lee, T. C. (1985). The Theory and Practice of Econometrics: Wiley.
  • Kantar, E., Asian, A., Deviren, B., & Keskin, M. (2016). Hierarchical structure of the countries based on electricity consumption and economic growth. Physica a-Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications, 454, 1-10. doi:10.1016/j.physa.2016.01.075
  • Kesikoğlu, F., & Saraç, Ş. (2017). AR-GE harcamalarinin büyüme üzerindeki etkisi: İBBS düzey 1 bölgelerinin karşılaştırmalı analiz. Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 13(13), 617-626.
  • Kijek, A., & Kijek, T. (2020). Nonlinear effects of human capital and R&D on TFP: Evidence from European regions. Sustainability, 12(5), 1808. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12051808
  • Korkmaz, S. (2010). Türkiye’de Ar-Ge yatırımları ve ekonomik büyüme arasindaki ilişkinin VAR modeli ile analizi. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi, 5(20), 3320-3330.
  • Kömüryakan, F. (2019). Tesadüfi katsayılı panel veri modelleri: Çevresel kuznets eğrisinin geçerliliğinin analizi. Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi. Marmara Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
  • Liu, Y. B. (2013). Energy production and regional economic growth in china: A more comprehensive analysis using a panel model. Energies, 6(3), 1409-1420. doi:10.3390/en6031409.
  • Lucas, R. E. (1988). On the mechanics of economic development. Journal of monetary economics, 22(1), 3-42. doi:https://doi.o0.1016/0304-3932(88)90168-7
  • Matousek, R., & Tzeremes, N. G. (2021). The asymmetric impact of human capital on economic growth. Empirical Economics, 60(3), 1309-1334.
  • Mıhçı, S., & KöksaL, M.Z. (2010). Determinants of cross-regional income differentials: The case of Turkey. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 28(2), 71-94.
  • Mudakkar, S. R., Zaman, K., Khan, M. M., & Ahmad, M. (2013). Energy for economic growth, industrialization, environment and natural resources: Living with just enough. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 25, 580-595. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.05.024.
  • Nelson, R. R., & Phelps, E. S. (1966). Investment in humans, technological diffusion, and economic growth. The American economic review, 56(1/2), 69-75.
  • Ökmen, M., & Çavdar, Ş.Ç. (2022). Bölgesel büyümenin belirleyicilerine ilişkin bir analiz: Türkiye örneği an empirical analysis of the determinants of regional growth: the case of Turkey. On Eurasian Economies 2022, 171-176. International Conference On Eurasian Economies, 171-176. Baku – Azerbaijan and Online 20-22 September 2022.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross-section dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22(2), 265-312. doi:10.1002/jae.951
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2021). General diagnostic tests for cross-sectional dependence in panels. Empirical Economics, 60(1), 13-50. doi:10.1007/s00181-020-01875-7.
  • Pesaran, M. H., & Yamagata, T. (2008). Testing slope homogeneity in large panels. Journal of Econometrics, 142(1), 50-93. doi:10.1016/j.jeconom.2007.05.010.
  • Recepoğlu, M., Doğanay, M.A., & Değer, M.K. (2020). Enerji tüketimi ile ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişkiler: Türkiye’de iller üzerine panel veri analizleri 2004-2014. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 21(1), 69-80.
  • Romer, P.M. (1986). Increasing returns and long-run growth. Journal of Political Economy, 94(5), 1002-1037.
  • Romer, P. M. (1990). Endogenous technological change. Journal of Political Economy, 98(5, Part 2), 71-102.
  • Schultz, T. W. (1961). Investment in human capital. The American Economic Review, 51(1), 1-17.
  • Shahbaz, M., Song, M., Ahmad, S., & Vo, X.V. (2022). Does economic growth stimulate energy consumption? The role of human capital and R&D expenditures in China. Energy Economics, 105(105662), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2021.105662.
  • Siddiqui, A., & Rehman, A. U. (2017). The human capital and economic growth nexus: in East and South Asia. Applied Economics, 49(28), 2697-2710.
  • Sinha, A. & Shahbaz M. (2018). Estimation of environmental kuznets curve for CO2 emission: Role of renewable energy generation in India. Renewable Energy, 119, 703-711. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2017.12.058.
  • Sinha, A., Shahbaz, M., & Sengupta T. (2018). Renewable energy policies and contradictions in causality: A case of next 11 countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 197(1), 73-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.06.219.
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There are 62 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Regional Economy
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Halim Tatlı 0000-0002-7940-0087

Publication Date December 29, 2023
Acceptance Date September 18, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 14 Issue: 28

Cite

APA Tatlı, H. (2023). AR-GE HARCAMALARININ, ENERJİ TÜKETİMİNİN VE BEŞERİ SERMAYENİN BÖLGESEL EKONOMİK PERFORMANS ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ. Kafkas Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 14(28), 764-788. https://doi.org/10.36543/kauiibfd.2023.031
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