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Salgın ve Afete Yönelik Dirençlilik Eylem Planlaması: Dirençli Mahalleler

Year 2022, Volume: 15 Issue: 4, 1938 - 1958, 15.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.35674/kent.1110519

Abstract

21. yüzyıl kentlerinde salgın ve afetlerin getirdiği olumsuz etkilerin azaltılmasında kentsel yapının kısa-orta-uzun vadeli riskleri azaltmada ve kentlerin direncini artırmada oynayabileceği rolü anlamak ve dirençli kentsel yapılar elde etmek önemli görülmeye başlamıştır. Genellikle kentlerde dirençliliği sağlamak için makro düzeyde gösterilen çaba, hızlı ve sağlıklı çözümler getirememektedir. Problemin büyüklüğü karşısında daha spesifik ya da mikro çözümlemeleri bir araya getiren kentsel dirençlilik yaklaşımlarının geliştirilmesi, kentsel alandaki toplumsal, iktisadi ve mekânsal sorunların daha yerel ölçekten ele alınması gerektiği anlaşılmaktadır. Kentlerde, salgın ve afete karşı dirençliliğin sağlanabilmesi için ele alınabilecek en küçük yerel yapı ya da idari ve sosyal birimler mahallelerdir. Mahalleler toplumun yaşamsal ve ayrılmaz bir parçası, aynı zamanda yerleşim alanları ve insan faaliyetlerinin de uyum gösterdiği yerel ölçekteki çözüm arayışlarının en alt uygulama noktalarıdır. Bu sebeple Salgın ve Afete Yönelik bir Dirençlilik Eylem Planlaması kapsamında kentsel dirençliliğin sağlanabilmesi hem başlangıç adımı hem de zincirin en önemli halkalarından olan mahallelerin dirençli hale getirilmesiyle mümkündür. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Dirençlilik Eylem Planlaması kapsamında, salgın ve afet durumlarının getirdiği olumsuz etkilere karşı dirençlilik öznitelikleri, ilkeleri ve ölçütleri ile uyumlu bir “Dirençli Mahalle Yapısı”nın oluşturulmasıdır. Bu mahalle, kentsel mekânda yerel direnç tecrübeleri gösteren, insanların sosyal, kültürel, ekonomik ve temel yaşamsal gereksinimlerini karşılama konusundaki zorluklara cevap verebilen, esnek, işlevsel, bütünleşik ve akıllı kentsel mekân kurgusuna sahip, yerel yönetim düzeyi ve yönetişimini iyileştiren, topluluk direnci ve kentsel sağlığı temsil eden, uyumlanma merkezleri gibi çalışan yapıda olacaktır. Çalışma kentsel biçim ve dirençlilik arasındaki ilişkiye ilişkin daha kapsamlı bir bilgi tabanının geliştirilmesi için bir başlangıç noktası olarak kabul edilebilir.

References

  • Ahern, J., Qin, Y., & Liu, H. (2011). From Fail-Safe to Safe-To-Fail: Sustainability and Resilience in The New Urban World. Landscape and Urban Planning, 100(4), 341-343.
  • Bosher, L., & Chmutina, K. (2017). Disaster Risk Reduction for the Built Environment. Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Bostic, R.W., & Martin, R. W. (2003). Black Home-Owners as a Gentrifying Force? Neighborhood Dynamics in the Context of Minority Home-Ownership. Urban Stud, 40, 2427-2449.
  • Bourdic, L., Salat, S., & Nowacki, C. (2012). Assessing cities: A new system of cross-scale spatial indicators. Building Research and Information, 40(5), 592-605.
  • Bowden, L.W. (1972). How to Define Neighborhood. The Professional Geographer, 24, 227-228.
  • Boyoko, C., Cooper, R., Davey, C., & Wootton, A. (2006). Addressing Sustainability Early in the Urban Design Process. Manag. Environ. Qual. Int. J., 17, 689-706.
  • Caniggia, G., & Maffei, G.L. (2001). Architectural composition and building typology: Interpreting basic building. Alinea.
  • Carpenter, S.R., Arrow, K. J., Barrett, S., Biggs, R., Brock, W.A., Crépin, A.S., Engström, G., Folke, C., Hughes, T.P., & Kautsky, N. (2012). General Resilience to Cope with Extreme Events. Sustainability, 4(12), 3248-3259.
  • Chaskin, R.J. (1997). Perspectives on Neighborhood and Community: A Review of the Literature. The Social Service Review, 77(4), 521-547.
  • Chaskin, R.J., & Garg, S. (1997). The Issue of Governance in Neighborhood-Based Initiatives. Urban Aff. Rev., 32, 631-661.
  • Choguill, C.L. (2008). Developing Sustainable Neighborhoods. Habitat Int., 32. 41-48.
  • Descombes, V. (2014). The Institutions of Meaning: A Defense of Anthropological Holism. MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Eraydın, A., & Taşan-Kok, T. (2013). Resilience Thinking in Urban Planning. Springer.
  • Feliciotti, A., Romice, O., & Porta, S. (2017). Design for change: five proxies for resilience in the urban form. Open House Int., 41(4), 23-30.
  • Folke, C. (2006). Resilience: The Emergence of a Perspective For Social–Ecological Systems Analyses. Global Environmental Change, 16(3), 253-267.
  • Forrest, R., & Kearns, A. (2001). Social Cohesion, Social Capital, and the Neighbourhood. Urban Studies, 38(12), 2125-2143.
  • Galster, G., Hanson, R., Ratcliffe, M.R., Wolman, H., Coleman, S., & Freihage, J. (2001). Wrestling Sprawl to the Ground: Defining and Measuring an Elusive Concept. Housing Policy Debate, 12(4), 681-717.
  • Godschalk, D. (2003). Urban Hazard Mitigation: Creating Resilient Cities. Natural Hazards Review, 4(3), 136-143.
  • Goodman, A.C. (1977). A Comparison of Block Group and Census Tract Data in a Hedonic Housing Price Model. Land Economics, 53(4), 483-487.
  • Hallman, H.W. (1984). Neighborhoods: Their Place in Urban Life. CA: Sage.
  • Kahraman, S., & Polat, E. (2022). İklim Değişikliğinden Kaynaklı Kombine Afetlerin Durumu: Antalya. 6th International Symposium on Natural Hazards and Disaster Management, 55-62, Bursa.
  • Keller, S. (1968). The Urban Neighborhood: A Sociological Perspective. Random House.
  • Kropf, K. (2014). Ambiguity in the definition of built form. Urban Morphology, 18(1), 41-57.
  • Leichenko, R. (2011). Climate Change and Urban Resilience. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 3(3), 164-168.
  • Leichenko, R. (2011). Climate change and urban resilience. Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain., 3(3), 164-168.
  • León, J., & March, A. (2016). An urban form response to disaster vulnerability: Improving tsunami evacuation inIquique, Chile. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 43(5), 826-847.
  • Litman, T. (2020). Pandemic-Resilient Community Planning. Victoria Transport Policy Institute.
  • Lynch, K. (1960). The Image of the City. M.I.T. Press.
  • Marshall, S. (2011). Urban Coding and Planning. Routledge.
  • Martin, D.G. (2003). Enacting Neighborhood. Urban Geography, 24(5), 361-385.
  • Meerow, S., Newell, J.P., & Stults, M. (2016). Defining Urban Resilience: A Review. Landscape and Urban Planning, 147, 38-49.
  • Mehaffy, M., Porta, S., Rofe, Y., & Salingaros, N. (2010). Urban nuclei and the geometry of streets: The ‘emergent neighborhoods’ model. Urban Design International, 15(1), 22-46.
  • Mehmood, A. (2015). Of Resilient Places: Planning for Urban Resilience. European Planning Studies, 24(2), 407-419.
  • Mumford, L. (1954). The Neighborhood and the Neighborhood Unit. Town Planning Review, 24(4), 256-270.
  • Norris, F.N., & Stevens, S.P. (2008). Community Resilience as a Metaphor, Theory, Set of Capacities, and Strategy for Disaster Readiness. American Journal of Community Psychology, 41(1-2), 127-150.
  • OECD. (2018). Indicators for Resilient Cities. Regional Development Working Papers 2018/02.
  • Park, Y., & Rogers, G.O. (2015). Neighborhood Planning Theory, Guidelines, and Research: Can Area, Population, and Boundary Guide Conceptual Framing?. J. Plan. Lit., 30, 18-36.
  • Perry, C.A. (1929). City Planning for Neighborhood Life. Soc. Forces, 8, 98-100.
  • Polat, E., Kahraman, S. (2019). Antroposen Çağı’nda Kentsellik, Sürdürülebilirlik ve Dirençlilik. Resilience, 3(2), 319-324.
  • Polat, E., Kahraman, S. (2021). Antroposen Çağı'nda Pandemi ve Kentlerin Durumu. Antropoloji, 41, 21-31.
  • Resilience Alliance. (2007). Urban Resilience Research Prospectus: A Resilience Alliance Initiative for Transitioning Urban Systems towards Sustainable Futures. Sweden: CSIRO.
  • Rohe, W.M. (2009). From Local to Global: One Hundred Years of Neighborhood Planning. J. Am. Plan. Assoc., 75, 209-230.
  • Sharifi, A. (2016). From Garden City to eco-urbanism: The quest for sustainable neighborhood development. Sustainable Cities and Society, 20, 1-16.
  • Sharifi, A. (2019a). Resilient urban forms: A macro-scale analysis. Cities, 85, 1-14.
  • Sharifi, A. (2019b). Resilient urban forms: A review of literature on streets and street networks. Building and Environment, 147, 171-187.
  • Sharifi, A. (2019c). Urban form resilience: A meso-scale analysis. Cities, 93, 238-252.
  • Sharifi, A., & Murayama, A. (2013). A Critical Review of Seven Selected Neighborhood Sustainability Assessment Tools. Environ. Impact Assess. Rev., 38, 73-87.
  • Sharifi, A., & Yamagata, Y. (2016). On The Suitability of Assessment Tools For Guiding Communities Towards Disaster Resilience. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 18, 115-124.
  • Silva, M., Oliveira, V., & Leal V. (2017). Urban form and energy demand:a review of energy-relevant urban attributes. J. Plann. Lit., 32, 346-365.
  • Soofi-Siavash, Y. (2016). Achieving Urban Resilience: Through Urban Design and Planning Principles. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Planlama Bölümü, Oxford Brookes University.
  • Stead, D., & Marshall, S. (2001). The relationships between urban form and travel patterns. An international review and evaluation. European Journal of Transport and Infrastructure Research, 1(2), 113-141.
  • Steiner, F., & Forman, R.T. (2002). Human Ecology: Following Nature’s Lead. DC: Island Press.
  • Torabi, E. (2017). To Be Beside the Seaside: Urban Resilience to Climate-Related Disasters in Coastal Cities. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University.
  • Tsai, Y.H. (2005). Quantifying urban form: Compactness versus ‘Sprawl’. Urban Studies, 42(1), 141-161.
  • TNA. (2012). Disaster resilience: A national imperative. National Academies Press.
  • Valentin, A., & Spangenberg, J.H. (2000). A Guide to Community Sustainability İndicators. Environ. Impact Assess. Rev., 20, 381-392.
  • Walker, B., & Salt, D. (2006). Resilience Thinking: Sustaining Ecosystems and People in a Changing World. USA: Island Press.
  • Wardekker, J.A., De Jong, A., Knoop, J.M., & Sluijs, J.P. (2010). Operationalising a Resilience Approach to Adapting an Urban Delta to Uncertain Climate Changes. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 77(6), 987-998.
  • Weihrich, H. (1982). The TOWS matrix-A tool for situational analysis. Long Range Plan, 15, 54-66.
  • Wellman, B., & Leighton, B. (1979). Networks, Neighborhoods, and Communities: Approaches to the Study of the Community Question. Urban Affairs Review, 14(3), 363-390.
  • White, I., & O’hare, P. (2014). From Rhetoric to Reality: Which Resilience, Why Resilience, and Whose Resilience in Spatial Planning?. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, 32(5), 934-950.
  • World Bank. (2013). Building Urban Resilience: Principles, Tools, and Practice. The World Bank.
  • Xiang, W. (2013). Working with Wicked Problems in Socio-Ecological Systems: Awareness, Acceptance, and Adaptation. Landscape and Urban Planning, 110, 1-4.

Resilience Action Planning for Epidemic and Disaster: Resilient Neighborhoods

Year 2022, Volume: 15 Issue: 4, 1938 - 1958, 15.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.35674/kent.1110519

Abstract

Understanding the role that urban structure can play in reducing short-medium-long-term risks and increasing the resilience of cities in reducing the negative effects of epidemics and disasters in 21st-century cities and creating resilient urban structures has become important. Generally, efforts made at the macro level to ensure resilience in cities cannot bring fast and healthy solutions. It is understood that the urban resilience approaches that combine more specific or micro solutions in the face of the magnitude of the problem should be developed, and social, economic, and spatial problems in the urban area should be handled from a more local scale. In cities, neighborhoods are the smallest local structures or administrative and social units that can be handled to ensure epidemic and disaster resistance. Neighborhoods are a vital and inseparable part of the society, as well as the lowest points of application for seeking solutions at the local scale, where settlements and human activities are harmonized. For this reason, urban resilience can be achieved within the context of Resilience Action Planning for epidemics and disasters by making neighborhoods both the starting step and one of the most important rings of the chain of resilient. This study aims to create a "Resilient Neighborhood Structure" in line with the characteristics, principles, and criteria of resilience against the negative effects of epidemic and disaster situations within the scope of resilience action planning. This neighborhood will include the following structures: that can show local resilience experiences in urban space, respond to the difficulties of meeting people's social, cultural, economic, and basic vital needs, have a flexible, functional, integrated, and smart urban space setup, improve local government level and governance, represent community resistance and urban health, working as attunement centers. The study can be considered a starting point for developing a more comprehensive knowledge base on the relationship between urban form and resilience.

References

  • Ahern, J., Qin, Y., & Liu, H. (2011). From Fail-Safe to Safe-To-Fail: Sustainability and Resilience in The New Urban World. Landscape and Urban Planning, 100(4), 341-343.
  • Bosher, L., & Chmutina, K. (2017). Disaster Risk Reduction for the Built Environment. Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Bostic, R.W., & Martin, R. W. (2003). Black Home-Owners as a Gentrifying Force? Neighborhood Dynamics in the Context of Minority Home-Ownership. Urban Stud, 40, 2427-2449.
  • Bourdic, L., Salat, S., & Nowacki, C. (2012). Assessing cities: A new system of cross-scale spatial indicators. Building Research and Information, 40(5), 592-605.
  • Bowden, L.W. (1972). How to Define Neighborhood. The Professional Geographer, 24, 227-228.
  • Boyoko, C., Cooper, R., Davey, C., & Wootton, A. (2006). Addressing Sustainability Early in the Urban Design Process. Manag. Environ. Qual. Int. J., 17, 689-706.
  • Caniggia, G., & Maffei, G.L. (2001). Architectural composition and building typology: Interpreting basic building. Alinea.
  • Carpenter, S.R., Arrow, K. J., Barrett, S., Biggs, R., Brock, W.A., Crépin, A.S., Engström, G., Folke, C., Hughes, T.P., & Kautsky, N. (2012). General Resilience to Cope with Extreme Events. Sustainability, 4(12), 3248-3259.
  • Chaskin, R.J. (1997). Perspectives on Neighborhood and Community: A Review of the Literature. The Social Service Review, 77(4), 521-547.
  • Chaskin, R.J., & Garg, S. (1997). The Issue of Governance in Neighborhood-Based Initiatives. Urban Aff. Rev., 32, 631-661.
  • Choguill, C.L. (2008). Developing Sustainable Neighborhoods. Habitat Int., 32. 41-48.
  • Descombes, V. (2014). The Institutions of Meaning: A Defense of Anthropological Holism. MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Eraydın, A., & Taşan-Kok, T. (2013). Resilience Thinking in Urban Planning. Springer.
  • Feliciotti, A., Romice, O., & Porta, S. (2017). Design for change: five proxies for resilience in the urban form. Open House Int., 41(4), 23-30.
  • Folke, C. (2006). Resilience: The Emergence of a Perspective For Social–Ecological Systems Analyses. Global Environmental Change, 16(3), 253-267.
  • Forrest, R., & Kearns, A. (2001). Social Cohesion, Social Capital, and the Neighbourhood. Urban Studies, 38(12), 2125-2143.
  • Galster, G., Hanson, R., Ratcliffe, M.R., Wolman, H., Coleman, S., & Freihage, J. (2001). Wrestling Sprawl to the Ground: Defining and Measuring an Elusive Concept. Housing Policy Debate, 12(4), 681-717.
  • Godschalk, D. (2003). Urban Hazard Mitigation: Creating Resilient Cities. Natural Hazards Review, 4(3), 136-143.
  • Goodman, A.C. (1977). A Comparison of Block Group and Census Tract Data in a Hedonic Housing Price Model. Land Economics, 53(4), 483-487.
  • Hallman, H.W. (1984). Neighborhoods: Their Place in Urban Life. CA: Sage.
  • Kahraman, S., & Polat, E. (2022). İklim Değişikliğinden Kaynaklı Kombine Afetlerin Durumu: Antalya. 6th International Symposium on Natural Hazards and Disaster Management, 55-62, Bursa.
  • Keller, S. (1968). The Urban Neighborhood: A Sociological Perspective. Random House.
  • Kropf, K. (2014). Ambiguity in the definition of built form. Urban Morphology, 18(1), 41-57.
  • Leichenko, R. (2011). Climate Change and Urban Resilience. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 3(3), 164-168.
  • Leichenko, R. (2011). Climate change and urban resilience. Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain., 3(3), 164-168.
  • León, J., & March, A. (2016). An urban form response to disaster vulnerability: Improving tsunami evacuation inIquique, Chile. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 43(5), 826-847.
  • Litman, T. (2020). Pandemic-Resilient Community Planning. Victoria Transport Policy Institute.
  • Lynch, K. (1960). The Image of the City. M.I.T. Press.
  • Marshall, S. (2011). Urban Coding and Planning. Routledge.
  • Martin, D.G. (2003). Enacting Neighborhood. Urban Geography, 24(5), 361-385.
  • Meerow, S., Newell, J.P., & Stults, M. (2016). Defining Urban Resilience: A Review. Landscape and Urban Planning, 147, 38-49.
  • Mehaffy, M., Porta, S., Rofe, Y., & Salingaros, N. (2010). Urban nuclei and the geometry of streets: The ‘emergent neighborhoods’ model. Urban Design International, 15(1), 22-46.
  • Mehmood, A. (2015). Of Resilient Places: Planning for Urban Resilience. European Planning Studies, 24(2), 407-419.
  • Mumford, L. (1954). The Neighborhood and the Neighborhood Unit. Town Planning Review, 24(4), 256-270.
  • Norris, F.N., & Stevens, S.P. (2008). Community Resilience as a Metaphor, Theory, Set of Capacities, and Strategy for Disaster Readiness. American Journal of Community Psychology, 41(1-2), 127-150.
  • OECD. (2018). Indicators for Resilient Cities. Regional Development Working Papers 2018/02.
  • Park, Y., & Rogers, G.O. (2015). Neighborhood Planning Theory, Guidelines, and Research: Can Area, Population, and Boundary Guide Conceptual Framing?. J. Plan. Lit., 30, 18-36.
  • Perry, C.A. (1929). City Planning for Neighborhood Life. Soc. Forces, 8, 98-100.
  • Polat, E., Kahraman, S. (2019). Antroposen Çağı’nda Kentsellik, Sürdürülebilirlik ve Dirençlilik. Resilience, 3(2), 319-324.
  • Polat, E., Kahraman, S. (2021). Antroposen Çağı'nda Pandemi ve Kentlerin Durumu. Antropoloji, 41, 21-31.
  • Resilience Alliance. (2007). Urban Resilience Research Prospectus: A Resilience Alliance Initiative for Transitioning Urban Systems towards Sustainable Futures. Sweden: CSIRO.
  • Rohe, W.M. (2009). From Local to Global: One Hundred Years of Neighborhood Planning. J. Am. Plan. Assoc., 75, 209-230.
  • Sharifi, A. (2016). From Garden City to eco-urbanism: The quest for sustainable neighborhood development. Sustainable Cities and Society, 20, 1-16.
  • Sharifi, A. (2019a). Resilient urban forms: A macro-scale analysis. Cities, 85, 1-14.
  • Sharifi, A. (2019b). Resilient urban forms: A review of literature on streets and street networks. Building and Environment, 147, 171-187.
  • Sharifi, A. (2019c). Urban form resilience: A meso-scale analysis. Cities, 93, 238-252.
  • Sharifi, A., & Murayama, A. (2013). A Critical Review of Seven Selected Neighborhood Sustainability Assessment Tools. Environ. Impact Assess. Rev., 38, 73-87.
  • Sharifi, A., & Yamagata, Y. (2016). On The Suitability of Assessment Tools For Guiding Communities Towards Disaster Resilience. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 18, 115-124.
  • Silva, M., Oliveira, V., & Leal V. (2017). Urban form and energy demand:a review of energy-relevant urban attributes. J. Plann. Lit., 32, 346-365.
  • Soofi-Siavash, Y. (2016). Achieving Urban Resilience: Through Urban Design and Planning Principles. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Planlama Bölümü, Oxford Brookes University.
  • Stead, D., & Marshall, S. (2001). The relationships between urban form and travel patterns. An international review and evaluation. European Journal of Transport and Infrastructure Research, 1(2), 113-141.
  • Steiner, F., & Forman, R.T. (2002). Human Ecology: Following Nature’s Lead. DC: Island Press.
  • Torabi, E. (2017). To Be Beside the Seaside: Urban Resilience to Climate-Related Disasters in Coastal Cities. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University.
  • Tsai, Y.H. (2005). Quantifying urban form: Compactness versus ‘Sprawl’. Urban Studies, 42(1), 141-161.
  • TNA. (2012). Disaster resilience: A national imperative. National Academies Press.
  • Valentin, A., & Spangenberg, J.H. (2000). A Guide to Community Sustainability İndicators. Environ. Impact Assess. Rev., 20, 381-392.
  • Walker, B., & Salt, D. (2006). Resilience Thinking: Sustaining Ecosystems and People in a Changing World. USA: Island Press.
  • Wardekker, J.A., De Jong, A., Knoop, J.M., & Sluijs, J.P. (2010). Operationalising a Resilience Approach to Adapting an Urban Delta to Uncertain Climate Changes. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 77(6), 987-998.
  • Weihrich, H. (1982). The TOWS matrix-A tool for situational analysis. Long Range Plan, 15, 54-66.
  • Wellman, B., & Leighton, B. (1979). Networks, Neighborhoods, and Communities: Approaches to the Study of the Community Question. Urban Affairs Review, 14(3), 363-390.
  • White, I., & O’hare, P. (2014). From Rhetoric to Reality: Which Resilience, Why Resilience, and Whose Resilience in Spatial Planning?. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, 32(5), 934-950.
  • World Bank. (2013). Building Urban Resilience: Principles, Tools, and Practice. The World Bank.
  • Xiang, W. (2013). Working with Wicked Problems in Socio-Ecological Systems: Awareness, Acceptance, and Adaptation. Landscape and Urban Planning, 110, 1-4.
There are 63 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Urban Policy, Urban and Regional Planning
Journal Section All Articles
Authors

Erkan Polat 0000-0001-8103-8753

Sümeyye Kahraman 0000-0003-1827-4520

Burak Korkmazyürek 0000-0002-9889-7199

Early Pub Date October 13, 2022
Publication Date December 15, 2022
Submission Date April 28, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 15 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Polat, E., Kahraman, S., & Korkmazyürek, B. (2022). Salgın ve Afete Yönelik Dirençlilik Eylem Planlaması: Dirençli Mahalleler. Kent Akademisi, 15(4), 1938-1958. https://doi.org/10.35674/kent.1110519

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