Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

The Effects of Culture Tourism on Sustainable Local Development: The Case of Mardin

Year 2023, Volume: 16 Issue: 4, 2491 - 2518, 16.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.35674/kent.1296175

Abstract

The competitiveness and economic development process between nations, regions, cities and rural areas, experienced on a global scale since the 18th century, played an important role in the evolution of the understanding of "regionalism" to the understanding of "locality" within the framework of social, ecological, economic and information-based technological developments. After the 1990s, the direction of studies on the understanding of social, ecological and economic sustainability has turned towards the concepts of 'local' and 'development', which are the focus of attention of researchers in different fields. The synthesis of the concepts of 'local', which develops based on its own knowledge, opportunities and potential, and 'development', which is described as a society-balanced recovery process and structural development, has brought 'sustainable local development' movements to the agenda. Cultural tourism, benefiting from the dynamics of the place and the experiences of the local, has been a factor in providing economic input in the perspective of sustainable local development by preserving the cultural and cultural values in tourism in order to ensure the use and continuation of the existing potentials of the region in societies that tend to develop in the tourism sector with their own opportunities and efforts. With this study, the relationship between ensuring sustainability in the developing tourism sector of the city of Mardin, which is rich in terms of its multicultural structure, cultural and historical values, and local economic development is revealed through the enterprises operating in accommodation activities. The sample of the study consists of 37 accommodation establishments located in the Artuklu District of Mardin Province. The study method is based on the 'mixed research method', in which quantitative data and qualitative data are compiled and examined together. The main findings are that the contribution of accommodation enterprises to the local economy is significantly positive, entrepreneurs are local people, accommodation enterprises play an important role in maintaining the dynamics specific to 'place' and 'local', local employment, use of local products, advertising, promotion and marketing opportunities are increased. It demonstrates that it has been able to establish important relationships with other stakeholders in ensuring its continuity with the company.

References

  • Almuhrzi, H.M. & Al-Azri, H.I. (2018). Conference report: second UNWTO/UNESCO world conference on tourism and culture: fostering sustainable development, International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 13(1), 144-150, https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCTHR-07-2018-0091.
  • Coşkun, R., Bayraktaroğlu, S., Yıldırım, E., & Altunışık, R. (2012). Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntemleri: SPSS uygulamalı. Sakarya Yayıncılık.
  • Amerta, I. M. S., Sara, I. M., & Bagiada, K. (2018). Sustainable tourism development. International research journal of management, IT and social sciences, 5(2), 248-254.
  • Atherton, T. (1993). Package holidays: Tourist’s trial buy or deal becomes operator’s trial by ordeal. Current Commercial Law. 1(3), 100-108.
  • Barré, H. (2002). Cultural tourism and sustainable development. Museum International, 54(1-2), 126-130.
  • Bennett, O., Roe, D., & Ashley, C. (1999). Sustainable tourism and poverty elimination study. UK Department for International Development (DFID)/Overseas Development Institute (ODI), United Kingdom: London.
  • Blakely E. J. & Bradshaw, T. K. (2002). Planning local economic development: Theory and Practice (3rd sedition). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
  • Bramwell, B., Henry, I., Jackson, G., Goytia Prat, A., Richards, G. W., & van der Straaten, J. (1996). Sustainable tourism management: Principles and practice. Tilburg University Press.
  • Briassoulis, H. (2002). Sustainable tourism and the question of the commons. Annals of tourism research, 29(4), 1065-1085.
  • Butler, R. W. (1999). Sustainable tourism: A state‐of‐the‐art review. Tourism geographies, 1(1), 7-25.
  • Cihangir Çamur, K. & Cihangir, E. (2017). Turizm temelli girişimciliğin gelişiminde yerel ve mekânsal dinamiklerin Göreme (Nevşehir-Kapadokya) örneğinde analizi. Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 1(3), 227-237.
  • Clarke, J. (1997). A framework of approaches to sustainable tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 5(3), 224-233.
  • Creaco, S. & Querini, G. (2003, 27th-30th August). The role of tourism in sustainable economic development. 43rd Congress of the European Regional Science Association: "Peripheries, Centres, and Spatial Development in the New Europe, Jyväskylä, Finland.
  • Çağlayan, M. (2017a). Mardin Anıtsal Yapılarında Değişmişlik ve Özgünlük Sorunları, [Doktora Tezi, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi]. https://polen.itu.edu.tr/items/8a57bb1c-1d4f-4a44-b196-a2071c4a0e2c.
  • Çağlayan, M. (2017b, 20-22 Nisan). Osmanlıdan Günümüze Mardin’in Ekonomik Yapısı ve Çarşılarının Dönüşümü. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Kongresi (USAK’17), İstanbul. 936-941, ISBN: 978-605-82729-0-3.
  • Davutoğlu, E. (2019). Kültürel Turizmin Bir Yerel Kalkınma Aracı Olarak Sürdürülebilirliğinin Mardin Kenti Örneği Üzerinden İncelenmesi [Yükseklisans Tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi]. https://avesis.gazi.edu.tr/yonetilen-tez/d8b6ea90-330d-40af-a12f-d4c56529a159/kulturel-turizmin-bir-yerel-kalkinma-araci-olarak-surdurulebilirliginin-mardin-kenti-ornegi-uzerinden-incelenmesi.
  • de Bruyn, C. & Meyer, N. (2022). An assessment of the viewpoints of local stakeholders on tourism sustainability and local economic development (LED). In Forum Scientiae Oeconomia, 10(1), 82-96.
  • Dlomo, T. O. & Rogerson, C. M. (2020). Tourism and Local Economic Development in King Sabata Dalindyebo Local Municipality, South Africa: Stakeholder Perspectives. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 10(1), 145-164.
  • Dulupçu, M. (2018). Bölgesel Rekabetçilik İçin Küme Yaklaşımı: Alanya Turizm Konaklama Sektörü İçin Küme Strateji Önerisi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (31), 370-415.
  • Durovic, M. & Lovrentjev, S. (2014). Indicators of sustainability in cultural tourism. The Macrotheme Review, 3(7), 180-189.
  • Eber, S. (1992). Beyond the Green Horizon: Principles for Sustainable Development. Discussion paper by Tourism Concern. Godalming, Surrey: WWF.
  • Eceral, T. Ö. & Özmen, C. A. (2009). Beypazarı’nda Turizm Gelişimi ve Yerel Ekonomik Kalkınma. Ekonomik ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 46-74.
  • Edgell, D. L., Allen, M. D., Smith, G. & Swanson, J. (2008). Tourism policy and planning: Yesterday, today, and tomorrow. London: Routledge.
  • Erdoğanaras, F., Çamur, K. C., Erol, D. & Bıyıklı, M. (2023). Alanya Turizm Kümesinde Firma Büyüklükleri ve Turizm Sektörü İlişkilerinin Mekânsal Düzeyi. Planlama Dergisi, 33(2), 234-250, DOI: 10.14744/planlama.2023.12599.
  • Erol, D. & Davutoğlu, E. (2018, 28 Nisan-01 Mayıs). Sürdürülebilir Turizmin Özel İlgi Alanı Kültür Turizmi ve Bir Başarılı Örnek; Apulia, III. INES International Education And Social Science Congress, 1582-1589.
  • Fossati, A., Panella, G. (eds). (2000). Tourism and Sustainable Economic Development. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4321-3_3.
  • Girard, L. F. & Nijkamp, P. (eds.). (2009). Cultural Tourism and Sustainable Local Development. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.
  • Historical Cities Association. (2012). Public, local-civil-private cooperation for sustainable cultural tourism. Gaziantep: ÇEKÜL Foundation-Historical Cities Association Publications Guide Booklet Series I.
  • Jamieson, W. (1993). Planning for small town cultural tourism. In Canadian National Committee of the International Council on Monuments and Sites- ICOMOS (Ed.), ISC Cultural Tourism 1993 – International Scientific Symposium (10th General Assembly Sri Lanka), 90–96.
  • Jafari, J. (Ed.). (2000). Encyclopedia of tourism. Taylor & Francis. https://books.google.com.tr/books?hl=tr&lr=&id=zPX2ebYvtEMC&oi=fnd&pg=PR1&dq=Jafari+2000&ots=HPRPBx81xu&sig=oG1YASpxdq3bOfHozd7xdr74nxQ&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Jafari%202000&f=false.
  • Leisure and Tourism Education Association (Atlas). (2009). Atlas Cultural Tourism Research Project.
  • http://www.tramresearch.com/atlas/presentation.htm.
  • Liu, Z. (2003). Sustainable tourism development: A critique. Journal of sustainable tourism, 11(6), 459-475.
  • MacCannell, D. (1976). The tourist: A new theory for the leisure class. New York: Schocken Books.
  • Manzoor, F., Wei, L., Asif, M., Haq, M. Z. U. & Rehman, H. U. (2019). The contribution of sustainable tourism to economic growth and employment in Pakistan. International journal of environmental research and public health, 16(19), 3785.
  • MPDCT (Mardin Provincial Directorate of Culture and Tourism). (2018). Document archive. Mardin.
  • MPDCT (Mardin Provincial Directorate of Culture and Tourism). (2022). Document archive. Mardin.
  • Mardin Provincial Directorate of Culture and Tourism. (2014). Mardin Tourism Strategic Plan 2014-2023, Mardin. https://rekabetcisektorler.sanayi.gov.tr/media/dokumanlar/Mardin_Turizm_Stratejik_Plan%C4%B1_2014-2023.pdf
  • Meyer-Stamer, J. (2008). Systemic Competitiveness and Local Economic Development, Large Scale Systemic Change: Theories, Modeling and Practices. Duisburg, Germany.
  • Meyer, D. F. & Meyer, N. (2015). The role and impact of tourism on local economic development: A comparative study African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance (AJPHERD), 21(1:1), 197-214.
  • Mohan, P. (2022). Sustainable tourism and the sustainable development goals in sub-national island jurisdictions: The case of tobago. Island Studies Journal, 17(2), 168-191. https://doi.org/10.24043/isj.183
  • Mowforth, M. & Munt, I. (2015). Tourism and sustainability: Development, globalisation and new tourism in the third world. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315795348.
  • Musakwa, W. (2008). Local Economic Development as a Poverty Alleviation Tool: A Case Study On The Urban Renewal Program In Kwamashu Durban [Master Thesis, University of Kwazulu-Natal]. Urban and Regional Planning; School of Architecture, Town Planning and Housing.
  • Neto, F. (2003). A new approach to sustainable tourism development: Moving beyond environmental protection. In Natural Resources Forum, 27(3), 212-222. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
  • Okuyucu, A. & Akgiş, Ö. (2016). Türkiye’de Konaklama Sektörünün Yapısal ve Mekânsal Değişimi: 1990-2013. Türkiye Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 20(1), 249-269.
  • Özmehmet, D. E. (2008). Dünyada ve Türkiyede Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Yaklaşımları. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi, 3(12), 1853-1876. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/jyasar/issue/19124/202943.
  • Pelit, E., Baytok, A. & Soybalı, H. (2015). Sürdürülebilir turizm mi? Turizmde sürdürülebilirlik mi? Kavramsal bir tartışma, Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Elektronik Dergisi, 6(14), 39-58.
  • Petroman, I., Petroman, C., Marin, D., Ciolac, R., Văduva, L. & Pandur, I. (2013). Types of cultural tourism. Scientific Papers Animal Science and Biotechnologies, 46(1), 385-388.
  • Porter, M. E. (2000). Location, competition, and economic development: Local clusters in a global economy. Economic development quarterly, 14(1), 15-34.
  • Rahmadian, E., Feitosa, D. & Zwitter, A. (2022). A systematic literature review on the use of big data for sustainable tourism. Current Issues in Tourism, 25(11), 1711-1730.
  • Raj, R. & Vignali, C. (2010). Creating local experiences of cultural tourism through sustainable festivals. European Journal of Tourism, Hospitality and Recreation, 1(1), 51-67.
  • Reisinger Y. & Crotts J C. (2010). Applying Hofstede’s National Culture Measures in Tourism Research: Illuminating Issues of Divergence and Convergence Journal of Travel Research, 49 (2), 153-164: http://www. sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav. doi: 10.1177/0047287509336473.
  • Richards, G. (Ed.). (1996). Cultural tourism in Europe. Cab International, Wallingford.
  • Rogerson, C. (2000). Local economic development in an era of globalisation: The case of South African cities. Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie, 91(4), 397- 411.
  • Rylance, A. & Spenceley, A. (2017). Reducing economic leakages from tourism: A value chain assessment of the tourism industry in Kasane, Botswana. Development Southern Africa, 34: 295-313. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0376835X.2017.1308855
  • Sarı, V. İ. (2020). Türkiye’de Ulusal ve Bölgesel Politika Belgelerinde Sürdürülebilir Turizm Planlaması, Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi/Turkish Journal of Geographical Sciences, 18(1),1-27, DOI: 10.33688/aucbd.615191.
  • Schianetz, K., Kavanagh, L. & Lockington, D. (2007). The learning tourism destination: The potential of a learning organisation approach for improving the sustainability of tourism destinations. Tourism Management, 28(6), 1485-1496.
  • Sharpley, R. (2000). Tourism and sustainable development: Exploring the theoretical divide. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 8(1), 1-19.
  • Sharpley, R. & Telfer, D.J. (2008). Tourism and Development in the Developing World. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-93804-1 (e-book) DOI:10.4324/9780203938041.
  • Silberberg, T. (1995). Cultural tourism and business opportunities for museums and heritage sites. Tourism Management, 16(5), 361-365.
  • Şekeroğlu, A. & Erol, D. (2021). Small-Scale Entrepreneurial Performance in Sustainable Tourism: The Case of Amasya. Girişimcilik İnovasyon ve Pazarlama Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(9), 1-24. DOI: 10.31006/gipad.819471.
  • Tatar F. & Armatlı Köroğlu B. (2017). Ankara İli Beypazarı İlçesi Kırsal Turizm Gelişimi ve Yerel Kalkınmaya Etkisi (The Development of Rural Turism in Ankara, Beypazarı and Its Impact on Local Development). Journal of Planning, 27(2):115-128, DOI: 10.14744/planlama.2017.26349.
  • Türk, E., Çayın, M. & Aydın, H.İ. (2017, 14-15 Mayıs). Göç, Kent ve Bölgesel Kalkınma: TRC3 Bölgesi (Mardin-Batman-Siirt-Şırnak) örneği. Büyükçekmece 1. Uluslararası Yerel Yönetimler Kongresi, İstanbul.
  • Tanguay, G. A., Rajaonson, J. & Herrien, M. C. (2013). Sustainable tourism indicators: selection criteria for policy implementation and scientific recognition. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 21(6), 862-879.
  • Uğurlar, A. (2017). Turizmde sürdürülebilirlik: Bir ölçülebilirlik aracı olarak göstergelerin önemi. İdealkent, 8(21), 118-140.
  • Urry, J. (2002). The global complexities of September 11th. Theory, Culture & Society, 19(4), 57-69.
  • UNEP & WTO, (2005). Making Tourism More Sustainable - A Guide for Policy Makers, ISBN: 978-92-844-0821-4, https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/epdf/10.18111/9789284408214.
  • UNWTO (2001), Tourism 2020 Vision: Europe, World Tourism Organization, (4), 11-12. Madrid.
  • UNWTO. (2023). Tourism set to return to pre-pandemic levels in some regions in 2023. https://www.unwto.org/news/tourism-set-to-return-to-pre-pandemic-levels-in-some regions-in-2023.
  • WTTC (World Travel and Tourism Council). (2011). Sustainability Reporting in Travel & Tourism.
  • Wunder, S., (2000). Ecotourism and economic incentives—an empirical approach. Ecological Economics, 32 (3), 465-479. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(99)00119-6.
  • Yalçın, A. Y. S. & Yalçın, S. (2013). Sürdürülebilir yerel kalkınma için cittaslow hareketi bir model olabilir mi? Sosyal ve Beşerî Bilimler Dergisi, 5(1), 32-41, ISSN: 1309-8012 (Online).

Kültür Turizminin Sürdürülebilir Yerel Kalkınmaya Etkileri: Mardin Örneği

Year 2023, Volume: 16 Issue: 4, 2491 - 2518, 16.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.35674/kent.1296175

Abstract

18. yüzyıldan günümüze küresel ölçekte yaşanan uluslar, bölgeler, kentler ve kırsal alanlar arasındaki rekabet edebilirlik ve ekonomik gelişme süreci, sosyal, ekolojik, ekonomik ve bilgiye dayalı teknolojik gelişmeler çerçevesinde ‘bölgeselcilik’ anlayışının ‘yerellik’ anlayışına doğru evirilmesinde önemli rol oynamıştır. 1990’lı yıllardan sonra sosyal, ekolojik ve ekonomik sürdürülebilirlik anlayışı ile ilgili çalışmaların yönü farklı alanlardaki araştırmacıların ilgi odağı olan 'yerel' ve 'kalkınma' kavramlarına yönelmiştir. Kendi birikim ve olanakları ile potansiyellerine dayalı olarak gelişen ‘yerel’ ile toplum dengeli iyileşme süreci ve yapısal gelişme olarak nitelendirilen ‘kalkınma’ kavramlarının sentezlenmesi 'sürdürülebilir yerel kalkınma' hareketlerini gündeme getirmiştir. Yer ’e özgü dinamiklerden ve yerelin deneyimlerinden faydalanan kültür turizmi, turizm sektöründe kendi olanakları ve çabası ile gelişme göstermeye eğilimli toplumlarda, yörenin mevcut potansiyellerinin kullanımı ve devamının sağlanması amacıyla turizmde, kültür ve kültürel değerlerin korunarak sürdürülebilir yerel kalkınma perspektifinde ekonomik girdi sağlamasında etken olmuştur. Bu çalışma ile çok kültürlü yapısı, kültürel ve tarihi değerleri bakımından zengin olan Mardin kentinin gelişen turizm sektöründe sürdürülebilirliğinin sağlanmasının yerel ekonomik kalkınma ile ilişkisi, konaklama faaliyeti gösteren işletmeler üzerinden ortaya konmaktadır. Çalışmanın örneklemini, Mardin İli, Artuklu İlçesinde yer alan 37 adet konaklama işletmesi oluşturmaktadır. Çalışma yöntemi nicel veriler ile nitel verilerin derlenerek birlikte irdelendiği ‘karma araştırma yöntemi’ üzerinde kurgulanmaktadır. Temel bulgular, konaklama işletmelerinin yerel ekonomiye katkısının önemli ölçüde olumlu olduğu, girişimcilerin yerli halktan oluştuğu, ‘yer’ ve ‘yerel’ e özgü dinamiklerin devamının sağlanmasında konaklama işletmelerinin önemli rol oynadığı, yerel istihdam, yerel ürünlerin kullanımı, reklam, tanıtım ve pazarlama olanaklarının arttırılması ile devamının sağlanmasında diğer paydaşlar ile önemli ilişkiler kurabildiğini ortaya koymaktadır.

References

  • Almuhrzi, H.M. & Al-Azri, H.I. (2018). Conference report: second UNWTO/UNESCO world conference on tourism and culture: fostering sustainable development, International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 13(1), 144-150, https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCTHR-07-2018-0091.
  • Coşkun, R., Bayraktaroğlu, S., Yıldırım, E., & Altunışık, R. (2012). Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntemleri: SPSS uygulamalı. Sakarya Yayıncılık.
  • Amerta, I. M. S., Sara, I. M., & Bagiada, K. (2018). Sustainable tourism development. International research journal of management, IT and social sciences, 5(2), 248-254.
  • Atherton, T. (1993). Package holidays: Tourist’s trial buy or deal becomes operator’s trial by ordeal. Current Commercial Law. 1(3), 100-108.
  • Barré, H. (2002). Cultural tourism and sustainable development. Museum International, 54(1-2), 126-130.
  • Bennett, O., Roe, D., & Ashley, C. (1999). Sustainable tourism and poverty elimination study. UK Department for International Development (DFID)/Overseas Development Institute (ODI), United Kingdom: London.
  • Blakely E. J. & Bradshaw, T. K. (2002). Planning local economic development: Theory and Practice (3rd sedition). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
  • Bramwell, B., Henry, I., Jackson, G., Goytia Prat, A., Richards, G. W., & van der Straaten, J. (1996). Sustainable tourism management: Principles and practice. Tilburg University Press.
  • Briassoulis, H. (2002). Sustainable tourism and the question of the commons. Annals of tourism research, 29(4), 1065-1085.
  • Butler, R. W. (1999). Sustainable tourism: A state‐of‐the‐art review. Tourism geographies, 1(1), 7-25.
  • Cihangir Çamur, K. & Cihangir, E. (2017). Turizm temelli girişimciliğin gelişiminde yerel ve mekânsal dinamiklerin Göreme (Nevşehir-Kapadokya) örneğinde analizi. Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 1(3), 227-237.
  • Clarke, J. (1997). A framework of approaches to sustainable tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 5(3), 224-233.
  • Creaco, S. & Querini, G. (2003, 27th-30th August). The role of tourism in sustainable economic development. 43rd Congress of the European Regional Science Association: "Peripheries, Centres, and Spatial Development in the New Europe, Jyväskylä, Finland.
  • Çağlayan, M. (2017a). Mardin Anıtsal Yapılarında Değişmişlik ve Özgünlük Sorunları, [Doktora Tezi, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi]. https://polen.itu.edu.tr/items/8a57bb1c-1d4f-4a44-b196-a2071c4a0e2c.
  • Çağlayan, M. (2017b, 20-22 Nisan). Osmanlıdan Günümüze Mardin’in Ekonomik Yapısı ve Çarşılarının Dönüşümü. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Kongresi (USAK’17), İstanbul. 936-941, ISBN: 978-605-82729-0-3.
  • Davutoğlu, E. (2019). Kültürel Turizmin Bir Yerel Kalkınma Aracı Olarak Sürdürülebilirliğinin Mardin Kenti Örneği Üzerinden İncelenmesi [Yükseklisans Tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi]. https://avesis.gazi.edu.tr/yonetilen-tez/d8b6ea90-330d-40af-a12f-d4c56529a159/kulturel-turizmin-bir-yerel-kalkinma-araci-olarak-surdurulebilirliginin-mardin-kenti-ornegi-uzerinden-incelenmesi.
  • de Bruyn, C. & Meyer, N. (2022). An assessment of the viewpoints of local stakeholders on tourism sustainability and local economic development (LED). In Forum Scientiae Oeconomia, 10(1), 82-96.
  • Dlomo, T. O. & Rogerson, C. M. (2020). Tourism and Local Economic Development in King Sabata Dalindyebo Local Municipality, South Africa: Stakeholder Perspectives. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 10(1), 145-164.
  • Dulupçu, M. (2018). Bölgesel Rekabetçilik İçin Küme Yaklaşımı: Alanya Turizm Konaklama Sektörü İçin Küme Strateji Önerisi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (31), 370-415.
  • Durovic, M. & Lovrentjev, S. (2014). Indicators of sustainability in cultural tourism. The Macrotheme Review, 3(7), 180-189.
  • Eber, S. (1992). Beyond the Green Horizon: Principles for Sustainable Development. Discussion paper by Tourism Concern. Godalming, Surrey: WWF.
  • Eceral, T. Ö. & Özmen, C. A. (2009). Beypazarı’nda Turizm Gelişimi ve Yerel Ekonomik Kalkınma. Ekonomik ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 46-74.
  • Edgell, D. L., Allen, M. D., Smith, G. & Swanson, J. (2008). Tourism policy and planning: Yesterday, today, and tomorrow. London: Routledge.
  • Erdoğanaras, F., Çamur, K. C., Erol, D. & Bıyıklı, M. (2023). Alanya Turizm Kümesinde Firma Büyüklükleri ve Turizm Sektörü İlişkilerinin Mekânsal Düzeyi. Planlama Dergisi, 33(2), 234-250, DOI: 10.14744/planlama.2023.12599.
  • Erol, D. & Davutoğlu, E. (2018, 28 Nisan-01 Mayıs). Sürdürülebilir Turizmin Özel İlgi Alanı Kültür Turizmi ve Bir Başarılı Örnek; Apulia, III. INES International Education And Social Science Congress, 1582-1589.
  • Fossati, A., Panella, G. (eds). (2000). Tourism and Sustainable Economic Development. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4321-3_3.
  • Girard, L. F. & Nijkamp, P. (eds.). (2009). Cultural Tourism and Sustainable Local Development. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.
  • Historical Cities Association. (2012). Public, local-civil-private cooperation for sustainable cultural tourism. Gaziantep: ÇEKÜL Foundation-Historical Cities Association Publications Guide Booklet Series I.
  • Jamieson, W. (1993). Planning for small town cultural tourism. In Canadian National Committee of the International Council on Monuments and Sites- ICOMOS (Ed.), ISC Cultural Tourism 1993 – International Scientific Symposium (10th General Assembly Sri Lanka), 90–96.
  • Jafari, J. (Ed.). (2000). Encyclopedia of tourism. Taylor & Francis. https://books.google.com.tr/books?hl=tr&lr=&id=zPX2ebYvtEMC&oi=fnd&pg=PR1&dq=Jafari+2000&ots=HPRPBx81xu&sig=oG1YASpxdq3bOfHozd7xdr74nxQ&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Jafari%202000&f=false.
  • Leisure and Tourism Education Association (Atlas). (2009). Atlas Cultural Tourism Research Project.
  • http://www.tramresearch.com/atlas/presentation.htm.
  • Liu, Z. (2003). Sustainable tourism development: A critique. Journal of sustainable tourism, 11(6), 459-475.
  • MacCannell, D. (1976). The tourist: A new theory for the leisure class. New York: Schocken Books.
  • Manzoor, F., Wei, L., Asif, M., Haq, M. Z. U. & Rehman, H. U. (2019). The contribution of sustainable tourism to economic growth and employment in Pakistan. International journal of environmental research and public health, 16(19), 3785.
  • MPDCT (Mardin Provincial Directorate of Culture and Tourism). (2018). Document archive. Mardin.
  • MPDCT (Mardin Provincial Directorate of Culture and Tourism). (2022). Document archive. Mardin.
  • Mardin Provincial Directorate of Culture and Tourism. (2014). Mardin Tourism Strategic Plan 2014-2023, Mardin. https://rekabetcisektorler.sanayi.gov.tr/media/dokumanlar/Mardin_Turizm_Stratejik_Plan%C4%B1_2014-2023.pdf
  • Meyer-Stamer, J. (2008). Systemic Competitiveness and Local Economic Development, Large Scale Systemic Change: Theories, Modeling and Practices. Duisburg, Germany.
  • Meyer, D. F. & Meyer, N. (2015). The role and impact of tourism on local economic development: A comparative study African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance (AJPHERD), 21(1:1), 197-214.
  • Mohan, P. (2022). Sustainable tourism and the sustainable development goals in sub-national island jurisdictions: The case of tobago. Island Studies Journal, 17(2), 168-191. https://doi.org/10.24043/isj.183
  • Mowforth, M. & Munt, I. (2015). Tourism and sustainability: Development, globalisation and new tourism in the third world. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315795348.
  • Musakwa, W. (2008). Local Economic Development as a Poverty Alleviation Tool: A Case Study On The Urban Renewal Program In Kwamashu Durban [Master Thesis, University of Kwazulu-Natal]. Urban and Regional Planning; School of Architecture, Town Planning and Housing.
  • Neto, F. (2003). A new approach to sustainable tourism development: Moving beyond environmental protection. In Natural Resources Forum, 27(3), 212-222. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
  • Okuyucu, A. & Akgiş, Ö. (2016). Türkiye’de Konaklama Sektörünün Yapısal ve Mekânsal Değişimi: 1990-2013. Türkiye Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 20(1), 249-269.
  • Özmehmet, D. E. (2008). Dünyada ve Türkiyede Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Yaklaşımları. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi, 3(12), 1853-1876. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/jyasar/issue/19124/202943.
  • Pelit, E., Baytok, A. & Soybalı, H. (2015). Sürdürülebilir turizm mi? Turizmde sürdürülebilirlik mi? Kavramsal bir tartışma, Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Elektronik Dergisi, 6(14), 39-58.
  • Petroman, I., Petroman, C., Marin, D., Ciolac, R., Văduva, L. & Pandur, I. (2013). Types of cultural tourism. Scientific Papers Animal Science and Biotechnologies, 46(1), 385-388.
  • Porter, M. E. (2000). Location, competition, and economic development: Local clusters in a global economy. Economic development quarterly, 14(1), 15-34.
  • Rahmadian, E., Feitosa, D. & Zwitter, A. (2022). A systematic literature review on the use of big data for sustainable tourism. Current Issues in Tourism, 25(11), 1711-1730.
  • Raj, R. & Vignali, C. (2010). Creating local experiences of cultural tourism through sustainable festivals. European Journal of Tourism, Hospitality and Recreation, 1(1), 51-67.
  • Reisinger Y. & Crotts J C. (2010). Applying Hofstede’s National Culture Measures in Tourism Research: Illuminating Issues of Divergence and Convergence Journal of Travel Research, 49 (2), 153-164: http://www. sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav. doi: 10.1177/0047287509336473.
  • Richards, G. (Ed.). (1996). Cultural tourism in Europe. Cab International, Wallingford.
  • Rogerson, C. (2000). Local economic development in an era of globalisation: The case of South African cities. Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie, 91(4), 397- 411.
  • Rylance, A. & Spenceley, A. (2017). Reducing economic leakages from tourism: A value chain assessment of the tourism industry in Kasane, Botswana. Development Southern Africa, 34: 295-313. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0376835X.2017.1308855
  • Sarı, V. İ. (2020). Türkiye’de Ulusal ve Bölgesel Politika Belgelerinde Sürdürülebilir Turizm Planlaması, Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi/Turkish Journal of Geographical Sciences, 18(1),1-27, DOI: 10.33688/aucbd.615191.
  • Schianetz, K., Kavanagh, L. & Lockington, D. (2007). The learning tourism destination: The potential of a learning organisation approach for improving the sustainability of tourism destinations. Tourism Management, 28(6), 1485-1496.
  • Sharpley, R. (2000). Tourism and sustainable development: Exploring the theoretical divide. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 8(1), 1-19.
  • Sharpley, R. & Telfer, D.J. (2008). Tourism and Development in the Developing World. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-93804-1 (e-book) DOI:10.4324/9780203938041.
  • Silberberg, T. (1995). Cultural tourism and business opportunities for museums and heritage sites. Tourism Management, 16(5), 361-365.
  • Şekeroğlu, A. & Erol, D. (2021). Small-Scale Entrepreneurial Performance in Sustainable Tourism: The Case of Amasya. Girişimcilik İnovasyon ve Pazarlama Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(9), 1-24. DOI: 10.31006/gipad.819471.
  • Tatar F. & Armatlı Köroğlu B. (2017). Ankara İli Beypazarı İlçesi Kırsal Turizm Gelişimi ve Yerel Kalkınmaya Etkisi (The Development of Rural Turism in Ankara, Beypazarı and Its Impact on Local Development). Journal of Planning, 27(2):115-128, DOI: 10.14744/planlama.2017.26349.
  • Türk, E., Çayın, M. & Aydın, H.İ. (2017, 14-15 Mayıs). Göç, Kent ve Bölgesel Kalkınma: TRC3 Bölgesi (Mardin-Batman-Siirt-Şırnak) örneği. Büyükçekmece 1. Uluslararası Yerel Yönetimler Kongresi, İstanbul.
  • Tanguay, G. A., Rajaonson, J. & Herrien, M. C. (2013). Sustainable tourism indicators: selection criteria for policy implementation and scientific recognition. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 21(6), 862-879.
  • Uğurlar, A. (2017). Turizmde sürdürülebilirlik: Bir ölçülebilirlik aracı olarak göstergelerin önemi. İdealkent, 8(21), 118-140.
  • Urry, J. (2002). The global complexities of September 11th. Theory, Culture & Society, 19(4), 57-69.
  • UNEP & WTO, (2005). Making Tourism More Sustainable - A Guide for Policy Makers, ISBN: 978-92-844-0821-4, https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/epdf/10.18111/9789284408214.
  • UNWTO (2001), Tourism 2020 Vision: Europe, World Tourism Organization, (4), 11-12. Madrid.
  • UNWTO. (2023). Tourism set to return to pre-pandemic levels in some regions in 2023. https://www.unwto.org/news/tourism-set-to-return-to-pre-pandemic-levels-in-some regions-in-2023.
  • WTTC (World Travel and Tourism Council). (2011). Sustainability Reporting in Travel & Tourism.
  • Wunder, S., (2000). Ecotourism and economic incentives—an empirical approach. Ecological Economics, 32 (3), 465-479. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(99)00119-6.
  • Yalçın, A. Y. S. & Yalçın, S. (2013). Sürdürülebilir yerel kalkınma için cittaslow hareketi bir model olabilir mi? Sosyal ve Beşerî Bilimler Dergisi, 5(1), 32-41, ISSN: 1309-8012 (Online).
There are 72 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Urban and Regional Planning
Journal Section All Articles
Authors

Emine Davutoğlu 0000-0001-9441-0067

Demet Erol 0000-0002-1705-4297

Publication Date December 16, 2023
Submission Date May 25, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 16 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Davutoğlu, E., & Erol, D. (2023). The Effects of Culture Tourism on Sustainable Local Development: The Case of Mardin. Kent Akademisi, 16(4), 2491-2518. https://doi.org/10.35674/kent.1296175

International Refereed and Indexed Journal of Urban Culture and Management | Kent Kültürü ve Yönetimi Uluslararası Hakemli İndeksli Dergi
Information, Communication, Culture, Art and Media Services (ICAM Network) | www.icamnetwork.net
Address: Ahmet Emin Fidan Culture and Research Center, Evkaf Neigh. No: 34 Fatsa Ordu
Tel: +90452 310 20 30 Faks: +90452 310 20 30 | E-Mail: (int): info@icamnetwork.net | (TR) bilgi@icamnetwork.net