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Parental Alienation

Year 2023, Volume: 3 Issue: 1, 19 - 36, 30.06.2023

Şerife Dönmez Raşit Avcı

Abstract

Parental alienation (PA), which has recently attracted attention and started to be studied in the national literature, is a type of emotional abuse that has been going on for years but has not been noticed. Many adults have realized in retrospect that they have been alienated from one of their parents and this situation has brought very painful consequences. On the other hand, children have been forced to accept a parent as an enemy for years by being brought to a position where it is desired or forced to take sides in both divorce cases and conflict families. Children exposed to parental alienation may face many mental or psychological problems that they carry into adulthood or that emerge in adulthood. On the other hand, it is seen that alienated/rejected parents also face many mental problems. In order to prevent all these possible negative situations, it is important for mental health professionals and forensic experts to gain awareness on the subject and work in cooperation. Being sensitive to parental alienation, especially in high conflict marriages and custody cases in conflict divorces, and the decision makers’ sensitive approach is a preventive dimension for children who are alienated from their parents and alienated parents. In this context, it is aimed to contribute to the increase of awareness about parental alienation with this study. For this reason, it is aimed to reveal the researches, developments and still debated points in a historical sequence on parental alienation within the framework of the international literature and to identify the needed areas of study.

Keywords

Parental Alienation Rejected Parent Preferred Parent Alienated Child

References

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  • Avalle, D. S., Smith, B. J., Wiedeman, K. E. O., & Garnica, C. B (2022). How efficacious is building family bridges? What the legal and mental health fields should know about building family bridges and “parental alienation”. Journal of Family Trauma, Child Custody & Child Development, 19(3-4), 402-416. https://doi.org/10.1080/26904586.2022.2066595
  • Baker, A. J. L. (2005). The long-term effects of parental alienationon adult children: A qualitative research study. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 33(4), 289–302. https://doi.org/10.1080/01926180590962129
  • Baker, A. J. L. (2018). Reliability and validity of the four-factor model of parental alienation. Journal of Family Therapy, (1–2), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6427.12253
  • Baker, A. J. L., & Ben-Ami, N. (2011). Adult recall of childhood psychological maltreatment in “adult children of divorce”: Prevalence and associations with concurrent measures of well-being. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 52(4), 203-219. https://doi.org/10.1080/10502556.2011.556973
  • Baker, A. J. L., Bone, J. M., & Ludmer, B. (2014). The High-Conflict Custody Battle Protect Yoursely&Your Kids From A Toxic Divorce, False Accusations & Parental Alienation. New Harbinger Publications, Inc. Canada. (1st. ed.)
  • Baker, A. J. L., Burkhard, B., & Albertson-Kelly, J. (2012). Differentiating alienated from not alienated children: A pilot study. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 53(3), 178–193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10502556.2012.663266
  • Baker, A. J. L., & Chambers, J. (2011). Adult recall of childhood exposure to parental conflict: Unpacking the black box of parental alienation. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 52(1), 55–76. https://doi.org/10.1080/10502556.2011.534396
  • Baker, A. J. L., & Darnall, D. C. (2007). A construct study of the eight symptoms of severe parental alienation syndrome: A survey of parental experiences. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 47(1/2), 55-75. https://doi.org/10.1300/J087v47n01_04
  • Baker, A. J. L., Murray, C., & Adkins, K. (2020). Parameters of reunification therapy and predictors of treatment success in high conflict divorce cases: A survey of mental health professionals. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 61(8), 593-614. https://doi.org/10.1080/10502556.2020.1824206
  • Baker, A. J., & Verrocchio, M. C. (2014). Parental bonding and parental alienation as correlates of psychological maltreatment in adults in intact and non-intact families. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24(10), 3047–3057. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-014-0108-0
  • Balmer, S., Matthewson, M., & Haines, J. (2017). Parental alienation: Targeted parent perspective: Parental alienation. Australian Journal of Psychology, 70(1), 91-99. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajpy.12159
  • Bernet, W. (2021). Recurrent misinformation regarding parental alienation theory. American Journal of Family Therapy. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/01926187.2021.1972494
  • Bernet, W., Baker A. J. L., & Adkins, K. L. (2021). II. Definitions and terminology regarding child alignments, estrangement, and alienation: A survey of custody evaluators. J Forensic Sci, 67(1), 279–288. https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.14868
  • Bernet, W., & Greenhill, L.L. (2022). The five-factor model fort he diagnosis of parental alienation. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 61(5), 591-594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2021.11.026
  • Bernet, W., Gregory, N., Reay, K. M., & Rohner, R. P. (2017). An objective measure of splitting in parental alienation: The Parental Acceptance-Rejection Questionnaire. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 63(3), 1225-1234. https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.13625
  • Bernet, W., Gregory, N., Rohner, R. P., & Reay, K. M. (2020). Measuring the difference between parental alienation and parental estrangement: The PARQ-Gap. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 65(4), 1225-1234. https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.14300
  • Bernet, W., Rohner, R. P., & Reay, K. M. (2021). Rejection the rejection of parental alienation: Comment on Mercer. Journal of Family Trauma, Child Custody & Child Development, 18(3), 210-216. https://doi.org/10.1080/26904586.2020.1856752
  • Bounds, O., & Matthewson, M. (2022). Parental alienating behaviours experienced by alienated grandparents. Journal of Family Issues, 9. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X22112675
  • Dolanbay, S. C. (2022). Boşanma sonrası yaşam deneyimleri: Ebeveyne yabancılaşmaya ilişkin nitel bir araştırma (Tez No. 707039). [Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi]. YÖK Ulusal Tez Merkezi.
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  • Garber, B. D. (2011). Parental alienation and the dynamics of the enmeshed parent-child dyad: adultification, parentification, and infantization. Family Court Review, 49(2), 322–335. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-1617.2011.01374.x
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  • Gardner, R. A. (1999). Differentiating between parental alienation syndrome and bona fide abuse-neglect. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 27(2), 97-107. https://doi.org/10.1080/019261899261998
  • Gardner, R. A. (2002). Parental alienation syndrome vs. parental alienation: Which diagnosis should evaluators use in child-custody disputes? American Journal of Family Therapy, 30(2), 93-115. https://doi.org/10.1080/019261802753573821
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Ebeveyn Yabancılaşması

Year 2023, Volume: 3 Issue: 1, 19 - 36, 30.06.2023

Şerife Dönmez Raşit Avcı

Abstract

Ulusal alanyazında son zamanlarda ilgi gören ve üzerine çalışılmaya başlanan bir konu olan ebeveyn yabancılaşması (EY), yıllardır süregelen ancak fark edilmemiş bir duygusal istismar türüdür. Pek çok yetişkin, bir ebeveynine karşı yabancılaştırıldığını geçmişe dönüp baktığında fark etmiş ve bu durum acı verici sonuçlar getirmiştir. Öte yandan çocuklar gerek boşanma davalarında gerekse çatışmalı ailelerde taraf tutulması istenen ya da zorlanan bir konuma getirilerek yıllar boyunca bir ebeveynini düşman kabul etmek zorunda bırakılmıştır. Ebeveyn yabancılaşmasına maruz kalan çocuklar yetişkinlik dönemine taşıdığı ya da yetişkinlikte ortaya çıkan birçok ruhsal veya fizyolojik sorunla karşı karşıya kalabilmektedir. Öte yandan yabancılaştırılan/reddedilen ebeveynlerin de pek çok ruhsal sorunla karşılaştığı görülmektedir. Tüm bu olası olumsuz durumların önüne geçilmesi için ruh sağlığı uzmanları ve adli uzmanların konuya ilişkin farkındalık kazanmaları ve iş birliği içinde çalışmaları önem arz etmektedir. Özellikle yüksek çatışmalı evliliklerde ve çatışmalı boşanmalardaki velayet davalarında ebeveyn yabancılaşmasına karşı duyarlı olmak ve karar vericilerin bu hassasiyetle yaklaşmaları, ebeveynine yabancılaştırılan çocuklar ve yabancılaştırılan ebeveyn açısından önleyici bir boyut niteliğindedir. Bu kapsamda bu çalışma ile ebeveyn yabancılaşması konusunda farkındalığın artmasına katkı sağlamak amaçlanmaktadır. Bu nedenle, ebeveyn yabancılaşması konusunda tarihsel bir dizilim içerisinde ortaya konulan araştırmalar, oluşan gelişmeler ve halen üzerinde tartışılan noktaların uluslararası alanyazın çerçevesinde ortaya konulması ve ihtiyaç duyulan çalışma alanlarının belirlenebilmesi amaçlanmıştır.

Keywords

Ebeveyn Yabancılaşması Reddedilen Ebeveyn Tercih Edilen Ebeveyn Yabancılaşan Çocuk

References

  • Aloia, L. S., & Strutzenberg, C. (2019). Parent-Child communication apprehension: The role of parental alienation and self-esteem. Communication Reports, 32(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/08934215.2018.1514641
  • Avalle, D. S., Smith, B. J., Wiedeman, K. E. O., & Garnica, C. B (2022). How efficacious is building family bridges? What the legal and mental health fields should know about building family bridges and “parental alienation”. Journal of Family Trauma, Child Custody & Child Development, 19(3-4), 402-416. https://doi.org/10.1080/26904586.2022.2066595
  • Baker, A. J. L. (2005). The long-term effects of parental alienationon adult children: A qualitative research study. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 33(4), 289–302. https://doi.org/10.1080/01926180590962129
  • Baker, A. J. L. (2018). Reliability and validity of the four-factor model of parental alienation. Journal of Family Therapy, (1–2), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6427.12253
  • Baker, A. J. L., & Ben-Ami, N. (2011). Adult recall of childhood psychological maltreatment in “adult children of divorce”: Prevalence and associations with concurrent measures of well-being. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 52(4), 203-219. https://doi.org/10.1080/10502556.2011.556973
  • Baker, A. J. L., Bone, J. M., & Ludmer, B. (2014). The High-Conflict Custody Battle Protect Yoursely&Your Kids From A Toxic Divorce, False Accusations & Parental Alienation. New Harbinger Publications, Inc. Canada. (1st. ed.)
  • Baker, A. J. L., Burkhard, B., & Albertson-Kelly, J. (2012). Differentiating alienated from not alienated children: A pilot study. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 53(3), 178–193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10502556.2012.663266
  • Baker, A. J. L., & Chambers, J. (2011). Adult recall of childhood exposure to parental conflict: Unpacking the black box of parental alienation. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 52(1), 55–76. https://doi.org/10.1080/10502556.2011.534396
  • Baker, A. J. L., & Darnall, D. C. (2007). A construct study of the eight symptoms of severe parental alienation syndrome: A survey of parental experiences. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 47(1/2), 55-75. https://doi.org/10.1300/J087v47n01_04
  • Baker, A. J. L., Murray, C., & Adkins, K. (2020). Parameters of reunification therapy and predictors of treatment success in high conflict divorce cases: A survey of mental health professionals. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 61(8), 593-614. https://doi.org/10.1080/10502556.2020.1824206
  • Baker, A. J., & Verrocchio, M. C. (2014). Parental bonding and parental alienation as correlates of psychological maltreatment in adults in intact and non-intact families. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24(10), 3047–3057. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-014-0108-0
  • Balmer, S., Matthewson, M., & Haines, J. (2017). Parental alienation: Targeted parent perspective: Parental alienation. Australian Journal of Psychology, 70(1), 91-99. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajpy.12159
  • Bernet, W. (2021). Recurrent misinformation regarding parental alienation theory. American Journal of Family Therapy. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/01926187.2021.1972494
  • Bernet, W., Baker A. J. L., & Adkins, K. L. (2021). II. Definitions and terminology regarding child alignments, estrangement, and alienation: A survey of custody evaluators. J Forensic Sci, 67(1), 279–288. https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.14868
  • Bernet, W., & Greenhill, L.L. (2022). The five-factor model fort he diagnosis of parental alienation. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 61(5), 591-594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2021.11.026
  • Bernet, W., Gregory, N., Reay, K. M., & Rohner, R. P. (2017). An objective measure of splitting in parental alienation: The Parental Acceptance-Rejection Questionnaire. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 63(3), 1225-1234. https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.13625
  • Bernet, W., Gregory, N., Rohner, R. P., & Reay, K. M. (2020). Measuring the difference between parental alienation and parental estrangement: The PARQ-Gap. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 65(4), 1225-1234. https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.14300
  • Bernet, W., Rohner, R. P., & Reay, K. M. (2021). Rejection the rejection of parental alienation: Comment on Mercer. Journal of Family Trauma, Child Custody & Child Development, 18(3), 210-216. https://doi.org/10.1080/26904586.2020.1856752
  • Bounds, O., & Matthewson, M. (2022). Parental alienating behaviours experienced by alienated grandparents. Journal of Family Issues, 9. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X22112675
  • Dolanbay, S. C. (2022). Boşanma sonrası yaşam deneyimleri: Ebeveyne yabancılaşmaya ilişkin nitel bir araştırma (Tez No. 707039). [Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi]. YÖK Ulusal Tez Merkezi.
  • Fidler, B. J., & Bala, N. (2010). Children resisting post separation contact with a parent: Concepts, controversies, and conundrums. Family Court Review, 48(1), 10–47. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-1617.2009.01286.x
  • Garber, B. D. (2011). Parental alienation and the dynamics of the enmeshed parent-child dyad: adultification, parentification, and infantization. Family Court Review, 49(2), 322–335. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-1617.2011.01374.x
  • Gardner, R. A. (1985). Recent trends in divorce and custody litigation. Academy Forum (a publication of the American Scedemy of Psychoanalysis), 29(2), 3-7.
  • Gardner, R. A. (1999). Differentiating between parental alienation syndrome and bona fide abuse-neglect. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 27(2), 97-107. https://doi.org/10.1080/019261899261998
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There are 65 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Psychology
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Şerife Dönmez 0000-0002-2133-278X

Raşit Avcı 0000-0003-4947-3397

Publication Date June 30, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 3 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Dönmez, Ş., & Avcı, R. (2023). Ebeveyn Yabancılaşması. Klinik Ve Ruh Sağlığı Psikolojik Danışmanlığı Dergisi, 3(1), 19-36.
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