Abstract
This study analyses the impact of social capital on air pollution in all 81 cities of Turkey between 2008 and 2018 via utilizing the panel data method to test for the EKC hypothesis. Within this context, five panel groups are formed, where four of those are formulated vis-à-vis their socioeconomic development levels by taking into account the SEGE report issued by the Ministry of Development. Moreover a city-based social capital index is developed by utilizing the principal component analysis (PCA). Empirical findings show that a U-shaped income-emission relationship is prevalent in Turkey, whereas no significant income-emission interdependency exists within the aforementioned panel groups developed. In addition, it is deduced that population density is a pre-determinant of the rise in air pollution for all panel groups studied, while the hypothesis that social capital index has a significant impact on the latter variable is rejected. It is expected that this work will contribute to the existing literature through its investigation of the impact of social capital index structured via taking into account the cities’ socioeconomic development levels on air pollution. The dataset used has a significant lack of observations for certain cities, so it would be valuable to formulate advanced technical modeling by creating a more complete dataset. Also, various other proxies explaining environmental degradation such as water pollution can be included in the model.
Keywords
References
- Balaguer, J. & Cantavella, M., (2016). Estimating the environmental Kuznets curve for Spain by considering fuel oil prices (1874–2011). Ecological Indicators, 60, 853-859.
- Coleman, J. (1990). Foundations of social theory, Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, MA.
- Dogan, E. & Turkekul, B., (2016). CO2 emissions, real output, energy consumption, trade, urbanization and financial development: testing the EKC hypothesis for the USA. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23(2), 1203-1213.
- Driscoll, J. & A. C. Kraay (1998). Consistent covariance matrix estimation with spatially dependent panel data, The Review of Economics and Statistics, 80(4), 549–560.
- Farhani, S. & Ozturk, I., (2015). Causal relationship between CO2 emissions, real GDP, energy consumption, financial development, trade openness, and urbanization in Tunisia. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22(20), 15663-15676.
- Fukuyama, F. (1998). Trust: The creation of social morality and prosperity (Wanrong, L., Trans.). Distant Publishing House.
- Grafton, R. Q. & Knowles, S. (2004). Social capital and national environmental performance: A cross-sectional analysis. Journal of Environment and Development, 13(4), 336–370. https://doi.org/10.1177/1070496504271417
- Hoechle, D. (2007). Robust standard errors for panel regressions with cross-sectional dependence, Stata Journal, 7(3), 281-312.
- Ibrahim, M. H. & Law, S. H. (2014). Social capital and CO2 emission - Output relations: A panel analysis. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 29 (December), 528–534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.08.076
- Kalkınma Bakanlığı (2011). İllerin ve bölgelerin ekonomik gelişmişlik sıralaması araştırması. https://sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Illerin_ve-Bolgelerin_Sosyo-Ekonomik_Gelismislik_Siralamasi_ArastirmasiSEGE-2011%E2%80%8B.pdf
- Keene, A. & Deller, S. C. (2015). Evidence of the environmental Kuznets’ curve among US counties and the impact of social capital. International Regional Science Review, 38(4), 358–387. https://doi.org/10.1177/0160017613496633
- Liu, M. & Feng, Q. (2021). Does social capital promote garbage classification? evidence from China, SAGE Open, 11(3), pages 21582440211,
- Osabuohien, E.S., Efobi, U.R., & Gitau, C.M.W., (2014). Beyond the environmental Kuznets curve in Africa: evidence from panel cointegration. Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning, 16(4), 517-538.
- Paudel, K. P. & Schafer, M. J. (2009). The environmental Kuznets curve under a new framework: The role of social capital in water pollution. Environmental and Resource Economics, 42(2), 265–278. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-008-9215-y
- Paudel, K., Poudel, N., Bhandari, D., & Johnson, T. (2011). Examining the role of social capital in environmental Kuznets curve estimation. Global Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 1(January). Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312372915_Examining_the_role_of_social_capital_in_environmental_Kuznets_curve_estimation
- Putnam R.D., R. Leonardi, & R.Y. Nanetti, (1994). Making democracy work: Civic traditions in modern Italy, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ,
- Rahnama, M. R., & Sharifzadeh Aghdam, E. (2018). Analyzing the role of social capital in sustainable environmental governance: A case study on Piranshahr. Business Strategy and Development, 1(3), 189–195. https://doi.org/10.1002/bsd2.26
- Shahbaz, Muhammad & Sinha, Avik, (2018). Environmental Kuznets Curve for CO2 Emission: A Literature Survey, MPRA Paper 86281, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 11 Apr 2018.
- Tang, C.F. & Tan, B.W., (2015). The impact of energy consumption, income and foreign direct investment on carbon dioxide emissions in Vietnam. Energy, 79, 447-454.
- TMMOB (2019, Haziran 29). Hava kirliliği 2019 raporu. Haziran 29, 2021 tarihinde https://www.tmmob.org.tr/sites/default/files/2019.pdf adresinden alındı
- Wang, Y., Xiong, J., Li, W., Na, M., & Yao, M. (2020). The effect of social capital on environmental pollution in china-suppression or promotion? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(24), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249459
- WHO (2021, September 22). Ambient (outdoor) air pollution. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ambient-(outdoor)-air-quality-and-health adresinden alındı
- Yildirim, J., Alpaslan, B., & Eker, E. E. (2020). The role of social capital in environmental protection efforts: evidence from Turkey. Journal of Applied Statistics. https://doi.org/10.1080/02664763.2020.1843609
- Zhang, S., Liu, X. & Bae, J., (2017). Does trade openness affect CO2 emissions: evidence from ten newly industrialized countries? Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-10.
- Zhou, D., Liu, T., & Wang, Q. (2020). How social capital affects environmental performance in China. Frontiers in Energy Research, 7(January). https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2019.00160
Abstract
Bu çalışma, EKC hipotezi kapsamında Türkiye’de 81 ilde 2008-2018 yıllarına ait sosyal sermaye değişkeninin hava kirliliği üzerine etkisini panel veri yöntemiyle analiz etmiştir. Çalışmada beş panel grubu oluşturulmuştur. Panel gruplarından dördü Kalkınma Bakanlığı’nın yayınladığı SEGE raporu dikkate alınarak sosyo-ekonomik gelişmişlik düzeylerine göre yapılmıştır. Ayrıca çalışmada temel bileşenler analiz (PCA) tekniği kullanılarak il bazında sosyal sermaye endeksi oluşturulmuştur. Ampirik bulgular Türkiye geneli için U şekilli gelir-emisyon ilişkisinin geçerli olduğunu göstermektedir. Buna karşın sosyo-ekonomik gelişmişlik düzeylerine göre oluşturulan panel gruplarında herhangi bir gelir-emisyon ilişkisine rastlanmamıştır. Bunun yanında bütün panel grupları için nüfus yoğunluğunun hava kirliliğinin artmasında belirleyici olduğu saptanmıştır. Çalışmanın amacını oluşturan sosyal sermaye endeksinin hava kirliliği üzerine etkisi bulunamamıştır. Çalışmanın illerin sosyo-ekonomik gelişmişlik düzeylerini dikkate alarak oluşturulan sosyal sermaye endeksiyle hava kirliliği üzerine etkiyi incelemesi bakımından literatüre katkı sunması beklenmektedir. Kullanılan veri seti belirli şehirler için önemli ölçüde gözlem eksikliği taşımaktadır, bu nedenle daha eksiksiz bir veri seti oluşturularak ileri teknik modellemenin formüle edilmesi değerli olacaktır. Ayrıca, su kirliliği gibi çevresel bozulmayı açıklayan çeşitli diğer vekiller modele dahil edilebilir.
Keywords
References
- Balaguer, J. & Cantavella, M., (2016). Estimating the environmental Kuznets curve for Spain by considering fuel oil prices (1874–2011). Ecological Indicators, 60, 853-859.
- Coleman, J. (1990). Foundations of social theory, Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, MA.
- Dogan, E. & Turkekul, B., (2016). CO2 emissions, real output, energy consumption, trade, urbanization and financial development: testing the EKC hypothesis for the USA. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23(2), 1203-1213.
- Driscoll, J. & A. C. Kraay (1998). Consistent covariance matrix estimation with spatially dependent panel data, The Review of Economics and Statistics, 80(4), 549–560.
- Farhani, S. & Ozturk, I., (2015). Causal relationship between CO2 emissions, real GDP, energy consumption, financial development, trade openness, and urbanization in Tunisia. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22(20), 15663-15676.
- Fukuyama, F. (1998). Trust: The creation of social morality and prosperity (Wanrong, L., Trans.). Distant Publishing House.
- Grafton, R. Q. & Knowles, S. (2004). Social capital and national environmental performance: A cross-sectional analysis. Journal of Environment and Development, 13(4), 336–370. https://doi.org/10.1177/1070496504271417
- Hoechle, D. (2007). Robust standard errors for panel regressions with cross-sectional dependence, Stata Journal, 7(3), 281-312.
- Ibrahim, M. H. & Law, S. H. (2014). Social capital and CO2 emission - Output relations: A panel analysis. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 29 (December), 528–534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.08.076
- Kalkınma Bakanlığı (2011). İllerin ve bölgelerin ekonomik gelişmişlik sıralaması araştırması. https://sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Illerin_ve-Bolgelerin_Sosyo-Ekonomik_Gelismislik_Siralamasi_ArastirmasiSEGE-2011%E2%80%8B.pdf
- Keene, A. & Deller, S. C. (2015). Evidence of the environmental Kuznets’ curve among US counties and the impact of social capital. International Regional Science Review, 38(4), 358–387. https://doi.org/10.1177/0160017613496633
- Liu, M. & Feng, Q. (2021). Does social capital promote garbage classification? evidence from China, SAGE Open, 11(3), pages 21582440211,
- Osabuohien, E.S., Efobi, U.R., & Gitau, C.M.W., (2014). Beyond the environmental Kuznets curve in Africa: evidence from panel cointegration. Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning, 16(4), 517-538.
- Paudel, K. P. & Schafer, M. J. (2009). The environmental Kuznets curve under a new framework: The role of social capital in water pollution. Environmental and Resource Economics, 42(2), 265–278. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-008-9215-y
- Paudel, K., Poudel, N., Bhandari, D., & Johnson, T. (2011). Examining the role of social capital in environmental Kuznets curve estimation. Global Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 1(January). Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312372915_Examining_the_role_of_social_capital_in_environmental_Kuznets_curve_estimation
- Putnam R.D., R. Leonardi, & R.Y. Nanetti, (1994). Making democracy work: Civic traditions in modern Italy, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ,
- Rahnama, M. R., & Sharifzadeh Aghdam, E. (2018). Analyzing the role of social capital in sustainable environmental governance: A case study on Piranshahr. Business Strategy and Development, 1(3), 189–195. https://doi.org/10.1002/bsd2.26
- Shahbaz, Muhammad & Sinha, Avik, (2018). Environmental Kuznets Curve for CO2 Emission: A Literature Survey, MPRA Paper 86281, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 11 Apr 2018.
- Tang, C.F. & Tan, B.W., (2015). The impact of energy consumption, income and foreign direct investment on carbon dioxide emissions in Vietnam. Energy, 79, 447-454.
- TMMOB (2019, Haziran 29). Hava kirliliği 2019 raporu. Haziran 29, 2021 tarihinde https://www.tmmob.org.tr/sites/default/files/2019.pdf adresinden alındı
- Wang, Y., Xiong, J., Li, W., Na, M., & Yao, M. (2020). The effect of social capital on environmental pollution in china-suppression or promotion? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(24), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249459
- WHO (2021, September 22). Ambient (outdoor) air pollution. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ambient-(outdoor)-air-quality-and-health adresinden alındı
- Yildirim, J., Alpaslan, B., & Eker, E. E. (2020). The role of social capital in environmental protection efforts: evidence from Turkey. Journal of Applied Statistics. https://doi.org/10.1080/02664763.2020.1843609
- Zhang, S., Liu, X. & Bae, J., (2017). Does trade openness affect CO2 emissions: evidence from ten newly industrialized countries? Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-10.
- Zhou, D., Liu, T., & Wang, Q. (2020). How social capital affects environmental performance in China. Frontiers in Energy Research, 7(January). https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2019.00160
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Journal Section | Research Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | July 29, 2022 |
| Submission Date | December 6, 2021 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2022 Volume: 9 Issue: 2 |
