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ANALYSIS OF THE CAUSALITY RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ECONOMIC GROWTH AND ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT IN TURKEY: THE WAVELET METHOD APPROACH

Year 2023, Volume: 10 Issue: 2, 1608 - 1626, 02.08.2023
https://doi.org/10.30798/makuiibf.1282249

Abstract

The relationship between ecological footprint and economic growth has recently become a subject of intense interest in the literature in addition to the relationship between environmental pollution and economic growth, The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between economic growth and ecological footprint in Turkey between the years 1961-2018 using Granger causality analysis. In addition to the original data for economic growth and ecological footprint, the Maximum Overlapping Discrete Wavelet Transform (MODWT) method was used to decompose the data into frequencies and was then restructured into short, medium, and long-term components to apply the Granger causality analysis. The results of the analysis indicate that there is no causality between the series based on the raw data. Short-term Granger causality results, on the other hand, show that there is mutual causality between the series, which is contrary to the results obtained from the original series. The causality relationship disappears in the medium term, while in the long term, a one-way causality from economic growth to ecological footprint has been identified.

References

  • Ahmad, M., Jiang, P., Majeed, A., Umar, M., Khan, Z., ve Muhammad, S. (2020). The Dynamic İmpact of Natural Resources, Technological Innovations and Economic Growth on Ecological Footprint: An Advanced Panel Data Estimation. Resources Policy(9).
  • Akbulut Yıldız, G., ve Yıldız, B. (2022). Çevresel Sürdürülebilirlik Çerçevesinde Ekolojik Ayak İzi ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkis. Sayıştay Dergisi, 33(126), 473-498.
  • Anderson, F. (2016). Identifying and Modelling Cycles and Long Waves in Economic Time Series. J. Ljungberg içinde, Structural Analysis and the Process of Economic Development (s. 34-55). Routledge.
  • Apaydın, Ş. (2020). Küreselleşmenin Ekolojik Ayak İzi Üzerindeki Etkileri: Türkiye Örneği. Ekonomi, Politika & Finans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(1), : 23-42.
  • Appannagari, R. R. (2017). Environmental Pollution Causes and Consequences: A Study. North Asian International Research Journal of Social Science & Humanities, 3(8), 151-161.
  • Aslan, A., Destek, M., ve Okumus, I. (2018). Sectoral Carbon Emissions and Economic Growth in the US: Further Evidence from Rolling Window Estimation Method. Journal of Cleaner Production, 200(1), 402-411.
  • Boev, P., Burenko, D., Shvarts, E., Diep, A., Hanscom, L., Iha, K., Kelly, R., Martindill, J., Wackemagel, M., Zokai, G. (2016). Ecological Footprint of the Russian Regions. Moscow: WWF.
  • Çakmak, E., ve Acar, S. (2022). The Nexus Between Economic Growth, Renewable Energy and Ecological Footprint: An Empirical Evidence from Most Oil-Producing Countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 352, 131548.
  • Danish, Hassan, S. T., Balochc, M. A., Mahmood, N., ve Zhang, J. W. (2019). Linking Economic Growth and Ecological Footprint Through Human Capital and Biocapacity. Sustainable Cities and Society(47), 1-10.
  • Destek, M., ve Sarkodie, S. (2019). Investigation of Environmental Kuznets Curve for Ecological Footprint: The Role of Energy and Financial Development. Science of The Total Environment, 650, 2483–2489.
  • Dünya Bankası. (2023, 01 02). Gayrisafi Yurtiçi Hasıla: https://data.worldbank.org adresinden alındı
  • Emir, F., ve Karlilar, S. (2022). Application of RALS Cointegration Test Assessing the Role of Natural Resources and Hydropower Energy on Ecological Footprint in Emerging Economy. Energy & Environment, 0958305X211073807.
  • Enders, W. (2004). Applied Time Series Econometrics. Hoboken: John Wiley and Sons.
  • Erat, V., ve Kaçer, F. (2021). Küresel Isınma Sorun ve Çözüm Önerileri. F. Ünal, ve A. Kayan içinde, Çevre Sorunları ve Çözüm Önerileri (s. 239-264). Ankara: Gazi Kitabevi.
  • Friedl, B., ve Getzner, M. (2003). Determinants of CO2 Emissions in a Small Open Economy. Ecological Economics, 45, 133-148.
  • Gallegati, M., Gallegati, M., Ramsey, J., ve Semmler, W. (2011). The US Wage Phillips Curve across Frequencies and over Time. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 73(4), 489-508.
  • Galli, A., Kitzes, J., Niccolucci, V., Wackernagel, M., Wada, Y., ve Marchettini, N. (2012). Assessing the Global Environmental Consequences of Economic Growth through the Ecological Footprint: A focus on China and India. Ecological Indicators(17), 9-107.
  • Global Footprint Network. (2023, 01 02). Ekolojik Ayak İzi: https://www.footprintnetwork.org/ adresinden alındı
  • Grossman, G., ve Krueger, A. (1991). Environmental Impacts of a North American Free Trade Agreement. NBER Working Paper No. 3914. https://www.nber.org/papers/w3914 adresinden alındı
  • Gujarati, D., ve Porter, D. (2009). Basic Econometrics. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.
  • Ha, J., Tan, P.-P., ve Goh, K.-L. (2018). Linear and Nonlinear Causal Relationship Between Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in China: New Evidence Based on Wavelet Analysis. PLoS ONE, 13(5), : e0197785.
  • Hassan, S. T., Xia, E., Khan, N. H., ve Shah, S. M. (2019). Economic Growth, Natural Resources, and Ecological Footprints: Evidence from Pakistan. Environmental Science and Pollution Research(26), 2929-2938.
  • Jebli, M., Youssef, S., ve Ozturk, I. (2016). Testing Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis; The Role of Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Consumption and Trade in OECD Countries. Ecological Indicators, 60, 824-831.
  • Jian-Bin, H., Shao-Wu, W., Yong, L., Zong-Ci, Z., ve Xin-Yu, W. (2012). Debates on the Causes of Global Warming. Advances in Climate Change Research, 3(1), 38-44.
  • Kais, S., ve Sami, H. (2016). An Econometric Study of The Impact of Economic Growth and Energy Use on Carbon Emissions: Panel Data Evidence From Fifty Eight Countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 59, 1101–1110.
  • Kılıç, S. (2018). Türkiye'nin Yenilenebilir Enerji Politikası. E. Akman, ve C. Babaoğlu içinde, Türkiye'de Kentsel Alan ve Çevre Politikaları analizleri (s. 243-162). Bursa: Ekin Yayıncılık.
  • Kitzes, J. v. (2009). A Research Agenda for Improving National Ecological Footprint Accounts. Ecological Economics, 68(7), 1991-2007.
  • Kitzes, J., Wackernagel, M., Jonathan Loh, A. P., ve Tea, K. (2008). Shrink And Share: Humanity's Present and Future Ecological Footprint. Phil. Trans. R. Soc.(363), 467-475.
  • Köksal, C., Işik, M., ve Katircioğlu, S. (2020). The Role of Shadow Economies in Ecological Footprint Quality: Empirical Evidence from Turkey. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 13457–13466.
  • Kurnaz, L. (2019). Son Buzullar Erimeden. İstanbul: Doğan Kitap.
  • Ozcan, B., Apergis, N., ve Shahbaz, M. (2018). A Revisit of The Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis for Turkey:New Evidence From Bootstrap Rolling Window Causality. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25, 32381–32394.
  • Öner, İ., Yeşilyurt, M., ve Yılmaz, E. (2017). Wavelet Analiz Tekniği ve Uygulama Alanları. Ordu Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 7(1), 42-56.
  • Pata, U. (2018). The İnfluence of Coal and Noncarbohydrate Energy Consumption on CO2 Emissions: Revisiting the Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis for Turkey. Energy, 160(1), 1115-1123.
  • Percival, D., ve Walden, A. (2013). Wavelet Methods for Time Series Analysis. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Radmehr, R., Shayanmehr, S., Ali, E., Ofori, E., Jasińska, E., ve Jasiński, M. (2022). Exploring the Nexus of Renewable Energy, Ecological Footprint, and Economic Growth through Globalization and Human Capital in G7 Economics. Sustainability, 14(19), 12227.
  • Rao, C., ve Yan, B. (2020). Study on the Interactive Influence Between Economic Growth and Environmental Pollution. Environ Sci Pollut Res(27), 39442–39465.
  • Sarkodie, S., ve Strezov, V. (2018). Empirical Study of The Environmental Kuznets Curve and Environmental Sustainability Curve Hypothesis for Australia, China, Ghana and USA. Journal of Cleaner Production, 201, 98–110.
  • Schaefer, F., Luksch, U., Steinbach, N., Cabeça, J., ve Hanauer, J. (2006). Ecological Footprint and Biocapacity. Luxemburg: EU.
  • Sertoglu, K., Philip, L., ve Emir, F. (2021). Assessing the Role of Agriculture and Energy Use on Environmental Sustainability: Evidence from RALS Cointegration Technique. nternational Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 11(6), 50–59.
  • Shahbaz, M., Solarin, S., Hammoudeh, S., ve Shahzad, S. (2017). Bounds Testing Approach to Analyzing The Environment Kuznets Curve Hypothesis with Structural Beaks: The Role of Biomass Energy Consumption in the United States. Energy Economics, 68, 548–565.
  • Sims, C. A. (1980). Macroeconomics and Reality. Econometrica, 48, 1-48.
  • Toth, G., ve Szigeti, C. (2016). The Historical Ecological Footprint: From Over-Population to Over-Consumption. Ecological Indicators(60), 283-291.
  • Wang, J., ve Dong, K. (2019). What Drives Environmental Degradation? Evidence from 14 Sub-Saharan African countrieS. The Science of the Total Environment, 656, 165–173.
  • Wiedmann, T., ve Barrett, J. (2010). A Review of the Ecological Footprint Indicator—Perceptions and Methods. Sustainability(2), 1645-1693.
  • Xiong, J., ve Xu, D. (2021). Relationship Between Energy Consumption, Economic Growth and Environmental Pollution in China. Environmental Research(194).

TÜRKİYE’DE EKONOMİK BÜYÜME VE EKOLOJİK AYAK İZİ ARASINDA NEDENSELLİK İLİŞKİSİNİN ANALİZİ: DALGACIK YÖNTEMİ YAKLAŞIMI

Year 2023, Volume: 10 Issue: 2, 1608 - 1626, 02.08.2023
https://doi.org/10.30798/makuiibf.1282249

Abstract

Çevre kirliliği ve ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişkinin yanı sıra literatürde ekolojik ayak izi ile ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişki de son zamanlarda yoğun ilgi gören bir konu haline gelmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı Türkiye’de 1961-2018 yılları arasında ekonomik büyüme ile ekolojik ayak izi arasındaki ilişkiyi, Granger nedensellik analizi kullanarak incelemektir. Bu analiz için, ekonomik büyüme ve ekolojik ayak izinin orijinal verilerinin yanı sıra, Azami Çakışan Kesikli Dalgacık Dönüşümü (MODWT) yöntemi ile frekanslara ayrıştırılan verilerin kısa, orta ve uzun dönem bileşenleri yeniden yapılandırılmıştır. Analiz sonuçları, orijinal verilere dayanarak iki serinin arasında nedensellik olmadığını göstermektedir. Ancak, kısa dönem Granger nedensellik sonuçları, orijinal serilerden elde edilen sonuçlarla çelişmekte ve karşılıklı nedensellik ilişkisi olduğunu göstermektedir. Nedensellik ilişkisi; orta dönemde kaybolurken, uzun dönemde ekonomik büyümeden ekolojik ayak izine doğru tek yönlüdür.

References

  • Ahmad, M., Jiang, P., Majeed, A., Umar, M., Khan, Z., ve Muhammad, S. (2020). The Dynamic İmpact of Natural Resources, Technological Innovations and Economic Growth on Ecological Footprint: An Advanced Panel Data Estimation. Resources Policy(9).
  • Akbulut Yıldız, G., ve Yıldız, B. (2022). Çevresel Sürdürülebilirlik Çerçevesinde Ekolojik Ayak İzi ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkis. Sayıştay Dergisi, 33(126), 473-498.
  • Anderson, F. (2016). Identifying and Modelling Cycles and Long Waves in Economic Time Series. J. Ljungberg içinde, Structural Analysis and the Process of Economic Development (s. 34-55). Routledge.
  • Apaydın, Ş. (2020). Küreselleşmenin Ekolojik Ayak İzi Üzerindeki Etkileri: Türkiye Örneği. Ekonomi, Politika & Finans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(1), : 23-42.
  • Appannagari, R. R. (2017). Environmental Pollution Causes and Consequences: A Study. North Asian International Research Journal of Social Science & Humanities, 3(8), 151-161.
  • Aslan, A., Destek, M., ve Okumus, I. (2018). Sectoral Carbon Emissions and Economic Growth in the US: Further Evidence from Rolling Window Estimation Method. Journal of Cleaner Production, 200(1), 402-411.
  • Boev, P., Burenko, D., Shvarts, E., Diep, A., Hanscom, L., Iha, K., Kelly, R., Martindill, J., Wackemagel, M., Zokai, G. (2016). Ecological Footprint of the Russian Regions. Moscow: WWF.
  • Çakmak, E., ve Acar, S. (2022). The Nexus Between Economic Growth, Renewable Energy and Ecological Footprint: An Empirical Evidence from Most Oil-Producing Countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 352, 131548.
  • Danish, Hassan, S. T., Balochc, M. A., Mahmood, N., ve Zhang, J. W. (2019). Linking Economic Growth and Ecological Footprint Through Human Capital and Biocapacity. Sustainable Cities and Society(47), 1-10.
  • Destek, M., ve Sarkodie, S. (2019). Investigation of Environmental Kuznets Curve for Ecological Footprint: The Role of Energy and Financial Development. Science of The Total Environment, 650, 2483–2489.
  • Dünya Bankası. (2023, 01 02). Gayrisafi Yurtiçi Hasıla: https://data.worldbank.org adresinden alındı
  • Emir, F., ve Karlilar, S. (2022). Application of RALS Cointegration Test Assessing the Role of Natural Resources and Hydropower Energy on Ecological Footprint in Emerging Economy. Energy & Environment, 0958305X211073807.
  • Enders, W. (2004). Applied Time Series Econometrics. Hoboken: John Wiley and Sons.
  • Erat, V., ve Kaçer, F. (2021). Küresel Isınma Sorun ve Çözüm Önerileri. F. Ünal, ve A. Kayan içinde, Çevre Sorunları ve Çözüm Önerileri (s. 239-264). Ankara: Gazi Kitabevi.
  • Friedl, B., ve Getzner, M. (2003). Determinants of CO2 Emissions in a Small Open Economy. Ecological Economics, 45, 133-148.
  • Gallegati, M., Gallegati, M., Ramsey, J., ve Semmler, W. (2011). The US Wage Phillips Curve across Frequencies and over Time. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 73(4), 489-508.
  • Galli, A., Kitzes, J., Niccolucci, V., Wackernagel, M., Wada, Y., ve Marchettini, N. (2012). Assessing the Global Environmental Consequences of Economic Growth through the Ecological Footprint: A focus on China and India. Ecological Indicators(17), 9-107.
  • Global Footprint Network. (2023, 01 02). Ekolojik Ayak İzi: https://www.footprintnetwork.org/ adresinden alındı
  • Grossman, G., ve Krueger, A. (1991). Environmental Impacts of a North American Free Trade Agreement. NBER Working Paper No. 3914. https://www.nber.org/papers/w3914 adresinden alındı
  • Gujarati, D., ve Porter, D. (2009). Basic Econometrics. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.
  • Ha, J., Tan, P.-P., ve Goh, K.-L. (2018). Linear and Nonlinear Causal Relationship Between Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in China: New Evidence Based on Wavelet Analysis. PLoS ONE, 13(5), : e0197785.
  • Hassan, S. T., Xia, E., Khan, N. H., ve Shah, S. M. (2019). Economic Growth, Natural Resources, and Ecological Footprints: Evidence from Pakistan. Environmental Science and Pollution Research(26), 2929-2938.
  • Jebli, M., Youssef, S., ve Ozturk, I. (2016). Testing Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis; The Role of Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Consumption and Trade in OECD Countries. Ecological Indicators, 60, 824-831.
  • Jian-Bin, H., Shao-Wu, W., Yong, L., Zong-Ci, Z., ve Xin-Yu, W. (2012). Debates on the Causes of Global Warming. Advances in Climate Change Research, 3(1), 38-44.
  • Kais, S., ve Sami, H. (2016). An Econometric Study of The Impact of Economic Growth and Energy Use on Carbon Emissions: Panel Data Evidence From Fifty Eight Countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 59, 1101–1110.
  • Kılıç, S. (2018). Türkiye'nin Yenilenebilir Enerji Politikası. E. Akman, ve C. Babaoğlu içinde, Türkiye'de Kentsel Alan ve Çevre Politikaları analizleri (s. 243-162). Bursa: Ekin Yayıncılık.
  • Kitzes, J. v. (2009). A Research Agenda for Improving National Ecological Footprint Accounts. Ecological Economics, 68(7), 1991-2007.
  • Kitzes, J., Wackernagel, M., Jonathan Loh, A. P., ve Tea, K. (2008). Shrink And Share: Humanity's Present and Future Ecological Footprint. Phil. Trans. R. Soc.(363), 467-475.
  • Köksal, C., Işik, M., ve Katircioğlu, S. (2020). The Role of Shadow Economies in Ecological Footprint Quality: Empirical Evidence from Turkey. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 13457–13466.
  • Kurnaz, L. (2019). Son Buzullar Erimeden. İstanbul: Doğan Kitap.
  • Ozcan, B., Apergis, N., ve Shahbaz, M. (2018). A Revisit of The Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis for Turkey:New Evidence From Bootstrap Rolling Window Causality. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25, 32381–32394.
  • Öner, İ., Yeşilyurt, M., ve Yılmaz, E. (2017). Wavelet Analiz Tekniği ve Uygulama Alanları. Ordu Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 7(1), 42-56.
  • Pata, U. (2018). The İnfluence of Coal and Noncarbohydrate Energy Consumption on CO2 Emissions: Revisiting the Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis for Turkey. Energy, 160(1), 1115-1123.
  • Percival, D., ve Walden, A. (2013). Wavelet Methods for Time Series Analysis. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Radmehr, R., Shayanmehr, S., Ali, E., Ofori, E., Jasińska, E., ve Jasiński, M. (2022). Exploring the Nexus of Renewable Energy, Ecological Footprint, and Economic Growth through Globalization and Human Capital in G7 Economics. Sustainability, 14(19), 12227.
  • Rao, C., ve Yan, B. (2020). Study on the Interactive Influence Between Economic Growth and Environmental Pollution. Environ Sci Pollut Res(27), 39442–39465.
  • Sarkodie, S., ve Strezov, V. (2018). Empirical Study of The Environmental Kuznets Curve and Environmental Sustainability Curve Hypothesis for Australia, China, Ghana and USA. Journal of Cleaner Production, 201, 98–110.
  • Schaefer, F., Luksch, U., Steinbach, N., Cabeça, J., ve Hanauer, J. (2006). Ecological Footprint and Biocapacity. Luxemburg: EU.
  • Sertoglu, K., Philip, L., ve Emir, F. (2021). Assessing the Role of Agriculture and Energy Use on Environmental Sustainability: Evidence from RALS Cointegration Technique. nternational Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 11(6), 50–59.
  • Shahbaz, M., Solarin, S., Hammoudeh, S., ve Shahzad, S. (2017). Bounds Testing Approach to Analyzing The Environment Kuznets Curve Hypothesis with Structural Beaks: The Role of Biomass Energy Consumption in the United States. Energy Economics, 68, 548–565.
  • Sims, C. A. (1980). Macroeconomics and Reality. Econometrica, 48, 1-48.
  • Toth, G., ve Szigeti, C. (2016). The Historical Ecological Footprint: From Over-Population to Over-Consumption. Ecological Indicators(60), 283-291.
  • Wang, J., ve Dong, K. (2019). What Drives Environmental Degradation? Evidence from 14 Sub-Saharan African countrieS. The Science of the Total Environment, 656, 165–173.
  • Wiedmann, T., ve Barrett, J. (2010). A Review of the Ecological Footprint Indicator—Perceptions and Methods. Sustainability(2), 1645-1693.
  • Xiong, J., ve Xu, D. (2021). Relationship Between Energy Consumption, Economic Growth and Environmental Pollution in China. Environmental Research(194).
There are 45 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Veysel Erat 0000-0002-0735-5432

Dilek Alma Savaş 0000-0001-6246-8539

Yunus Savaş 0000-0002-9642-4734

Publication Date August 2, 2023
Submission Date April 12, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 10 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Erat, V., Alma Savaş, D., & Savaş, Y. (2023). TÜRKİYE’DE EKONOMİK BÜYÜME VE EKOLOJİK AYAK İZİ ARASINDA NEDENSELLİK İLİŞKİSİNİN ANALİZİ: DALGACIK YÖNTEMİ YAKLAŞIMI. Journal of Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Economics and Administrative Sciences Faculty, 10(2), 1608-1626. https://doi.org/10.30798/makuiibf.1282249