Research Article
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Do Activists Prioritize Solutions Over Grievances? A Twitter Study of Black Lives Matter

Year 2024, Volume: 12 Issue: 1, 1 - 22, 31.03.2024
https://doi.org/10.14782/marmarasbd.1316065

Abstract

Do social movements shift the focus of their framing from grievances to tactics as they mature? This paper examines the nature of the frames that social movements and activists co-create using the case of Black Lives Matter (BLM). Building on (Snow & Benford, 1988), we explore whether BLM’s frames have evolved from diagnostic to prognostic frames since the movement’s emergence. We compiled a novel tweet dataset collected from Twitter that contains 269,963 tweets sent under the hashtag “BlackLivesMatter” from Jan. 01, 2020, to Dec. 31, 2021. Using time series and network analysis, we show that frames do not naturally evolve from diagnostic to prognostic frames as movements mature. We find that BLM activists increasingly use prognostic frames while expressing their grievances because injustices and discrimination toward the Black continue. The evidence suggests that tweets on tactics and solutions outnumber the grievance-related frames only after Chauvin’s guilty plea alleviates grievances.

Supporting Institution

Horizon 2020 Marie Curie Individual Fellowship

Project Number

MSCA-IF-2020 #101028566

Thanks

We would like to thank Rabia Kutlu for her invaluable assistance

References

  • Anderson, M., Toor, S., Rainie, L., & Smith, A. (2018). Activism in the social media age. Pew Research Center.
  • Benford, R. D., & Snow, D. A. (2000). Framing Processes and Social Movements: An Overview and Assessment. Annual Review of Sociology, 26(1), 611–639. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.26.1.611
  • Bennett, W. L., & Segerberg, A. (2012). THE LOGIC OF CONNECTIVE ACTION: Digital media and the personalization of contentious politics. Information, Communication & Society, 15(5), 739–768. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2012.670661 Black Lives Matter Global Network Foundation. (n.d.). In Influence Watch. Retrieved from https://www. influencewatch.org/non-profit/black-lives-matter-foundation/#note-9
  • BLM Demands. (2016). Retrieved from Black Lives Matter website: https://blacklivesmatter.com/blmdemands/
  • Bonilla, T., & Tillery, A. B. (2020). Which Identity Frames Boost Support for and Mobilization in the #BlackLivesMatter Movement? An Experimental Test. American Political Science Review, 114(4), 947–962. https://doi.org/10.1017/S000.305.5420000544
  • Brock, A. (2012). From the Blackhand Side: Twitter as a Cultural Conversation. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 56(4), 529–549. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838.151.2012.732147
  • Brown, M., Ray, R., Summers, E., & Fraistat, N. (2017). #SayHerName: A case study of intersectional social media activism. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 40(11), 1831–1846. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419.870.2 017.1334934
  • Buchanan, L., Bui, Q., & Patel, J. K. (2020, March 7). Black Lives Matter May Be the Largest Movement in U.S. History. The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/07/03/us/ george-floyd-protests-crowd-size.html
  • Bystydzienski, J. M., & Schacht, S. P. (Eds.). (2001). Forging radical alliances across difference: Coalition politics for the new millennium. London; New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
  • Carney, N. (2016). All Lives Matter, but so Does Race: Black Lives Matter and the Evolving Role of Social Media. Humanity & Society, 40(2), 180–199. https://doi.org/10.1177/016.059.7616643868
  • Clark, M. (2014, February 10). The Buzz Over “Black Twitter.” WBUR. Retrieved from https://www.wbur. org/hereandnow/2014/02/10/black-twitter-dissertation
  • Clark, R. (2016). “Hope in a hashtag”: The discursive activism of #WhyIStayed. Feminist Media Studies, 16(5), 788–804. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680.777.2016.1138235
  • Clayton, D. M. (2018). Black Lives Matter and the Civil Rights Movement: A Comparative Analysis of Two Social Movements in the United States. Journal of Black Studies, 49(5), 448–480. https://doi. org/10.1177/002.193.4718764099
  • Corbet, S., & Garriga, N. (2020, June 2). George Floyd protests go global as ‘I can’t breathe’ echoes across Europe, Australia. Global News. Retrieved from https://globalnews.ca/news/7018222/george-floydprotests-europe-australia/
  • Cox, J. M. (2017). The source of a movement: Making the case for social media as an informational source using Black Lives Matter. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 40(11), 1847–1854. https://doi.org/10.1080/01 419.870.2017.1334935
  • Crowd Counting Consortium Dataset [R]. (2023). Harvard Kennedy School Nonviolent Action Lab. Retrieved from https://github.com/nonviolent-action-lab/crowd-counting-consortium (Original work published 2020)
  • De Choudhury, M., Jhaver, S., Sugar, B., & Weber, I. (2016). Social media participation in an activist movement for racial equality. In Tenth International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media. Retrieved from https://www.aaai.org/ocs/index.php/ICWSM/ICWSM16/paper/viewPaper/13168
  • Elmasry, M. H., & el-Nawawy, M. (2017). Do Black Lives Matter?: A content analysis of New York Times and St. Louis Post-Dispatch coverage of Michael Brown protests. Journalism Practice, 11(7), 857– 875. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512.786.2016.1208058
  • Eriksson Krutrök, M., & Åkerlund, M. (2022). Through a white lens: Black victimhood, visibility, and whiteness in the Black Lives Matter movement on TikTok. Information, Communication & Society, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2022.206.5211
  • Freelon, D., McIlwain, C., & Clark, M. (2018). Quantifying the power and consequences of social media protest. New Media & Society, 20(3), 990–1011. https://doi.org/10.1177/146.144.4816676646
  • Gallagher, R. J., Reagan, A. J., Danforth, C. M., & Dodds, P. S. (2018). Divergent discourse between protests and counter-protests: #BlackLivesMatter and #AllLivesMatter. PLOS ONE, 13(4), e0195644. https:// doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0195644
  • Gamson, W. (1992). The Social Psychology of Collective Action. In A. D. Morris & C. M. Mueller (Eds.), Frontiers in social movement theory (pp. 53–76). New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • Garza, A. (2014, October 7). A Herstory of the #BlackLivesMatter Movement. The Feminist Wire.
  • Gerhards, J., & Rucht, D. (1992). Mesomobilization: Organizing and Framing in Two Protest Campaigns in West Germany. American Journal of Sociology, 98(3), 555–595. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2781458 Goffman, E. (1974). Frame analysis: An essay on the organization of experience. Harvard University Press.
  • Guo, C., & Saxton, G. D. (2014). Tweeting Social Change: How Social Media Are Changing Nonprofit Advocacy. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 43(1), 57–79. https://doi.org/10.1177/089.976.4012471585
  • Hill, E., Tiefenthäler, A., Triebert, C., Jordan, D., Willis, H., & Stein, R. (2021, November 1). How George Floyd was killed in police custody. New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes. com/2020/05/31/us/george-floyd-investigation.html
  • Ince, J., Rojas, F., & Davis, C. A. (2017). The social media response to Black Lives Matter: How Twitter users interact with Black Lives Matter through hashtag use. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 40(11), 1814–1830. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419.870.2017.1334931
  • Jackson, M. O. (2008). Social and Economic Networks. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Jones, Q., & Rafaeli, S. (2000). Time to split, virtually:’Discourse architecture’and’community building’create vibrant virtual publics. Electronic Markets, 10(4), 214–223, DOI: 10.1080/101.967.800750050326
  • Jones, R. K., Sam. (2020, September 3). Demonstrations and Political Violence in America: New Data for Summer 2020. Retrieved June 22, 2023, from ACLED website: https://acleddata.com/2020/09/03/ demonstrations-political-violence-in-america-new-data-for-summer-2020/
  • Jones, S., & Kishi, R. (2020, September 3). Demonstrations and Political Violence in America: New Data for Summer 2020. Retrieved October 15, 2023, from ACLED website: https://acleddata.com/2020/09/03/ demonstrations-political-violence-in-america-new-data-for-summer-2020/
  • Kavada, A. (2015). Creating the collective: Social media, the Occupy Movement and its constitution as a collective actor. Information, Communication & Society, 18(8), 872–886. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2015.104.3318
  • Khamis, S., & Vaughn, K. (2012). “We are all Khaled Said”: The potentials and limitations of cyber activism in triggering public mobilization and promoting political change. Journal of Arab and Muslim Media Research, 4(2–3), 145–163. https://doi.org/10.1386/JAMMR.4.2-3.145_1
  • McAdam, D., McCarthy, J. D., & Zald, M. (Eds.). (1996). Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements: Political Opportunities, Mobilizing Structures, and Cultural Framings. Cambridge [England] ; New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • McCarthy, J. D., & Zald, M. N. (1977). Resource mobilization and social movements: A partial theory. American Journal of Sociology, 1212–1241. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2777934
  • McPherson, J. M., Popielarz, P. A., & Drobnic, S. (1992). Social Networks and Organizational Dynamics. American Sociological Review, 57(2), 153–170. https://doi.org/10.2307/2096202
  • Milan, S. (2015). From social movements to cloud protesting: The evolution of collective identity. Information, Communication & Society, 18(8), 887–900. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2015.104.3135
  • Milkman, R. (2017). A New Political Generation: Millennials and the Post-2008 Wave of Protest. American Sociological Review, 82(1), 1–31. https://doi.org/10.1177/000.312.2416681031
  • Mundt, M., Ross, K., & Burnett, C. M. (2018). Scaling Social Movements Through Social Media: The Case of Black Lives Matter. Social Media + Society, 4(4), 205.630.511880791. https://doi. org/10.1177/205.630.5118807911
  • Oktavianus, J., Davidson, B., & Guan, L. (2021). Framing and counter-framing in online collective actions: The case of LGBT protests in a Muslim nation. Information, Communication & Society, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2021.195.4232
  • Pond, P., & Lewis, J. (2019). Riots and Twitter: Connective politics, social media and framing discourses in the digital public sphere. Information, Communication & Society, 22(2), 213–231. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2017.136.6539
  • Shaw, R. (2013). The activist’s handbook: Winning social change in the 21st century (Second edition). Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Singh, M. (2020, July 9). George Floyd told officers “I can’t breathe” more than 20 times, transcripts show. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/jul/08/george-floydpolice-killing-transcript-i-cant-breathe
  • Snow, D. A., & Benford, R. D. (1988). Ideology, Frame Resonance, and Participant Mobilization. International Social Movement Research, 1(1), 197–217.
  • Snow, D. A., & Soule, S. A. (2009). A Primer on Social Movements (50469th edition). New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company.
  • Snow, D. A., Vliegenthart, R., & Ketelaars, P. (2018). The Framing Perspective on Social Movements: Its Conceptual Roots and Architecture. In D. A. Snow, S. A. Soule, H. Kriesi, & H. J. McCammon (Eds.), The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Social Movements (1st ed., pp. 392–410). Wiley. https:// doi.org/10.1002/978.111.9168577.ch22
  • Tillery, A. B. (2019). What Kind of Movement is Black Lives Matter? The View from Twitter. Journal of Race, Ethnicity and Politics, 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1017/rep.2019.17
  • Tilly, C. (1978). From Mobilization to Revolution. Longman Higher Education.
  • Tufekci, Z., & Wilson, C. (2012). Social Media and the Decision to Participate in Political Protest: Observations From Tahrir Square. Journal of Communication, 62(2), 363–379. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.14602466.2012.01629.X
  • Umamaheswar, J. (2020). Policing and Racial (In)Justice in the Media: Newspaper Portrayals of the “Black Lives Matter” Movement. Civic Sociology, 1(1), 12143. https://doi.org/10.1525/001c.12143
  • van Haperen, S., Uitermark, J., & Nicholls, W. (2023). The Swarm versus the Grassroots: Places and networks of supporters and opponents of Black Lives Matter on Twitter. Social Movement Studies, 22(2), 171–189. https://doi.org/10.1080/14742.837.2022.2031954
  • Weber, K. M., Smith, H. A. V., Madsen, B., Dejmanee, T., & Zaher, Z. (2022). BLM Movement Frames Among the Muted Voices: Actor-Generated Infographics on Instagram During #BlackoutTuesday. International Journal of Communication, 16(0), 32.
  • Yang, G. (2016). Narrative Agency in Hashtag Activism: The Case of #BlackLivesMatter. Media and Communication, 4(4), 13–17. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v4i4.692

Do activists prioritize solutions over grievances? A Twitter Study of Black Lives Matter

Year 2024, Volume: 12 Issue: 1, 1 - 22, 31.03.2024
https://doi.org/10.14782/marmarasbd.1316065

Abstract

Sosyal hareketler, olgunlaştıkça çerçevelendirme odaklarını şikayetlerden taktiklere kaydırır mı? Bu makale, Siyahilerin Hayatı Önemlidir (BLM) örneği üzerinden sosyal hareketlerin ve aktivistlerin birlikte oluşturduğu çerçevelerin doğasını incelemektedir. Snow ve Benford'un (1988) çalışmalarına dayanarak, BLM'in çerçevelerinin hareketin ortaya çıkışından bu yana tanısal çerçevelerden öngörüsel çerçevelere evrilip evrilmediğini araştırıyoruz. Twitter'dan derlenen yeni bir tweet veri kümesi kullanarak, 01 Ocak 2020'den 31 Aralık 2021'e kadar "BlackLivesMatter" etiketi altında gönderilen 269.963 tweet'i içeren bir veri kümesi oluşturduk. Zaman serisi ve ağ analizi kullanarak, çerçevelerin hareketler olgunlaştıkça doğal olarak tanısal çerçevelerden öngörüsel çerçevelere evrilmediğini gösteriyoruz. Bulgularımıza göre, BLM aktivistleri, hala adaletsizlik ve ayrımcılık devam ettiği için, şikayetlerini dile getirmek adina giderek daha fazla öngörüsel çerçeveler kullanmaktadır. Kanıtlar, taktikler ve çözümlerle ilgili tweet'lerin, Chauvin'in suçlu olduğunu itiraf etmesinden sonra şikayetle ilgili çerçevelerden daha fazla sayıda olduğunu göstermektedir.

Project Number

MSCA-IF-2020 #101028566

References

  • Anderson, M., Toor, S., Rainie, L., & Smith, A. (2018). Activism in the social media age. Pew Research Center.
  • Benford, R. D., & Snow, D. A. (2000). Framing Processes and Social Movements: An Overview and Assessment. Annual Review of Sociology, 26(1), 611–639. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.26.1.611
  • Bennett, W. L., & Segerberg, A. (2012). THE LOGIC OF CONNECTIVE ACTION: Digital media and the personalization of contentious politics. Information, Communication & Society, 15(5), 739–768. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2012.670661 Black Lives Matter Global Network Foundation. (n.d.). In Influence Watch. Retrieved from https://www. influencewatch.org/non-profit/black-lives-matter-foundation/#note-9
  • BLM Demands. (2016). Retrieved from Black Lives Matter website: https://blacklivesmatter.com/blmdemands/
  • Bonilla, T., & Tillery, A. B. (2020). Which Identity Frames Boost Support for and Mobilization in the #BlackLivesMatter Movement? An Experimental Test. American Political Science Review, 114(4), 947–962. https://doi.org/10.1017/S000.305.5420000544
  • Brock, A. (2012). From the Blackhand Side: Twitter as a Cultural Conversation. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 56(4), 529–549. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838.151.2012.732147
  • Brown, M., Ray, R., Summers, E., & Fraistat, N. (2017). #SayHerName: A case study of intersectional social media activism. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 40(11), 1831–1846. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419.870.2 017.1334934
  • Buchanan, L., Bui, Q., & Patel, J. K. (2020, March 7). Black Lives Matter May Be the Largest Movement in U.S. History. The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/07/03/us/ george-floyd-protests-crowd-size.html
  • Bystydzienski, J. M., & Schacht, S. P. (Eds.). (2001). Forging radical alliances across difference: Coalition politics for the new millennium. London; New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
  • Carney, N. (2016). All Lives Matter, but so Does Race: Black Lives Matter and the Evolving Role of Social Media. Humanity & Society, 40(2), 180–199. https://doi.org/10.1177/016.059.7616643868
  • Clark, M. (2014, February 10). The Buzz Over “Black Twitter.” WBUR. Retrieved from https://www.wbur. org/hereandnow/2014/02/10/black-twitter-dissertation
  • Clark, R. (2016). “Hope in a hashtag”: The discursive activism of #WhyIStayed. Feminist Media Studies, 16(5), 788–804. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680.777.2016.1138235
  • Clayton, D. M. (2018). Black Lives Matter and the Civil Rights Movement: A Comparative Analysis of Two Social Movements in the United States. Journal of Black Studies, 49(5), 448–480. https://doi. org/10.1177/002.193.4718764099
  • Corbet, S., & Garriga, N. (2020, June 2). George Floyd protests go global as ‘I can’t breathe’ echoes across Europe, Australia. Global News. Retrieved from https://globalnews.ca/news/7018222/george-floydprotests-europe-australia/
  • Cox, J. M. (2017). The source of a movement: Making the case for social media as an informational source using Black Lives Matter. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 40(11), 1847–1854. https://doi.org/10.1080/01 419.870.2017.1334935
  • Crowd Counting Consortium Dataset [R]. (2023). Harvard Kennedy School Nonviolent Action Lab. Retrieved from https://github.com/nonviolent-action-lab/crowd-counting-consortium (Original work published 2020)
  • De Choudhury, M., Jhaver, S., Sugar, B., & Weber, I. (2016). Social media participation in an activist movement for racial equality. In Tenth International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media. Retrieved from https://www.aaai.org/ocs/index.php/ICWSM/ICWSM16/paper/viewPaper/13168
  • Elmasry, M. H., & el-Nawawy, M. (2017). Do Black Lives Matter?: A content analysis of New York Times and St. Louis Post-Dispatch coverage of Michael Brown protests. Journalism Practice, 11(7), 857– 875. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512.786.2016.1208058
  • Eriksson Krutrök, M., & Åkerlund, M. (2022). Through a white lens: Black victimhood, visibility, and whiteness in the Black Lives Matter movement on TikTok. Information, Communication & Society, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2022.206.5211
  • Freelon, D., McIlwain, C., & Clark, M. (2018). Quantifying the power and consequences of social media protest. New Media & Society, 20(3), 990–1011. https://doi.org/10.1177/146.144.4816676646
  • Gallagher, R. J., Reagan, A. J., Danforth, C. M., & Dodds, P. S. (2018). Divergent discourse between protests and counter-protests: #BlackLivesMatter and #AllLivesMatter. PLOS ONE, 13(4), e0195644. https:// doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0195644
  • Gamson, W. (1992). The Social Psychology of Collective Action. In A. D. Morris & C. M. Mueller (Eds.), Frontiers in social movement theory (pp. 53–76). New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • Garza, A. (2014, October 7). A Herstory of the #BlackLivesMatter Movement. The Feminist Wire.
  • Gerhards, J., & Rucht, D. (1992). Mesomobilization: Organizing and Framing in Two Protest Campaigns in West Germany. American Journal of Sociology, 98(3), 555–595. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2781458 Goffman, E. (1974). Frame analysis: An essay on the organization of experience. Harvard University Press.
  • Guo, C., & Saxton, G. D. (2014). Tweeting Social Change: How Social Media Are Changing Nonprofit Advocacy. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 43(1), 57–79. https://doi.org/10.1177/089.976.4012471585
  • Hill, E., Tiefenthäler, A., Triebert, C., Jordan, D., Willis, H., & Stein, R. (2021, November 1). How George Floyd was killed in police custody. New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes. com/2020/05/31/us/george-floyd-investigation.html
  • Ince, J., Rojas, F., & Davis, C. A. (2017). The social media response to Black Lives Matter: How Twitter users interact with Black Lives Matter through hashtag use. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 40(11), 1814–1830. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419.870.2017.1334931
  • Jackson, M. O. (2008). Social and Economic Networks. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Jones, Q., & Rafaeli, S. (2000). Time to split, virtually:’Discourse architecture’and’community building’create vibrant virtual publics. Electronic Markets, 10(4), 214–223, DOI: 10.1080/101.967.800750050326
  • Jones, R. K., Sam. (2020, September 3). Demonstrations and Political Violence in America: New Data for Summer 2020. Retrieved June 22, 2023, from ACLED website: https://acleddata.com/2020/09/03/ demonstrations-political-violence-in-america-new-data-for-summer-2020/
  • Jones, S., & Kishi, R. (2020, September 3). Demonstrations and Political Violence in America: New Data for Summer 2020. Retrieved October 15, 2023, from ACLED website: https://acleddata.com/2020/09/03/ demonstrations-political-violence-in-america-new-data-for-summer-2020/
  • Kavada, A. (2015). Creating the collective: Social media, the Occupy Movement and its constitution as a collective actor. Information, Communication & Society, 18(8), 872–886. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2015.104.3318
  • Khamis, S., & Vaughn, K. (2012). “We are all Khaled Said”: The potentials and limitations of cyber activism in triggering public mobilization and promoting political change. Journal of Arab and Muslim Media Research, 4(2–3), 145–163. https://doi.org/10.1386/JAMMR.4.2-3.145_1
  • McAdam, D., McCarthy, J. D., & Zald, M. (Eds.). (1996). Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements: Political Opportunities, Mobilizing Structures, and Cultural Framings. Cambridge [England] ; New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • McCarthy, J. D., & Zald, M. N. (1977). Resource mobilization and social movements: A partial theory. American Journal of Sociology, 1212–1241. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2777934
  • McPherson, J. M., Popielarz, P. A., & Drobnic, S. (1992). Social Networks and Organizational Dynamics. American Sociological Review, 57(2), 153–170. https://doi.org/10.2307/2096202
  • Milan, S. (2015). From social movements to cloud protesting: The evolution of collective identity. Information, Communication & Society, 18(8), 887–900. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2015.104.3135
  • Milkman, R. (2017). A New Political Generation: Millennials and the Post-2008 Wave of Protest. American Sociological Review, 82(1), 1–31. https://doi.org/10.1177/000.312.2416681031
  • Mundt, M., Ross, K., & Burnett, C. M. (2018). Scaling Social Movements Through Social Media: The Case of Black Lives Matter. Social Media + Society, 4(4), 205.630.511880791. https://doi. org/10.1177/205.630.5118807911
  • Oktavianus, J., Davidson, B., & Guan, L. (2021). Framing and counter-framing in online collective actions: The case of LGBT protests in a Muslim nation. Information, Communication & Society, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2021.195.4232
  • Pond, P., & Lewis, J. (2019). Riots and Twitter: Connective politics, social media and framing discourses in the digital public sphere. Information, Communication & Society, 22(2), 213–231. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2017.136.6539
  • Shaw, R. (2013). The activist’s handbook: Winning social change in the 21st century (Second edition). Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Singh, M. (2020, July 9). George Floyd told officers “I can’t breathe” more than 20 times, transcripts show. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/jul/08/george-floydpolice-killing-transcript-i-cant-breathe
  • Snow, D. A., & Benford, R. D. (1988). Ideology, Frame Resonance, and Participant Mobilization. International Social Movement Research, 1(1), 197–217.
  • Snow, D. A., & Soule, S. A. (2009). A Primer on Social Movements (50469th edition). New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company.
  • Snow, D. A., Vliegenthart, R., & Ketelaars, P. (2018). The Framing Perspective on Social Movements: Its Conceptual Roots and Architecture. In D. A. Snow, S. A. Soule, H. Kriesi, & H. J. McCammon (Eds.), The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Social Movements (1st ed., pp. 392–410). Wiley. https:// doi.org/10.1002/978.111.9168577.ch22
  • Tillery, A. B. (2019). What Kind of Movement is Black Lives Matter? The View from Twitter. Journal of Race, Ethnicity and Politics, 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1017/rep.2019.17
  • Tilly, C. (1978). From Mobilization to Revolution. Longman Higher Education.
  • Tufekci, Z., & Wilson, C. (2012). Social Media and the Decision to Participate in Political Protest: Observations From Tahrir Square. Journal of Communication, 62(2), 363–379. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.14602466.2012.01629.X
  • Umamaheswar, J. (2020). Policing and Racial (In)Justice in the Media: Newspaper Portrayals of the “Black Lives Matter” Movement. Civic Sociology, 1(1), 12143. https://doi.org/10.1525/001c.12143
  • van Haperen, S., Uitermark, J., & Nicholls, W. (2023). The Swarm versus the Grassroots: Places and networks of supporters and opponents of Black Lives Matter on Twitter. Social Movement Studies, 22(2), 171–189. https://doi.org/10.1080/14742.837.2022.2031954
  • Weber, K. M., Smith, H. A. V., Madsen, B., Dejmanee, T., & Zaher, Z. (2022). BLM Movement Frames Among the Muted Voices: Actor-Generated Infographics on Instagram During #BlackoutTuesday. International Journal of Communication, 16(0), 32.
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There are 53 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Political Science (Other)
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Basak Taraktas 0000-0001-5479-4801

Kadir Cihan Duran This is me 0000-0001-6916-4036

Susan Üsküdarlı 0000-0002-0106-0182

Project Number MSCA-IF-2020 #101028566
Publication Date March 31, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 12 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Taraktas, B., Duran, K. C., & Üsküdarlı, S. (2024). Do Activists Prioritize Solutions Over Grievances? A Twitter Study of Black Lives Matter. Marmara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilimler Dergisi, 12(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.14782/marmarasbd.1316065