Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Türkiye'nin Sağlık Diplomasisi Faaliyetleri: Nitel Bir Araştırma

Year 2024, Volume: 12 Issue: 1, 114 - 128, 31.03.2024
https://doi.org/10.14782/marmarasbd.1317457

Abstract

Sağlık diplomasisi, küresel sağlık politikalarının yürütülmesini ve yönetişimini kolaylaştıran bir alandır. Farklı ülkelere uzmanlık, deneyim, insan ve tıbbi malzeme aktarımı gibi yardımların gerçekleştirilmesi sağlık diplomasisinin içeriğini oluşturmaktadır. Türkiye’nin yurt dışına resmi kalkınma yardımları yapması, sağlık işletmeleri kurma ve işletmesi ile afet ve acil durumlarda medikal kurtarma ve acil sağlık hizmetlerini sunması bu çalışmanın temel argümanını oluşturmaktadır. Bu sebeple, Türkiye’nin sağlık diplomasisi algısı ile sınır ötesinde yürütülen sağlık hizmeti sürecinin nasıl yürütüldüğü ve bu hizmetlerin olası katkılarının neler olduğu ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır. Türkiye'nin sağlık diplomasisi sürecini detaylı bir şekilde incelemek için durum çalışması deseni kullanılmıştır. Bu kapsamda kamu (n=1) ve sivil toplum kuruluşu personeli (n=8) ile görüşmeler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmanın bulguları sağlık diplomasisi algısı, sağlık diplomasisi sürecinde yaşanan zorluklar, sağlık diplomasisi sürecinde yaşanan zorlukların çözümü, sağlık diplomasisinin katkıları olmak üzere dört ana tema çerçevesinde değerlendirilmiştir. Sağlık diplomasisi algısı saha çalışması, deneyim aktarımı, destek olma, ortak hareket etme, dış politika, yumuşak güç ve sağlık önceliğidir. Sağlık hizmeti sunumu sürecinde ise tıbbi ekipman, hizmet sunumu, personel ve politik açıdan zorlukların yaşandığı ve bu zorlukların iş birliği, iletişim ve diğer yollarla çözülmeye çalışıldığı tespit edilmiştir. Sağlık diplomasisinin alıcı ülke veya bölgenin sağlığına katkı sağladığı, yeni açılan sağlık kuruluşları ile istihdama destek olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Ayrıca Türk sağlık personeline deneyim kazandırdığı, Türkiye’ye yönelik sempati geliştiği ve ön yargıların kırıldığı saptanmıştır.

References

  • Adams, V., Novotny, T.E. & Leslie, H. (2008). Global health diplomacy. Med Anthropol, 27(4), 315-23. https://doi.org/10.1080/01459740802427067
  • Afshari, M., Ahmadi Teymourlouy, A., Asadi-Lari, M. & Maleki, M. (2020). Global Health diplomacy for noncommunicable diseases prevention and control: A systematic review. Global Health, 16(41). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-020-00572-5
  • AID. (2023a). Our projects. https://www.aidoctors.org/projelerimiz/ Accessed Date: 24.10.2023
  • AID. (2023b). What we have achieved together. https://www.aidoctors.org/ Accessed Date: 24.10.2023
  • AlKhaldi, M., James, N., Chattu, V.K., Ahmed, S., Meghari, H., Kaiser, K., … Tanner, M. (2021). Rethinking and strengthening the Global Health Diplomacy through triangulated nexus between policy makers, scientists and the community in light of COVID-19 global crisis. Global Health Research and Policy, 6(12). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41256-021-00195-2
  • Altılı R. (2021). Health diplomacy as a soft power tool of Turkish foreign policy (Doctoral thesis). Beykent University, Istanbul.
  • Anadolu Agency. (2022). Turkey’s support to 160 countries in the fight against the Covid-19 epidemic. https://bit.ly/3IrJ80c Accessed Date: 28.01.2023
  • Battır, O. (2019). Health diplomacy as a soft power’s element in the age of globalization. Journal of Social Sciences of Mus Alparslan University, 7(5), 151-161. https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.552103
  • Bliss, K. E. (2011). Health diplomacy of foreign governments. Washington: Center for Strategic and International Studies.
  • Bond, K. (2008). Commentary: health security or health diplomacy? Moving beyond semantic analysis to strengthen health systems and global cooperation. Health Policy and Planning, 23(6), 376-378. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czn031
  • Bourne, P.G. (1978). A partnership for international health care. Public Health Reports, 93(2), 114-123.
  • Braun, V. & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
  • Brown, M.D., Bergmann, J.N., Novotny, T.E. & Mackey, T.K. (2018). Applied global health diplomacy: Profile of health diplomats accredited to the UNITED STATES and foreign governments. Globalization and Health, 14(2). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-017-0316-7
  • Chattu, V.K., Knight, W.A., Adisesh, A., Yaya, S., Reddy, K.S., Di Ruggiero, E., … Jha, A. (2021). Politics of disease control in Africa and the critical role of global health diplomacy: A systematic review. Health Promot Perspect, 11(1), 20-31. https://doi.org/10.34172/hpp.2021.04
  • Collins, N., Bekenova, K. & Kagarmanova, A. (2018). Negotiated health diplomacy: A case study of the EU and Central Asia. The Hague Journal of Diplomacy, 13(4), 432-456. https://doi.org/10.1163/1871191X-14010032
  • Davey, L. (2009). The application of case study evaluations. (Translated by T. Gökçek). Elementary Education Online, 8, 1-3.
  • Directorate of Communications. (2021). Global pandemic of the century | Turkey’s successful fight against coronavirus. https://bit.ly/3SxEWRm Accessed Date: 11.11.2022
  • Dussey-Cavassini, T. (2017). Switzerland: Global health begins at home - 10 years of health foreign policy, 2006-2016. In I. Kickbusch & M. Kökény (Eds.), Health Diplomacy: European Perspectives (pp. 1-7). Copenhagen: World Health Organization.
  • Erman, K. (2016). Medical diplomacy of Cuba: Silent and efficient. Journal of International Relations, 12(48), 77-94. https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.463048
  • Fauci, A. (2007). The expanding global health agenda: A welcome development. Nat Med, 13, 1169–1171. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm1646
  • Gauttam, P., Singh, B. & Kaur, J. (2020). COVID-19 and Chinese global health diplomacy: Geopolitical opportunity for China’s hegemony? Millennial Asia, 11(3), 318–340. https://doi.org/10.1177/0976399620959771
  • Giusti, S. & Tafuro Ambrosetti, E. (2022). Making the best out of a crisis: Russia’s health diplomacy during COVID-19. Social Sciences, 11(2), 53. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11020053
  • Güngör Ketenci, P. (2021). Evaluation of Turkey’s diplomatic health studies conducted in Sudan and Somalia as a part of health diplomacy (Doctoral thesis). Üsküdar University, Istanbul.
  • Hara, K. & Ezoe, S. (2019). Why does global health matter to diplomacy? Global health as a security and economic challenge and as an opportunity for world leaders, with a special focus on the G7 Ise-Shima Summit. Global Health Governance, 8, 23-34.
  • Hennink, M. & Kaiser, B.N. (2022). Sample sizes for saturation in qualitative research: A systematic review of empirical tests. Soc. Sci. Med, 292, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114523
  • IHH. (2022). IHH 2022 annual report. https://ihh.org.tr/public/publish/0/174/ihh-yillik-rapor-2022.pdf Accessed Date: 25.10.2023
  • IWWAA. (2022). Frequently asked questions. https://bit.ly/3Z4srzc Accessed Date: 24.5.2022
  • IWWAA. (2023). Project. https://sukuyusudernegi.org.tr/proje Accessed Date: 25.10.2023
  • Jones, K-A. (2010). New complexities and approaches to global health diplomacy: View from the U.S. Department of State. PLoS Med., 7(5), 1-2.
  • Katz, R., Kornblet, S., Arnold, G., Lief, E. & Fischer, J.E. (2011). Defining health diplomacy: Changing demands in the era of globalization. The Milbank Quarterly, 89(3), 503–523. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0009.2011.00637.x
  • Kickbusch. I. & Ivanova, M. (2013). The history and evolution of global health diplomacy. In Kickbusch, I., Lister, G., Told, M. & Drager, N (Eds). Global health diplomacy: Concepts, issues, actors, instruments, fora and cases (pp. 11-26). New York: World Scientific.
  • Kickbusch. I., Silberschmidt, G. & Buss, P. (2007). Global health diplomacy: The need for new perspectives, strategic approaches and skills in global health. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 85(‎3), 230-232. http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/BLT.06.039222
  • Kim, D.J. & Kim, A.I. (2022). Global health diplomacy and North Korea in the COVID-19 era. International Affairs, 98(3), 915–932, https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiac048
  • Kim, Y., Lee, S-H. & Cho, Y.J. (2023). Donor motivation in the era of the COVID-19 crisis: Focusing on South Korean health diplomacy and response aid to COVID-19. International Area Studies Review, 26(1), 71–86. https://doi.org/10.1177/22338659231151409
  • Michaud, J. & Kates, J. (2013). Global health diplomacy: Advancing foreign policy and global health interests. Global Health, Science and Practice, 1(1), 24–28. https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-12-00048
  • Miles, M.B. & Huberman, A.M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook (2. Edition). California: Sage Publisher.
  • Ministry of Health. (2003). Health transformation. Ankara: Ministry of Health.
  • Ministry of Health. (2022a). Hospitals abroad unit. https://bit.ly/3SuDSOd Accessed Date: 3.12.2022
  • Ministry of Health. (2022b). National Medical Rescue Team Unit (NMRT). https://bit.ly/3KGjmrX Accessed Date: 24.11.2021
  • Ministry of Health. (2023). Activities in 2021. https://ashgmafetacildb.saglik.gov.tr/TR-84333/2021-yili-faaliyetleri.html Accessed Date: 25.10.2023
  • Mol, R., Singh, B., Chattu, V. K., Kaur, J., & Singh, B. (2022). India’s Health Diplomacy as a Soft Power Tool towards Africa: Humanitarian and Geopolitical Analysis. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 57(6), 1109–1125. https://doi.org/10.1177/00219096211039539
  • Nye, J.S. (2004). Soft power the means to success in world politics. New York: Public Affairs.
  • Our World in Data. (2022). COVID-19 vaccine doses donated to COVAX. https://bit.ly/3KJV4NI Accessed Date: 28.1.2023
  • Patton, M.Q. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods (4. Edition). California: Sage Publications.
  • Rowley, J. (2002). Using case studies in research. Management Research News, 25(1), 16-27. https://doi.org/10.1108/01409170210782990
  • Singh, A. & Ravi, P. (2022). Global health diplomacy and governance: Mapping and future trends, Hospital Topics, 101(3), 245-259. https://doi.org/10.1080/00185868.2022.2027304
  • Tengilimoğlu, D., Işık, O. & Akbolat, M. (2018). Healthcare business management. Ankara: Nobel Publisher.
  • TRC. (2022a). Home page. https://bit.ly/2LAONDl Accessed Date: 18.6.2022
  • TRC. (2022b). 2022 annual report. https://www.kizilay.org.tr/Upload/Dokuman/Dosya/kizilay-2022-dernek-faaliyet-raporu-web-934mb--06072023-06-07-2023-40357192.pdf Accessed Date: 25.10.2023
  • Turkish Cooperation and Coordination Agency. (2022). Turkish Cooperation and Coordination Agency annual report 2021. https://www.tika.gov.tr/upload/2023/2021%20Kalk%C4%B1nma%20Yard%C4%B1mlar%C4%B1%20Raporu/TurkiyeKalkinma2021Web.pdf Accessed Date: 25.10.2023
  • UNDP Türkiye. (2021). Sustainable development goals investment initiative. https://bit.ly/3Z6gLfp Accessed Date: 11.12.2021
  • World Health Organization. (2023). COVAX Working for global equitable access to COVID-19 vaccines. https://bit.ly/3kDBt78 Accessed Date: 28.1.2023
  • Yıldırım, T. (2009). Health workers and international migration: A Study on the causes of migration. Ankara University Medical Faculty Journal, 62(3), 87-94. https://doi.org/10.1501/Tipfak_0000000727
  • Yin, R.K. (2017). Applications of case study research (3. Edition). (Transletd by İ. Günbayı), Ankara: Nobel Publisher.

Türkiye's Health Diplomacy Activities: A Qualitative Research

Year 2024, Volume: 12 Issue: 1, 114 - 128, 31.03.2024
https://doi.org/10.14782/marmarasbd.1317457

Abstract

Health diplomacy is a field that facilitates the implementation and governance of global health policies. Assisting, such as transferring expertise, experience, and human and medical equipment to different countries, constitutes the content of health diplomacy. The main argument of this study is that Türkiye provides official development assistance abroad, establishes and operates health enterprises, and provides medical rescue and emergency health services in disasters and emergencies. For this reason, it has been tried to reveal Türkiye's perception of health diplomacy, how the health service process is carried out across the border, and the possible contributions of these services. A case study design was used to examine Türkiye's health diplomacy process. In this context, interviews were conducted with the public (n=1) and non-governmental organization personnel (n=8). The research findings were evaluated within the framework of four main themes: perception of health diplomacy, difficulties experienced in the health diplomacy process, solutions to the difficulties encountered in the health diplomacy process, and contributions of health diplomacy. The perception of health diplomacy is fieldwork, experience transfer, support, joint action, foreign policy, soft power, and health priority. In the process of health service delivery, it has been determined that there are difficulties in terms of medical equipment, service delivery, personnel, and politics, and these difficulties are tried to be solved through cooperation, communication, and other means. It has been concluded that health diplomacy contributes to the health of the recipient country or region and supports employment with newly opened health institutions. In addition, it was determined that Turkish health personnel gained experience, sympathy for Türkiye developed, and prejudices were broken.

References

  • Adams, V., Novotny, T.E. & Leslie, H. (2008). Global health diplomacy. Med Anthropol, 27(4), 315-23. https://doi.org/10.1080/01459740802427067
  • Afshari, M., Ahmadi Teymourlouy, A., Asadi-Lari, M. & Maleki, M. (2020). Global Health diplomacy for noncommunicable diseases prevention and control: A systematic review. Global Health, 16(41). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-020-00572-5
  • AID. (2023a). Our projects. https://www.aidoctors.org/projelerimiz/ Accessed Date: 24.10.2023
  • AID. (2023b). What we have achieved together. https://www.aidoctors.org/ Accessed Date: 24.10.2023
  • AlKhaldi, M., James, N., Chattu, V.K., Ahmed, S., Meghari, H., Kaiser, K., … Tanner, M. (2021). Rethinking and strengthening the Global Health Diplomacy through triangulated nexus between policy makers, scientists and the community in light of COVID-19 global crisis. Global Health Research and Policy, 6(12). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41256-021-00195-2
  • Altılı R. (2021). Health diplomacy as a soft power tool of Turkish foreign policy (Doctoral thesis). Beykent University, Istanbul.
  • Anadolu Agency. (2022). Turkey’s support to 160 countries in the fight against the Covid-19 epidemic. https://bit.ly/3IrJ80c Accessed Date: 28.01.2023
  • Battır, O. (2019). Health diplomacy as a soft power’s element in the age of globalization. Journal of Social Sciences of Mus Alparslan University, 7(5), 151-161. https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.552103
  • Bliss, K. E. (2011). Health diplomacy of foreign governments. Washington: Center for Strategic and International Studies.
  • Bond, K. (2008). Commentary: health security or health diplomacy? Moving beyond semantic analysis to strengthen health systems and global cooperation. Health Policy and Planning, 23(6), 376-378. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czn031
  • Bourne, P.G. (1978). A partnership for international health care. Public Health Reports, 93(2), 114-123.
  • Braun, V. & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
  • Brown, M.D., Bergmann, J.N., Novotny, T.E. & Mackey, T.K. (2018). Applied global health diplomacy: Profile of health diplomats accredited to the UNITED STATES and foreign governments. Globalization and Health, 14(2). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-017-0316-7
  • Chattu, V.K., Knight, W.A., Adisesh, A., Yaya, S., Reddy, K.S., Di Ruggiero, E., … Jha, A. (2021). Politics of disease control in Africa and the critical role of global health diplomacy: A systematic review. Health Promot Perspect, 11(1), 20-31. https://doi.org/10.34172/hpp.2021.04
  • Collins, N., Bekenova, K. & Kagarmanova, A. (2018). Negotiated health diplomacy: A case study of the EU and Central Asia. The Hague Journal of Diplomacy, 13(4), 432-456. https://doi.org/10.1163/1871191X-14010032
  • Davey, L. (2009). The application of case study evaluations. (Translated by T. Gökçek). Elementary Education Online, 8, 1-3.
  • Directorate of Communications. (2021). Global pandemic of the century | Turkey’s successful fight against coronavirus. https://bit.ly/3SxEWRm Accessed Date: 11.11.2022
  • Dussey-Cavassini, T. (2017). Switzerland: Global health begins at home - 10 years of health foreign policy, 2006-2016. In I. Kickbusch & M. Kökény (Eds.), Health Diplomacy: European Perspectives (pp. 1-7). Copenhagen: World Health Organization.
  • Erman, K. (2016). Medical diplomacy of Cuba: Silent and efficient. Journal of International Relations, 12(48), 77-94. https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.463048
  • Fauci, A. (2007). The expanding global health agenda: A welcome development. Nat Med, 13, 1169–1171. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm1646
  • Gauttam, P., Singh, B. & Kaur, J. (2020). COVID-19 and Chinese global health diplomacy: Geopolitical opportunity for China’s hegemony? Millennial Asia, 11(3), 318–340. https://doi.org/10.1177/0976399620959771
  • Giusti, S. & Tafuro Ambrosetti, E. (2022). Making the best out of a crisis: Russia’s health diplomacy during COVID-19. Social Sciences, 11(2), 53. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11020053
  • Güngör Ketenci, P. (2021). Evaluation of Turkey’s diplomatic health studies conducted in Sudan and Somalia as a part of health diplomacy (Doctoral thesis). Üsküdar University, Istanbul.
  • Hara, K. & Ezoe, S. (2019). Why does global health matter to diplomacy? Global health as a security and economic challenge and as an opportunity for world leaders, with a special focus on the G7 Ise-Shima Summit. Global Health Governance, 8, 23-34.
  • Hennink, M. & Kaiser, B.N. (2022). Sample sizes for saturation in qualitative research: A systematic review of empirical tests. Soc. Sci. Med, 292, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114523
  • IHH. (2022). IHH 2022 annual report. https://ihh.org.tr/public/publish/0/174/ihh-yillik-rapor-2022.pdf Accessed Date: 25.10.2023
  • IWWAA. (2022). Frequently asked questions. https://bit.ly/3Z4srzc Accessed Date: 24.5.2022
  • IWWAA. (2023). Project. https://sukuyusudernegi.org.tr/proje Accessed Date: 25.10.2023
  • Jones, K-A. (2010). New complexities and approaches to global health diplomacy: View from the U.S. Department of State. PLoS Med., 7(5), 1-2.
  • Katz, R., Kornblet, S., Arnold, G., Lief, E. & Fischer, J.E. (2011). Defining health diplomacy: Changing demands in the era of globalization. The Milbank Quarterly, 89(3), 503–523. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0009.2011.00637.x
  • Kickbusch. I. & Ivanova, M. (2013). The history and evolution of global health diplomacy. In Kickbusch, I., Lister, G., Told, M. & Drager, N (Eds). Global health diplomacy: Concepts, issues, actors, instruments, fora and cases (pp. 11-26). New York: World Scientific.
  • Kickbusch. I., Silberschmidt, G. & Buss, P. (2007). Global health diplomacy: The need for new perspectives, strategic approaches and skills in global health. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 85(‎3), 230-232. http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/BLT.06.039222
  • Kim, D.J. & Kim, A.I. (2022). Global health diplomacy and North Korea in the COVID-19 era. International Affairs, 98(3), 915–932, https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiac048
  • Kim, Y., Lee, S-H. & Cho, Y.J. (2023). Donor motivation in the era of the COVID-19 crisis: Focusing on South Korean health diplomacy and response aid to COVID-19. International Area Studies Review, 26(1), 71–86. https://doi.org/10.1177/22338659231151409
  • Michaud, J. & Kates, J. (2013). Global health diplomacy: Advancing foreign policy and global health interests. Global Health, Science and Practice, 1(1), 24–28. https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-12-00048
  • Miles, M.B. & Huberman, A.M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook (2. Edition). California: Sage Publisher.
  • Ministry of Health. (2003). Health transformation. Ankara: Ministry of Health.
  • Ministry of Health. (2022a). Hospitals abroad unit. https://bit.ly/3SuDSOd Accessed Date: 3.12.2022
  • Ministry of Health. (2022b). National Medical Rescue Team Unit (NMRT). https://bit.ly/3KGjmrX Accessed Date: 24.11.2021
  • Ministry of Health. (2023). Activities in 2021. https://ashgmafetacildb.saglik.gov.tr/TR-84333/2021-yili-faaliyetleri.html Accessed Date: 25.10.2023
  • Mol, R., Singh, B., Chattu, V. K., Kaur, J., & Singh, B. (2022). India’s Health Diplomacy as a Soft Power Tool towards Africa: Humanitarian and Geopolitical Analysis. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 57(6), 1109–1125. https://doi.org/10.1177/00219096211039539
  • Nye, J.S. (2004). Soft power the means to success in world politics. New York: Public Affairs.
  • Our World in Data. (2022). COVID-19 vaccine doses donated to COVAX. https://bit.ly/3KJV4NI Accessed Date: 28.1.2023
  • Patton, M.Q. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods (4. Edition). California: Sage Publications.
  • Rowley, J. (2002). Using case studies in research. Management Research News, 25(1), 16-27. https://doi.org/10.1108/01409170210782990
  • Singh, A. & Ravi, P. (2022). Global health diplomacy and governance: Mapping and future trends, Hospital Topics, 101(3), 245-259. https://doi.org/10.1080/00185868.2022.2027304
  • Tengilimoğlu, D., Işık, O. & Akbolat, M. (2018). Healthcare business management. Ankara: Nobel Publisher.
  • TRC. (2022a). Home page. https://bit.ly/2LAONDl Accessed Date: 18.6.2022
  • TRC. (2022b). 2022 annual report. https://www.kizilay.org.tr/Upload/Dokuman/Dosya/kizilay-2022-dernek-faaliyet-raporu-web-934mb--06072023-06-07-2023-40357192.pdf Accessed Date: 25.10.2023
  • Turkish Cooperation and Coordination Agency. (2022). Turkish Cooperation and Coordination Agency annual report 2021. https://www.tika.gov.tr/upload/2023/2021%20Kalk%C4%B1nma%20Yard%C4%B1mlar%C4%B1%20Raporu/TurkiyeKalkinma2021Web.pdf Accessed Date: 25.10.2023
  • UNDP Türkiye. (2021). Sustainable development goals investment initiative. https://bit.ly/3Z6gLfp Accessed Date: 11.12.2021
  • World Health Organization. (2023). COVAX Working for global equitable access to COVID-19 vaccines. https://bit.ly/3kDBt78 Accessed Date: 28.1.2023
  • Yıldırım, T. (2009). Health workers and international migration: A Study on the causes of migration. Ankara University Medical Faculty Journal, 62(3), 87-94. https://doi.org/10.1501/Tipfak_0000000727
  • Yin, R.K. (2017). Applications of case study research (3. Edition). (Transletd by İ. Günbayı), Ankara: Nobel Publisher.
There are 54 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Public Administration, International Relations (Other)
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Sıddıka Çam 0000-0002-0200-3526

Erdal Eke 0000-0002-9529-5889

Publication Date March 31, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 12 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Çam, S., & Eke, E. (2024). Türkiye’s Health Diplomacy Activities: A Qualitative Research. Marmara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilimler Dergisi, 12(1), 114-128. https://doi.org/10.14782/marmarasbd.1317457