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Overview of Ashkenazi Judaism Before the First Crusade in the Context of Schum Jewish Community

Year 2019, Issue: 1, 43 - 71, 31.12.2019

Abstract

Mainz, Worms and Speyer, the three Jewish centers of the middle Rhine area, where Jews settled in Germany, have been known in the Jewish literature since the high middle age under the acronym SchUM. The SchUM community; Jewish scholars, academies and religious traditions that connect the communities of the three cities with Ashkenazi Judaism has revealed a unique community structure. The emergence of the SchUM community and its exemplary practices shed light on the emergence of Ashkenazi Judaism. Starting from the cathedral cities on the Rhine, the Ashkenazi Jews created a new, independent religious culture that gained its specific character through exchange and confrontation with the Christian culture of Europe. This communities, which has trained many scholars such as Gershom and Rashi and has many academies, has experienced a great tragedy during the first crusades, but it has managed to regain its strength and enlighten its surroundings. This study aims to examine the formation and development process of SchUM communities in terms of socio-economic and religious factors, their characteristics that differentiate them from other communities and their effects on Ashkenazi Judaism. German and English second hand sources were used in the examination. At the same time, time limit was taken into by considering the period before the first crusade.

References

  • Attali, Jacques. Yahudiler, Dünya ve Para Yahudi Halkının Ekonomik Tarihi, çev.: Berna Günen, (İstanbul: Kırmızı Kedi Yayınevi, 2009).
  • Beider, Alexander. Origins of Yiddish Dialects (New York: Oxford University Press, 2015).
  • Ben-Sasson, Haim Hillel. “Vom 7. bis zum 17. Jahrhundert Das Mittelalter”, Geschichte des Jüdischen Volkes, ed. H.H. Ben-Sasson (München: Verlag C. H. Beck oHG, 2007), 473-883.
  • Ben-Sasson, Haim Hillel. “Germany”, Encyclopaedia Judaica, VII, second edition, ed. Fred Skolnik, (Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House Ltd., 2007), 518-546.
  • Bloomberg, Jon Irving. The Jewish World in the Middle Ages (New York: Ktav Publishing House, Inc. 2000).
  • Bönnen, Gerold. “Worms: The Jews between the City, the Bishops, and the Crown”, The Jews o f Europe in the Middle Ages (Tenth to Fifteenth Centuries), ed.
  • Christoph Cluse, (Belgium: Brepols Publishers, 2004), 449-458.
  • Carlebach, Ephraim. Die Rechtlichen und Sozialen Verhaltnisse der Jüdischen Gemeinden: Speyer, Worms und Mainz (Leipzig: Druck von Alexander Edelmann, 1901).
  • Cohen, Stuart. Germany Popular History of Jewish Civilization (New York-Paris: Leon Amiel Publisher, 1974).
  • Cluse, Christoph. “Die Mittelalterliche Jüdische Gemeinde Als "Sondergemeinde" -Eine Skizze'”. Sondergemeinden und Sonderbezirke in der Stadt der Vormoderne, ed. Peter Johanek, (Köln Weimar Wien: Böhlau Verlag, 2004), 29-51.
  • Dresdner, Albert. Lewinski, Ludwig. Aroniu, Julius. Regesten zur Geschichte der Juden im Fränkischen und Deutschen Reiche Bis zum Jahre 1273 (Berlin: Verlag Von Leonhard Simion, 1902).
  • Eidelberg, Shlomo ve Derovan, David. “Gershom Ben Judah Me’or Ha-Golah” Encyclopaedia Judaica, VII, second edition, ed. Fred Skolnik, (Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House Ltd., 2007), 551-552.
  • Elbogen, Ismar. Geschichte der Juden in Deutschland (Berlin: Jüdische Buch-Vereinigung, 1935).
  • Graetz, Heinrich. History of Jews III (London: David Nutt, 1892).
  • Grossman, Avraham. “The Historical Background to the Ordinances on Family Affairs Attributed to Rabbenu Gershom Me’or ha-Golah (‘The Light of the Exile.)”, Jewish history: Essays in honour of Chimen Abramsky, ed. Ada Rapoport-Albert ve Steven J. Zipperstein, (London: Publisher Peter Halban, 1988), 3-23.
  • Habermann, Abraham Meir. “Simeon Bar Isaac”, Encyclopaedia Judaica XVIII, second edition, ed. Fred Skolnik, (Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House Ltd., 2007), 592-593.
  • Haverkamp, Alfred. Jews in the Medieval German Kingdom translated by Christoph Cluse Universität Trier, Arye Maimon-Institut für Geschichte der Juden, online edition, 2015. (erişim tarihi: 21.10.2019) https://ubt.opus.hbz-nrw.de/opus45-ubtr/frontdoor/deliver/index/docId/671/file/Jews_German_Kingdom.pdf
  • Heil, Johannes. “Getting Them in or Keepingthem out? Theology, Law, and the Beginnings of Jewish Life at Mainz in the 10 and 11 Centuries” Jews in Early Christian Law: Byzantium and The Latin West, 6-11 Centuries, ed. John Tolan, Nicholas De Lange,Laurence Foschia, Capucine Nemo-Pekelman, (Belgium: Brepols, 2014), 211-228.
  • Kaleli, Emrullah. “Haçlı Seferleri Zamanında Avrupa’da Antisemitizm (1096-1190)” Türk Dünyası İncelemeleri Dergisi, XIII/1,Yaz 2013: 21-35.
  • Keller, Werner. Diaspora The Post-Biblical History of the Jews Harcourt (New York: Brace&World, Inc., 1969).
  • Kisch, Von Guido. “Die Rechsstellung der Wormser Juden im Mittelalter”, Zeitschrift für die Geschichte der Juden in Deutschland, Heft 2-3,1935:122-133.
  • Levi, S. Von. “Die Verbundenheit zwischen den Jüdishen Gemeinden Worms und Mainz im Mittelalter”, Zeitschrift für die Geschichte der Juden in Deutschland, Heft 2-3, 1935:187-191.
  • Linder, Amnon. The Jews in The Legal Sources of The Early Middle Ages (Michigan: Wayne State Univ. Press, 1997).
  • Marcus, Ivan G. “A Jewish-Christian Sybiosis: The Culture of Early Ashkenaz”, Cultures of the Jews: A New History, ed. David Biale (New York: Schocken Books, 2002), 449-516.
  • Marcus, Jacob Rader ve Saperstein, Marc. The Jews in Christian Europe A Source Book 315–1791( New York: Hebrew Union College Press, 2015).
  • Marx, Alexander. Essays In Jewish Biography (Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society Of America, 1948).
  • Marx Alexander ve Margolis Max L. A History Of The Jewish People (Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society Of America, 1937).
  • Müller, R.Jörg. “Juden im Westen des Reiches. Einflüsse, Eigenständigkeiten und Wirkungen im hohen und späten Mittelalter”, Zwischen Maas und Rhein: Beziehungen, Begegnungen und Konflikte in einem europäischen Kernraum von der Spätantike bis zum 19. Jahrhundert, hg. v. Franz Irsigler, Trier 2006 (Trierer historische Forschungen 61): 403– 434
  • Rabb, Theodore K. “Jews and Gentiles in the Holy Roman Empire —A Comment”, In and Out of the Ghetto Jewish-Gentile Relations In Late Medieval And Early Modern Germany, ed. R. Po-Chıa Hsıa And Hartmut Lehmann, (Cambridge University Press, 2002), 71-74.
  • Reuter, Ursula. “Jerusalem am Rhein. Die SchUM-Gemeinden Speyer, Worms und Mainz”, Beträge zur Rheinisch-Jüdischen Geschichte, Heft 3, 2013:1-32.
  • Rosensweig, Bernard. Ashkenazic Jewry in Transition (Canada: Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press, 1975).
  • Schama, Simon. Yahudilerin Tarihi, çev. Leyla Tonguç Basmacı (İstanbul: Alfa Tarih, 2019).
  • Shapiro, Alexander ve Ansbacher B., Mordechai. “Shum”, Encyclopaedia Judaica XVIII, second edition, ed. Fred Skolnik (Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House Ltd., 2007), 532-533.
  • Shulvass, Moses A. The History of the Jewish People II (Chicago: Regnery Gateway, 1982).
  • Straten, Jits Van. The Origin of Ashkenazi Jewry: The Controversy Unraveled (New York: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co., 2011).
  • Toch. Michael. The Economic History of European Jews Late Antiquity and Early Middle Ages (Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2013).
  • Toch, Michael. “Jewish Migrations to, within and from Medieval Germany”, Le Migrazioni in Europa Secc. XIII-XVIII, ed. Simonetta Cavaciocchi (Florence: Le Monnier, 1994), 639-652.
  • Toch, Michael ve Müller-Luckner Elisabeth. “Wirtschaftsgeschichte der mittelalterlichen Juden Fragen und Einschätzungen”. Schriften des Historischen Kollegs Kolloquien 71, ed. Lothar Gail (München: R. Oldenbourg Verlag, 2008), 181-210.

Schum Yahudi Topluluğu Bağlamında Birinci Haçlı Seferi Öncesi Aşkenaz Yahudiliği’ne Bakış

Year 2019, Issue: 1, 43 - 71, 31.12.2019

Abstract

Alman topraklarında Yahudilerin yerleştiği Orta
Ren bölgesinde bulunan Mainz, Worms ve Speyer şehirleri, yüksek Orta Çağ’dan
beri Yahudi literatüründe SchUM kısaltmasıyla bilinmektedir. SchUM cemaati;  Yahudi bilginleri, akademileri ve üç şehrin
cemaatini birbirine bağlayan dini gelenekleriyle Aşkenaz Yahudiliği açısından
eşsiz bir cemaat yapılanması ortaya koymuştur. SchUM cemaatinin ortaya çıkışı
ve diğer cemaatlere örnek teşkil eden uygulamaları Aşkenaz Yahudiliği’nin
ortaya çıkışına da ışık tutmaktadır. Aşkenaz Yahudileri, Ren'deki katedral şehirlerinden
başlayarak, Avrupa Hristiyan kültürüyle etkileşime geçmiş ve sonuçta kendine
özgü karakterini kazanmış, yeni ve bağımsız bir dini kültür yaratmıştır. Gerşom
ve Raşi gibi birçok alim yetiştiren ve birçok akademiye sahip olan bu cemaat
birinci haçlı seferleri sırasında büyük bir trajedi yaşamış olsa da tekrar
gücünü toplamayı ve etrafını aydınlatmayı başarmıştır. Bu çalışma sosyo-ekonomik ve dini faktörler bağlamında
SchUM cemaatinin oluşum ve gelişim sürecini, onu diğer cemaatlerden farklı
kılan niteliklerini ve Aşkenaz Yahudiliği’ne etkilerini incelemeyi
amaçlamaktadır.  Bunu yaparken Almanca ve
İngilizce ikinci el kaynaklardan faydalanılmıştır. Aynı zamanda Birinci Haçlı Seferi
öncesi dönem dikkate alınarak zaman sınırlamasına gidilmiştir

References

  • Attali, Jacques. Yahudiler, Dünya ve Para Yahudi Halkının Ekonomik Tarihi, çev.: Berna Günen, (İstanbul: Kırmızı Kedi Yayınevi, 2009).
  • Beider, Alexander. Origins of Yiddish Dialects (New York: Oxford University Press, 2015).
  • Ben-Sasson, Haim Hillel. “Vom 7. bis zum 17. Jahrhundert Das Mittelalter”, Geschichte des Jüdischen Volkes, ed. H.H. Ben-Sasson (München: Verlag C. H. Beck oHG, 2007), 473-883.
  • Ben-Sasson, Haim Hillel. “Germany”, Encyclopaedia Judaica, VII, second edition, ed. Fred Skolnik, (Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House Ltd., 2007), 518-546.
  • Bloomberg, Jon Irving. The Jewish World in the Middle Ages (New York: Ktav Publishing House, Inc. 2000).
  • Bönnen, Gerold. “Worms: The Jews between the City, the Bishops, and the Crown”, The Jews o f Europe in the Middle Ages (Tenth to Fifteenth Centuries), ed.
  • Christoph Cluse, (Belgium: Brepols Publishers, 2004), 449-458.
  • Carlebach, Ephraim. Die Rechtlichen und Sozialen Verhaltnisse der Jüdischen Gemeinden: Speyer, Worms und Mainz (Leipzig: Druck von Alexander Edelmann, 1901).
  • Cohen, Stuart. Germany Popular History of Jewish Civilization (New York-Paris: Leon Amiel Publisher, 1974).
  • Cluse, Christoph. “Die Mittelalterliche Jüdische Gemeinde Als "Sondergemeinde" -Eine Skizze'”. Sondergemeinden und Sonderbezirke in der Stadt der Vormoderne, ed. Peter Johanek, (Köln Weimar Wien: Böhlau Verlag, 2004), 29-51.
  • Dresdner, Albert. Lewinski, Ludwig. Aroniu, Julius. Regesten zur Geschichte der Juden im Fränkischen und Deutschen Reiche Bis zum Jahre 1273 (Berlin: Verlag Von Leonhard Simion, 1902).
  • Eidelberg, Shlomo ve Derovan, David. “Gershom Ben Judah Me’or Ha-Golah” Encyclopaedia Judaica, VII, second edition, ed. Fred Skolnik, (Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House Ltd., 2007), 551-552.
  • Elbogen, Ismar. Geschichte der Juden in Deutschland (Berlin: Jüdische Buch-Vereinigung, 1935).
  • Graetz, Heinrich. History of Jews III (London: David Nutt, 1892).
  • Grossman, Avraham. “The Historical Background to the Ordinances on Family Affairs Attributed to Rabbenu Gershom Me’or ha-Golah (‘The Light of the Exile.)”, Jewish history: Essays in honour of Chimen Abramsky, ed. Ada Rapoport-Albert ve Steven J. Zipperstein, (London: Publisher Peter Halban, 1988), 3-23.
  • Habermann, Abraham Meir. “Simeon Bar Isaac”, Encyclopaedia Judaica XVIII, second edition, ed. Fred Skolnik, (Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House Ltd., 2007), 592-593.
  • Haverkamp, Alfred. Jews in the Medieval German Kingdom translated by Christoph Cluse Universität Trier, Arye Maimon-Institut für Geschichte der Juden, online edition, 2015. (erişim tarihi: 21.10.2019) https://ubt.opus.hbz-nrw.de/opus45-ubtr/frontdoor/deliver/index/docId/671/file/Jews_German_Kingdom.pdf
  • Heil, Johannes. “Getting Them in or Keepingthem out? Theology, Law, and the Beginnings of Jewish Life at Mainz in the 10 and 11 Centuries” Jews in Early Christian Law: Byzantium and The Latin West, 6-11 Centuries, ed. John Tolan, Nicholas De Lange,Laurence Foschia, Capucine Nemo-Pekelman, (Belgium: Brepols, 2014), 211-228.
  • Kaleli, Emrullah. “Haçlı Seferleri Zamanında Avrupa’da Antisemitizm (1096-1190)” Türk Dünyası İncelemeleri Dergisi, XIII/1,Yaz 2013: 21-35.
  • Keller, Werner. Diaspora The Post-Biblical History of the Jews Harcourt (New York: Brace&World, Inc., 1969).
  • Kisch, Von Guido. “Die Rechsstellung der Wormser Juden im Mittelalter”, Zeitschrift für die Geschichte der Juden in Deutschland, Heft 2-3,1935:122-133.
  • Levi, S. Von. “Die Verbundenheit zwischen den Jüdishen Gemeinden Worms und Mainz im Mittelalter”, Zeitschrift für die Geschichte der Juden in Deutschland, Heft 2-3, 1935:187-191.
  • Linder, Amnon. The Jews in The Legal Sources of The Early Middle Ages (Michigan: Wayne State Univ. Press, 1997).
  • Marcus, Ivan G. “A Jewish-Christian Sybiosis: The Culture of Early Ashkenaz”, Cultures of the Jews: A New History, ed. David Biale (New York: Schocken Books, 2002), 449-516.
  • Marcus, Jacob Rader ve Saperstein, Marc. The Jews in Christian Europe A Source Book 315–1791( New York: Hebrew Union College Press, 2015).
  • Marx, Alexander. Essays In Jewish Biography (Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society Of America, 1948).
  • Marx Alexander ve Margolis Max L. A History Of The Jewish People (Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society Of America, 1937).
  • Müller, R.Jörg. “Juden im Westen des Reiches. Einflüsse, Eigenständigkeiten und Wirkungen im hohen und späten Mittelalter”, Zwischen Maas und Rhein: Beziehungen, Begegnungen und Konflikte in einem europäischen Kernraum von der Spätantike bis zum 19. Jahrhundert, hg. v. Franz Irsigler, Trier 2006 (Trierer historische Forschungen 61): 403– 434
  • Rabb, Theodore K. “Jews and Gentiles in the Holy Roman Empire —A Comment”, In and Out of the Ghetto Jewish-Gentile Relations In Late Medieval And Early Modern Germany, ed. R. Po-Chıa Hsıa And Hartmut Lehmann, (Cambridge University Press, 2002), 71-74.
  • Reuter, Ursula. “Jerusalem am Rhein. Die SchUM-Gemeinden Speyer, Worms und Mainz”, Beträge zur Rheinisch-Jüdischen Geschichte, Heft 3, 2013:1-32.
  • Rosensweig, Bernard. Ashkenazic Jewry in Transition (Canada: Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press, 1975).
  • Schama, Simon. Yahudilerin Tarihi, çev. Leyla Tonguç Basmacı (İstanbul: Alfa Tarih, 2019).
  • Shapiro, Alexander ve Ansbacher B., Mordechai. “Shum”, Encyclopaedia Judaica XVIII, second edition, ed. Fred Skolnik (Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House Ltd., 2007), 532-533.
  • Shulvass, Moses A. The History of the Jewish People II (Chicago: Regnery Gateway, 1982).
  • Straten, Jits Van. The Origin of Ashkenazi Jewry: The Controversy Unraveled (New York: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co., 2011).
  • Toch. Michael. The Economic History of European Jews Late Antiquity and Early Middle Ages (Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2013).
  • Toch, Michael. “Jewish Migrations to, within and from Medieval Germany”, Le Migrazioni in Europa Secc. XIII-XVIII, ed. Simonetta Cavaciocchi (Florence: Le Monnier, 1994), 639-652.
  • Toch, Michael ve Müller-Luckner Elisabeth. “Wirtschaftsgeschichte der mittelalterlichen Juden Fragen und Einschätzungen”. Schriften des Historischen Kollegs Kolloquien 71, ed. Lothar Gail (München: R. Oldenbourg Verlag, 2008), 181-210.
There are 38 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Art History, Theory and Criticism (Other)
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Seda Özmen 0000-0002-9235-4476

Publication Date December 31, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Issue: 1

Cite

Chicago Özmen, Seda. “Schum Yahudi Topluluğu Bağlamında Birinci Haçlı Seferi Öncesi Aşkenaz Yahudiliği’ne Bakış”. MESOS Disiplinlerarası Ortaçağ Çalışmaları Dergisi 1, no. 1 (December 2019): 43-71.