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A Brief Overview of the History of Forensic Psychology

Year 2020, Volume: 3 Issue: 1, 29 - 36, 28.06.2020
https://doi.org/10.33817/muhakeme.746122

Abstract

Forensic psychology is one of the rapidly growing and developing psychology specialties in the world. Psychology has been in law since ancient times. However, the science of psychology became an official academic discipline with the establishment of the first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig. Well-educated psychologists here are spread throughout Europe and then to America. Many researches have also been carried out in new psychology laboratories that are opened one after another. The research findings obtained have been used in various phases of the forensic system. The relationship between law and psychology, which started with the mental illness-criminal capacity relationship, has gained depth by examining the reliability of witness statements over time. Psychologists have taken more positions in courts over time and have expressed their expert opinions on various topics. After the world war period, psychologists were very often present in courts. The acceleration of forensic psychology came after the 1970s, and finaly in 2010, forensic psychology was recognized as a specialization branch by the American Psychological Association (APA). In this study, the emergence process of “McNaughten Rules”, which forms the basis of forensic psychiatry and therefore forensic psychology, important names and psychological researches contributing to the judicial process, psychologists' acceptance in courts, recognition of forensic psychology as an official speciality and the recent development process.

References

  • Akdaş, A., & Oral, G. (2006). Akademik bir disiplin ve uygulama alanı olarak adli psikoloji. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 9(17),71-90.
  • American Psychology Association. (2013). Specialty guidelines for forensic psychology. American Psychologist, 68(1), 7-19.
  • Bartol, C. R., & Bartol, A. M. (2019). Introduction to forensic psychology: Research and application (5th Edition). Los Angeles London New Delhi Singapore Washington DC Melbourne: Sage Publications, Inc.
  • Berkowitz, L., & LePage, A. (1967). Weapons as aggression-eliciting stimuli. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 7, 202-7.
  • Binet, A. (1900). La suggestibilite´ [On suggestibility]. Paris: Schleicher.
  • Biswas, G. Review of forensic medicine and toxicology: Including clinical & pathological aspects. 2nd edition. New Delhi Panama City London:Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd.
  • Bolton, F. E. (1896). The accuracy of recollection and observation. Psychological Review, 3(3), 286-95. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0073741s
  • Brigham, J. C. (1999). What is forensic psychology, anyway? Law and Human Behavior, 23(3), 273-98. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022304414537
  • Brown, J., Shell, Y., & Cole, T. (2015). Forensic psychology: Theory, research, policy and practice. Los Angeles London New Delhi Singapore Washington DC Melbourne: Sage Publications, Inc.
  • Carter, D. (2010). Forensic psychology: A very short introduction. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Duman, N. (2018). Koruyucu ve destekleyici önlem olarak çocukların mağdur olarak bulunduğu davalarda hayvanların kullanımı. R&S - Research Studies Anatolia Journal, 1(2), 368-75 . Freud, S. (1906/1959). Psycho-analysis and the establishment of the facts in legal proceedings. In J. Strachey (Ed.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud, Volume 9 (pp. 103-114). London: Hogarth.
  • From Daniel M’Naughten to John Hinckley: A brief history of the insanity defense. (2020, 31 Mayıs). Erişim adresi: https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/crime/trial/history.html
  • Grisso, T. A. (1991). Developmental history of the American Psychology-Law Society. Law Hum Behav, 15, 213-31. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01061710
  • Gudjonsson G. H., & Haward, L. R. C. (1999). Forensic psychology: A guide to practice (2nd ed.). NY: Routledge Pub.
  • History of Courtroom Testimony. (2020). Erişim adresi: http://criminal-justice.iresearchnet.com/forensic-psychology/history-of-forensic-psychology/courtroom-testimony/
  • Holder, C. (2013). All dogs go to court: the impact of court facility dogs as comfort for child witnesses on a defendant’s right to a fair trial. Houston Law Review. Symposium 2013, 50(4), 1155-87. Insanity defense. (2020, 31 Mayıs). Erişim adresi: https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/insanity_defense
  • Kocsis, R. N. (2009). Applied criminal psychology: A Guide to forensic behavioral sciences. Springfield, Illinois USA:Charles C ThomasPublisher Ltd.
  • Loftus, E. F. (1996). Eyewitness testimony. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harward University Press.
  • Loftus, E. F., Loftus, G. R., & Messo, J. (1987) 'Some facts about “weapon focus”'. Law and Human Behaviour, 11: 55–62
  • Marbe, K. (1936). Work in commercial high schools and practical attitude. In C. Murchison (Ed.), A history of psychology in autobiography, Vol. 3 (pp. 181-213). Worcester, MA: Clark University Press.
  • Moran, R. (1981). Knowing right from wrong: The insanity defense of Daniel McNaughten. New York:Free Press.
  • Münsterberg, H. (1908). On the witness stand. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
  • Otto, R. K., & Heilbrun, K. (2002). The practice of forensic psychology: A look toward the future in light of the past. American Psychologist, 57, 5–18.
  • Saugstad, P. (2018). A history of modern psychology. Cambride, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
  • Sommer, A. (2012). Policing epistemic deviance: Albert von Schrenck-Notzing and Albert Moll. Med. Hist.,56(2), 255-76.
  • Stern, L. W. (1939). The psychology of testimony. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 34(1), 3-20. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0054144
  • Tymn, M. (2011). Biography of Baron Albert von Schrenck-Notzing (1862-1929). Academy for Spiritual and Consciousness Studies, Inc.. Retrieved 7 September 2014, from http://www.ascsi.org/ASCS/Library/LegacyRoom/Biographies/Schrenck_A.pdf
  • Wells, G. L., Memon, A., & Penrod, S. D. (2006). Eyewitness evidence: Improving its probative value. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 7(2), 45-75.

Adli Psikoloji’nin Tarihine Kısa Bir Bakış

Year 2020, Volume: 3 Issue: 1, 29 - 36, 28.06.2020
https://doi.org/10.33817/muhakeme.746122

Abstract

Adli psikoloji dünyada hızla büyüyen ve gelişen psikoloji uzmanlık alanlarından biridir. Psikoloji, hukuk içerisinde çok eski zamanlardan beri yer almaktadır. Ancak psikoloji bilimi, Leipzig Üniversitesi’nde ilk psikoloji laboratuvarının kurulmasıyla resmî akademik bir disiplin olabilmiştir. Bu labaratuvarda yetişen donanımlı psikologlar Avrupa’ya ve sonrasında Amerika’ya dağılmışlardır. Peşi sıra açılan yeni psikoloji laboratuvarlarında da pek çok araştırma yürütülmüştür. Elde edilen araştırma bulgularından adli sistemin çeşitli safhalarında faydalanılmıştır. Akıl hastalığı-ceza ehliyeti ilişkisi ile başlayan hukuk-psikoloji ilişkisi, zaman içerisinde tanık ifadelerinin güvenilirliğinin incelenmesi ile derinlik kazanmıştır. Psikologlar zaman içerisinde mahkemelerde daha fazla görev alıp, çeşitli konularda uzman görüşlerini bildirmişlerdir. Savaş dönemi sonrasında psikologlar mahkemelerde çok sık yer almışlardır. Adli psikolojinin ivme kazanması 1970'lerden sonra olmuş, en nihayetinde 2010 yılında adli psikoloji Amerikan Psikoloji Birliği (APA) tarafından resmi uzmanlık branşı olarak kabul edilmiştir. Bu çalışmada adli psikiyatrinin ve dolayısıyla adli psikolojinin temelini oluşturan “McNaughten Kuralları”nın ortaya çıkış süreci, yargı sürecine katkı sağlayan önemli isimler ve psikolojik araştırmaları, psikologların mahkemelerde görev alışları, adli psikolojinin resmi uzmanlık branşı olarak tanınması ve son dönem gelişim süreci ele alınacaktır.

References

  • Akdaş, A., & Oral, G. (2006). Akademik bir disiplin ve uygulama alanı olarak adli psikoloji. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 9(17),71-90.
  • American Psychology Association. (2013). Specialty guidelines for forensic psychology. American Psychologist, 68(1), 7-19.
  • Bartol, C. R., & Bartol, A. M. (2019). Introduction to forensic psychology: Research and application (5th Edition). Los Angeles London New Delhi Singapore Washington DC Melbourne: Sage Publications, Inc.
  • Berkowitz, L., & LePage, A. (1967). Weapons as aggression-eliciting stimuli. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 7, 202-7.
  • Binet, A. (1900). La suggestibilite´ [On suggestibility]. Paris: Schleicher.
  • Biswas, G. Review of forensic medicine and toxicology: Including clinical & pathological aspects. 2nd edition. New Delhi Panama City London:Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd.
  • Bolton, F. E. (1896). The accuracy of recollection and observation. Psychological Review, 3(3), 286-95. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0073741s
  • Brigham, J. C. (1999). What is forensic psychology, anyway? Law and Human Behavior, 23(3), 273-98. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022304414537
  • Brown, J., Shell, Y., & Cole, T. (2015). Forensic psychology: Theory, research, policy and practice. Los Angeles London New Delhi Singapore Washington DC Melbourne: Sage Publications, Inc.
  • Carter, D. (2010). Forensic psychology: A very short introduction. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Duman, N. (2018). Koruyucu ve destekleyici önlem olarak çocukların mağdur olarak bulunduğu davalarda hayvanların kullanımı. R&S - Research Studies Anatolia Journal, 1(2), 368-75 . Freud, S. (1906/1959). Psycho-analysis and the establishment of the facts in legal proceedings. In J. Strachey (Ed.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud, Volume 9 (pp. 103-114). London: Hogarth.
  • From Daniel M’Naughten to John Hinckley: A brief history of the insanity defense. (2020, 31 Mayıs). Erişim adresi: https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/crime/trial/history.html
  • Grisso, T. A. (1991). Developmental history of the American Psychology-Law Society. Law Hum Behav, 15, 213-31. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01061710
  • Gudjonsson G. H., & Haward, L. R. C. (1999). Forensic psychology: A guide to practice (2nd ed.). NY: Routledge Pub.
  • History of Courtroom Testimony. (2020). Erişim adresi: http://criminal-justice.iresearchnet.com/forensic-psychology/history-of-forensic-psychology/courtroom-testimony/
  • Holder, C. (2013). All dogs go to court: the impact of court facility dogs as comfort for child witnesses on a defendant’s right to a fair trial. Houston Law Review. Symposium 2013, 50(4), 1155-87. Insanity defense. (2020, 31 Mayıs). Erişim adresi: https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/insanity_defense
  • Kocsis, R. N. (2009). Applied criminal psychology: A Guide to forensic behavioral sciences. Springfield, Illinois USA:Charles C ThomasPublisher Ltd.
  • Loftus, E. F. (1996). Eyewitness testimony. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harward University Press.
  • Loftus, E. F., Loftus, G. R., & Messo, J. (1987) 'Some facts about “weapon focus”'. Law and Human Behaviour, 11: 55–62
  • Marbe, K. (1936). Work in commercial high schools and practical attitude. In C. Murchison (Ed.), A history of psychology in autobiography, Vol. 3 (pp. 181-213). Worcester, MA: Clark University Press.
  • Moran, R. (1981). Knowing right from wrong: The insanity defense of Daniel McNaughten. New York:Free Press.
  • Münsterberg, H. (1908). On the witness stand. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
  • Otto, R. K., & Heilbrun, K. (2002). The practice of forensic psychology: A look toward the future in light of the past. American Psychologist, 57, 5–18.
  • Saugstad, P. (2018). A history of modern psychology. Cambride, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
  • Sommer, A. (2012). Policing epistemic deviance: Albert von Schrenck-Notzing and Albert Moll. Med. Hist.,56(2), 255-76.
  • Stern, L. W. (1939). The psychology of testimony. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 34(1), 3-20. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0054144
  • Tymn, M. (2011). Biography of Baron Albert von Schrenck-Notzing (1862-1929). Academy for Spiritual and Consciousness Studies, Inc.. Retrieved 7 September 2014, from http://www.ascsi.org/ASCS/Library/LegacyRoom/Biographies/Schrenck_A.pdf
  • Wells, G. L., Memon, A., & Penrod, S. D. (2006). Eyewitness evidence: Improving its probative value. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 7(2), 45-75.
There are 28 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Psychology
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Nesrin Duman 0000-0002-2751-8315

Publication Date June 28, 2020
Submission Date May 31, 2020
Acceptance Date June 17, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 3 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Duman, N. (2020). Adli Psikoloji’nin Tarihine Kısa Bir Bakış. Muhakeme Dergisi, 3(1), 29-36. https://doi.org/10.33817/muhakeme.746122

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