Abstract
Music is a universal and fascinating subject due to its philosophy. Music offers an uninterrupted process of human history and cultures. The origin of music is as old as the history of man. Music Takes Its Place in all aspects of life in an abstract and concrete way. Music occupies many areas of everyday life, plays an important role in a person's daily life. Music Archaeology, where organology has traditionally been a central tenet, has the strongest interests in this field of research. In this study, the prehistoric and historical process of musical instruments is tried to be revealed. This article aims to bring valuable studies in music archeology into focus. It has been tried to find a theoretical solution to the questions such as who, where, why and when they made these instruments. The period of musical instruments in this study is dated from the Middle Paleolithic to the time periods between antiquity. Examples of instruments related to the era were given and an attempt was made to establish integrity. Wood, plant-based organic tools can not come to the present day, these tools in question have not been mentioned. When it comes to the Bronze Age, musical instruments begin to show much more diversity. Music becomes an important part of everyday life. There are many mythological descriptions of music in ancient Greek depictions.
References
- 1. Morley I. The Evolutionary Origins And Archaeology Of Music or An Investigation into the Prehistory of Human Musical Capacities and Behaviours, Using Archaeological, Anthropological, Cognitive and Behavioural Evidence, Faculty of Archaeology and Anthropology of Cambridge University, Doktora Tezi; Cambridge: 2003
- 2. D’errico F,et al. Middle Palaeolithic origin of music? Using cave-bear bone accumulations to assess the Divje Babe I bone ‘flute’. Antiquity 1998; 72: 65–79.
- 3. Killin A. The origins of music: evidence, theory, and prospects. Music & Science 2018; 1:1-23.
- 4. Kunej D, Turk I. (2000). New perspectives on the beginnings of music: Archeological and musicological analysis of a middle paleolithic bone “flute.” In: Wallin N, Merker B, Brown S. Editors. The origins of music. Cambridge: MIT Press; 2000. pp: 235–269.
- 5. Atema J. Old Bone Fluttes. Pan Magazine 2004; 11: 18-23. 6. Atema J. Musical origins and the stone age evolution of flutes. Acoustics Today 2014; 10(3): 25-34.
- 7. Gill F. Flute Lines: Experiencing Reconstructions Concerning Music [Internet] [Dissertation]. 2012. Available from: http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-27479.
- 8. Turk M, Turk I, Otte M. The Neanderthal Musical Instrument from Divje Babe I Cave (Slovenia): A Critical Review of the Discussion. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10(4):1226.
- 9. Münzel SC, Seeberger F, Hein W. The Geissenklösterle Flute—Discovery, Experiments, Reconstruction. Hickmann E, Kilmer AD, Eichmann R, editors. Studien zur Musikarchaologie III; Archaologie früher Klangerzeugung und Tonordnung; Musikarchaologie in der Agais und Anatolien. Orient-Archaologie Bd. 10. Verlag Marie Leidorf GmbH: Rahden/Westfalen; 2002. pp: 107–118.
- 10. Davis SJM, Moreno-García M. Of metapodials, measurements and music: eight years of miscellaneous zooarchaeological discoveries at the IPA, Lisbon. O Arqueólogo Português 2007; 25:9–165.
- 11. Benito CG, Gracia MA, Perez CM. (2016). Reproduction of an Upper Palaeolithic Bird-Bone Pipe with Finger Holes from Isturitz First Experiments. In: Eichmann R, Koch LC, Jianjun F, editors. Sound-Object-Culture-History. Papers from the 9th Symposium of the ISGMA at the Ethnological Museum, State Museums Berlin: 09-12 Eylül, 2014. Orient-Archäologie 37, Studien zur Musikarchäologie X, 2016. pp: 213-223.
- 12. Brade C. The Prehistoric Flute-Did It Exist?. The Galpin Society Journal 1982; 35 (1): 138-150.
- 13. Conard N, Malina M, Münzel SC. New flutes document the earliest musical tradition in southwestern Germany. Nature 460 2009; 737–740.
- 14. Conard N, Malina M. New evidence for the origins of music from the caves of the Swabian Jura. In: Both AA, Eichmann R, Hickmann E, & Koch LCh, editors. Orient-Archaologie Band 22. Studien zur Musikarchaologie VI. Rahden, Germany: Verlag Marie Leidorf Gmbh; 2008.pp: 13–22.
- 15. Kuhn S, Stiner M. The earliest Aurignacian of Riparo Mochi (Liguria, Italy). Current Anthropology 1998; 39 (3), 175–189.
- 16. Morley I. Mousterian musicianship? The case of the Divje babe I bone. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 2006; 25(4), 317–333.
- 17. Odar B. Potocka zijavka Fertility rites in The Raining cave. Studia mythological Slavica XV 2012; 9‒34.
- 18. Merriam A. The Anthropology of Music. Chicago: North Western University Press: 1964
- 19. Zhang J, et al. Oldest playable musical instruments found at Jiahu early Neolithic site in China. Nature 401 1999; 366-368.
- 20. Benito CG. Wind from the Sky, Wind from the Earth. The Earliest Bone Pipes and Whistles. De Angeli S. Et al. editors. Music and Sound in Ancient Europe Contributions from the European Music Archaeology Project. Roma: Emap; 2018. pp: 26-29.
- 21. Duchesne-Guillemin M A. Hurrian Musical Score from Ugarit: the Discovery of Mesopotamian Music. Malibu:Undena Publications: 1984.
- 22. Woolley CL. Ur Excavations Volume II The Royal Cemetery. A Report on the Predynastic ans Sargonid Graves Excavated Between 1926 and 1931 (Text and Plates). London: Oxford University Press: 1934.
- 23. Van Dijk RM. Mesopotamian Early Dyanstic Bull-Lyres. XIV Jornadas Interescuelas/Departamentos de Historia. Departamento de Historia de la Facultad de Filosofía y Letras. Mendoza: Universidad Nacional de Cuyo: 2013.
- 24. Duchesne-Guillemin M. Music in Ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt. World Archaeology 1981; 12(3), 287-297.
- 25. Roaf M. Atlaslı Büyük Uygarlıklar Ansiklopedisi Mezopotamya ve Eski Yakındoğu (9) (Çeviren: Zülal Kılıç) İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları: 1996.
- 26. Henderson I. Ancient Greek Music. In: Wellesz E.editor. Ancient and Oriental Music London: Oxford University Press: 1957.
- 27. Erhat A. Mitoloji Sözlüğü. İstanbul: Remzi Kitapevi: 1996.
Abstract
Müzik, evrensel ve felsefesi gereği büyüleyici bir konudur. Müzik, insanlık tarihine ve kültürlerine dair kesintisiz bir süreç sunar. Müziğin kökeni insanın tarihi kadar eskidir. Müzik Soyut ve somut olarak hayatın her alanında kendine yer edinir. Gündelik yaşamın birçok alanını kaplar, insanın günlük yaşamında önemli rol oynar. Organoloji nin geleneksel olarak merkezi bir ilke olduğu müzik arkeolojisi, bu araştırma alanında en güçlü çıkarlara sahiptir. Bu çalışmada müzik enstrümanlarının tarihöncesi ve tarihsel süreci ortaya koyulmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu makale müzik arkeolojisiyle ilgili değerli çalışmaları odak haline getirmeyi hedeflemektedir. Bu enstrümanları kimler, nerede, neden ve ne zaman yaptılar gibi sorulara yönelik kuramsal çözüm bulunmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu çalışmadaki müzik enstrümanları Orta Paleolitik dönemden antik çağ arasındaki zaman dilimlerine tarihlenmektedir. Çağlarla ilgili olarak enstrümanlardan örnekler verilmiş ve bir bütünlük oluşturulmaya çalışılmıştır. Ahşap, bitkisel temelli organik aletlerin günümüze kadar gelemediğinden söz konusu bu aletlere değinilmemiştir. Tunç Çağına gelindiğinde müzik enstrümanları çok daha çeşitlilik göstermeye başlar. Müzik gündelik hayatın önemli bir parçası haline gelir. Antik Grek tasvirlerinde ise müzikle ilgili birçok mitolojik tasvir bulunmaktadır.
References
- 1. Morley I. The Evolutionary Origins And Archaeology Of Music or An Investigation into the Prehistory of Human Musical Capacities and Behaviours, Using Archaeological, Anthropological, Cognitive and Behavioural Evidence, Faculty of Archaeology and Anthropology of Cambridge University, Doktora Tezi; Cambridge: 2003
- 2. D’errico F,et al. Middle Palaeolithic origin of music? Using cave-bear bone accumulations to assess the Divje Babe I bone ‘flute’. Antiquity 1998; 72: 65–79.
- 3. Killin A. The origins of music: evidence, theory, and prospects. Music & Science 2018; 1:1-23.
- 4. Kunej D, Turk I. (2000). New perspectives on the beginnings of music: Archeological and musicological analysis of a middle paleolithic bone “flute.” In: Wallin N, Merker B, Brown S. Editors. The origins of music. Cambridge: MIT Press; 2000. pp: 235–269.
- 5. Atema J. Old Bone Fluttes. Pan Magazine 2004; 11: 18-23. 6. Atema J. Musical origins and the stone age evolution of flutes. Acoustics Today 2014; 10(3): 25-34.
- 7. Gill F. Flute Lines: Experiencing Reconstructions Concerning Music [Internet] [Dissertation]. 2012. Available from: http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-27479.
- 8. Turk M, Turk I, Otte M. The Neanderthal Musical Instrument from Divje Babe I Cave (Slovenia): A Critical Review of the Discussion. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10(4):1226.
- 9. Münzel SC, Seeberger F, Hein W. The Geissenklösterle Flute—Discovery, Experiments, Reconstruction. Hickmann E, Kilmer AD, Eichmann R, editors. Studien zur Musikarchaologie III; Archaologie früher Klangerzeugung und Tonordnung; Musikarchaologie in der Agais und Anatolien. Orient-Archaologie Bd. 10. Verlag Marie Leidorf GmbH: Rahden/Westfalen; 2002. pp: 107–118.
- 10. Davis SJM, Moreno-García M. Of metapodials, measurements and music: eight years of miscellaneous zooarchaeological discoveries at the IPA, Lisbon. O Arqueólogo Português 2007; 25:9–165.
- 11. Benito CG, Gracia MA, Perez CM. (2016). Reproduction of an Upper Palaeolithic Bird-Bone Pipe with Finger Holes from Isturitz First Experiments. In: Eichmann R, Koch LC, Jianjun F, editors. Sound-Object-Culture-History. Papers from the 9th Symposium of the ISGMA at the Ethnological Museum, State Museums Berlin: 09-12 Eylül, 2014. Orient-Archäologie 37, Studien zur Musikarchäologie X, 2016. pp: 213-223.
- 12. Brade C. The Prehistoric Flute-Did It Exist?. The Galpin Society Journal 1982; 35 (1): 138-150.
- 13. Conard N, Malina M, Münzel SC. New flutes document the earliest musical tradition in southwestern Germany. Nature 460 2009; 737–740.
- 14. Conard N, Malina M. New evidence for the origins of music from the caves of the Swabian Jura. In: Both AA, Eichmann R, Hickmann E, & Koch LCh, editors. Orient-Archaologie Band 22. Studien zur Musikarchaologie VI. Rahden, Germany: Verlag Marie Leidorf Gmbh; 2008.pp: 13–22.
- 15. Kuhn S, Stiner M. The earliest Aurignacian of Riparo Mochi (Liguria, Italy). Current Anthropology 1998; 39 (3), 175–189.
- 16. Morley I. Mousterian musicianship? The case of the Divje babe I bone. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 2006; 25(4), 317–333.
- 17. Odar B. Potocka zijavka Fertility rites in The Raining cave. Studia mythological Slavica XV 2012; 9‒34.
- 18. Merriam A. The Anthropology of Music. Chicago: North Western University Press: 1964
- 19. Zhang J, et al. Oldest playable musical instruments found at Jiahu early Neolithic site in China. Nature 401 1999; 366-368.
- 20. Benito CG. Wind from the Sky, Wind from the Earth. The Earliest Bone Pipes and Whistles. De Angeli S. Et al. editors. Music and Sound in Ancient Europe Contributions from the European Music Archaeology Project. Roma: Emap; 2018. pp: 26-29.
- 21. Duchesne-Guillemin M A. Hurrian Musical Score from Ugarit: the Discovery of Mesopotamian Music. Malibu:Undena Publications: 1984.
- 22. Woolley CL. Ur Excavations Volume II The Royal Cemetery. A Report on the Predynastic ans Sargonid Graves Excavated Between 1926 and 1931 (Text and Plates). London: Oxford University Press: 1934.
- 23. Van Dijk RM. Mesopotamian Early Dyanstic Bull-Lyres. XIV Jornadas Interescuelas/Departamentos de Historia. Departamento de Historia de la Facultad de Filosofía y Letras. Mendoza: Universidad Nacional de Cuyo: 2013.
- 24. Duchesne-Guillemin M. Music in Ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt. World Archaeology 1981; 12(3), 287-297.
- 25. Roaf M. Atlaslı Büyük Uygarlıklar Ansiklopedisi Mezopotamya ve Eski Yakındoğu (9) (Çeviren: Zülal Kılıç) İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları: 1996.
- 26. Henderson I. Ancient Greek Music. In: Wellesz E.editor. Ancient and Oriental Music London: Oxford University Press: 1957.
- 27. Erhat A. Mitoloji Sözlüğü. İstanbul: Remzi Kitapevi: 1996.
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Clinical Sciences |
| Journal Section | Review |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | January 26, 2021 |
| Submission Date | October 19, 2020 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2021 Volume: 11 Issue: 1 |
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Periodical scientific publication of Mersin University School of Medicine. Can not be cited without reference. Responsibility of the articles belong to the authors
Ayşegül Tuğuz
from composition of İlter Uzel named “Dioscorides and his Student
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Mersin Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Tıp Tarihi ve Etik Anabilim Dalı Çiftlikköy Kampüsü
Yenişehir / Mersin