Abstract
Tarih boyunca temel tıp bilimlerinde cinsiyet farklılıkları kadın şifacıları olumsuz etkilemiştir. Kadınların yaratıcılığı, şifacılığı ve doğası, yaratılış mitlerine de konu olan toprak ve bitkilerle ilişkilendirilmiştir. Kadınlar, özellikle toplumsal cinsiyet ayrımcılığına maruz kaldıkları Orta Çağ'da, genellikle dini, sosyal ve ekonomik nedenlerle olumsuz tasvirlenmiştir. Kadın şifacılar genellikle sihir ve mucize gibi çeşitli soyut tedavi yöntemlerini uygulama ile ilişkilendirilse de, bu şifacıların tıbbi bilimlerdeki bilgilerini uygulama yöntemleri proto-modern tıpa örnek teşkil etmiştir. Ataerkil ve dini baskılara rağmen kadın şifacılar varlıklarını korumuş, tıbbi bilimleri uygulamış ve bu alanda de yetilerinin olduğunu gözler önüne sermiştir. Bu makale, kadın şifacıların iki Anglo-Norman romanslarında özellikle de Gui de Warewic ve Boeve de Haumtone’da nasıl ve niçin önem arz ettiğini gün yüzüne çıkarmaktadır. Bir başka deyişle bu çalışma Orta Çağ Avrupa'sında iyileştirme yöntemlerinin temsillerini ve kadın şifacıların temel tıp bilimlerini uygulaması sürecindeki konumunu irdelemektedir.
References
- Achterberg, J, Woman as Healer, Rider, London, 1990.
- Beauvoir, Simone de, The Second Sex, Jonathan Cape, London, 1958.
- Eliade, Mircea, A History of Religious Ideas, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1988.
- Green, Monica; “Women's Medical Practice and Health Care in Medieval Europe”, Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 14, no. 2, 1989, pp. 434–73.
- Heer, Friedrich, The Medieval World: Europe, 1100-1350, translated by Janet Sondheimer, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1962.
- Heng, Geraldine, The Invention of Race in the European Middle Ages, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2019.
- Kee, Howard Clark, Medicine, Miracle, and Magic in New Testament Times, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2005.
- Kee, Howard Clark, Miracle in the Early Christian World: A Study in Sociohistorical Method, Yale University Press, New Haven, 1983.
- Kramer, Samuel Noah, Sumerians, University of Chicago Press, London, 1963.
- Livingstone, Amy; “Powerful Allies and Dangerous Adversaries; Noblewomen in Medieval Society”, Women in Medieval Western European Culture, (Ed. Linda E. Mitchell), Routledge, New York, 2011, pp. 7-30.
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- Rice, Patricia C.; “Prehistoric Venuses: Symbols of Motherhood or Womanhood?”, Journal of Anthropological Research 37, no. 4, 1981, pp. 402–14.
- Saunders, Corinne, Magic and the Supernatural in Medieval English Romance, D.S. Brewer, Cambridge, 2010.
- Taylor, Henry Osborn, The Medieval Mind a History of the Development of Thought and Emotion in the Middle Ages, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 2013.
- Tomlinson, Richard Allan, Epidaurus in The Oxford Classical Dictionary, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2012.
- Watt, Diane; “Mary the Physician”, Medicine, Religion and Gender in Medieval Culture, (Ed. Naoë Kukita Yoshikawa), D.S Brewer, Cambridge, 2015, pp. 27–44.
- Weiss, Judith; “Beginnings: Anglo-Norman Romance”, A Companion to Romance from Classical to Contemporary, (Ed. Corinne Saunders), Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, 2004, pp. 26–44.
- Weiss, Judith, Boeve de Haumtone and Gui De Warewic: Two Anglo-Norman Romances, Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, Tempe, 2008.
- Yoshikawa, Naoë Kukita, Medicine, Religion, and Gender in Medieval Culture, D.S. Brewer, Cambridge, 2015.
Abstract
Throughout history, gender differences in medicine severely and adversely affected women healers. Women's creativity, healing, and nature were associated with the earth and plants and were the subject of creation myths. Women were generally oppressed for religious, social, and economic reasons, especially during the Middle Ages, and suffered from gender discrimination. While female healers were usually associated with magic and miracles, they put the knowledge of medicine into practice, and their applications could be considered proto-modern medicine. Despite the patriarchal and religious oppressions, gifted women healers continued to exist and did not leave the field of medicine. This paper explores how and why two Anglo-Norman romances, particularly Gui de Warewic and Boeve de Haumtone portray female healers. In other words, this paper examines the representations of medical treatments in medieval Europe and the continuity of the existence of female healers in medieval England.
References
- Achterberg, J, Woman as Healer, Rider, London, 1990.
- Beauvoir, Simone de, The Second Sex, Jonathan Cape, London, 1958.
- Eliade, Mircea, A History of Religious Ideas, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1988.
- Green, Monica; “Women's Medical Practice and Health Care in Medieval Europe”, Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 14, no. 2, 1989, pp. 434–73.
- Heer, Friedrich, The Medieval World: Europe, 1100-1350, translated by Janet Sondheimer, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1962.
- Heng, Geraldine, The Invention of Race in the European Middle Ages, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2019.
- Kee, Howard Clark, Medicine, Miracle, and Magic in New Testament Times, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2005.
- Kee, Howard Clark, Miracle in the Early Christian World: A Study in Sociohistorical Method, Yale University Press, New Haven, 1983.
- Kramer, Samuel Noah, Sumerians, University of Chicago Press, London, 1963.
- Livingstone, Amy; “Powerful Allies and Dangerous Adversaries; Noblewomen in Medieval Society”, Women in Medieval Western European Culture, (Ed. Linda E. Mitchell), Routledge, New York, 2011, pp. 7-30.
- Mitchell, Linda E; “Sources for the History of Medieval Women”, Women In Medieval Western European Culture, (Ed. Linda E. Mitchell), Routledge, New York, 2011, pp. IX-XIV.
- Park, Katharine; “Medicine and Society in Medieval Europe, 500-1500”. Medicine in Society, 1992, pp. 59–90
- Rice, Patricia C.; “Prehistoric Venuses: Symbols of Motherhood or Womanhood?”, Journal of Anthropological Research 37, no. 4, 1981, pp. 402–14.
- Saunders, Corinne, Magic and the Supernatural in Medieval English Romance, D.S. Brewer, Cambridge, 2010.
- Taylor, Henry Osborn, The Medieval Mind a History of the Development of Thought and Emotion in the Middle Ages, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 2013.
- Tomlinson, Richard Allan, Epidaurus in The Oxford Classical Dictionary, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2012.
- Watt, Diane; “Mary the Physician”, Medicine, Religion and Gender in Medieval Culture, (Ed. Naoë Kukita Yoshikawa), D.S Brewer, Cambridge, 2015, pp. 27–44.
- Weiss, Judith; “Beginnings: Anglo-Norman Romance”, A Companion to Romance from Classical to Contemporary, (Ed. Corinne Saunders), Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, 2004, pp. 26–44.
- Weiss, Judith, Boeve de Haumtone and Gui De Warewic: Two Anglo-Norman Romances, Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, Tempe, 2008.
- Yoshikawa, Naoë Kukita, Medicine, Religion, and Gender in Medieval Culture, D.S. Brewer, Cambridge, 2015.
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Creative Arts and Writing |
| Journal Section | Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | June 26, 2023 |
| Submission Date | October 30, 2022 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2023 Volume: 6 Issue: 1 |
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