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Unconditional Basic Income in the Framework of the Fourth Industrial Revolution: An Assessment for Turkey

Year 2020, Volume: 15 Issue: 3, 903 - 924, 30.11.2020
https://doi.org/10.17153/oguiibf.613200

Abstract

The main purpose of this article is to evaluate the arguments about the unconditional basic income (UBI), which is considered as a partial solution to alleviate poverty and reduce income inequalities. The study will first explore if there is a relationship between income inequality and neoliberalism, which is the dominant economic understanding. Second, it will examine if there is a relationship between an increase in unemployment rates in some countries like Turkey and the deepening of the 4th Industrial Revolution (4th IR). Third, it will seek an answer if it is possible to implement policies that will not leave anyone hungry and vulnerable in a capitalist economic system. Fourth, the paper will briefly evaluate some basic income experiments from Brazil, India, the US, Canada, and Finland to find satisfactory answers to the above questions. Next, the budgetary costs of three alternative UBI possibilities for Turkey are calculated. Finally, the article will make a modest theoretical contribution to increasing the likelihood of positive externality spread to society.

References

  • Alvaredo, Facundo; Chancel, Lucas; Piketty, Thomas; Saez, Emmanuel ve Gabriel Zucman (2019), Dünya Eşitsizlik Raporu 2018, (Çev. Cimitoğlu, Hande Koçak), İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası.
  • BIEN (2017), “What Is Basic Income?”, Basic Income Earth Network, Erişim Linki: http://basicincome.org/basic-income, Erişim Tarihi: 01.04.2018.
  • Bonekamp, Linda; Sure, Mattihas (2015), "Consequences of Industry 4.0 on Human Labour and Work Organisation", Journal Of Business And Media Psychology, 6(1), 33-40.
  • Bott, Claire (2018, 7 Nisan), “Debate Over Alaska’s Permanent Fund Dividend”, BIEN News, Erişim Linki: https://basicincome.org/news/2018/04/debate-over-alaskas-permanent-fund-dividend/
  • Bowman, Dina; Mallett, Shelley; Cooney-o'donoghue, Diarmuid (2017), "Basic Income: Trade-Offs and Bottom Lines", Brotherhood Of St. Laurence, Working For An Australia Free Of Poverty, Reseach Policy Centre, Working Paper, 1-36.
  • Buğra, Ayşe; Keyder, Çağlar (2007), “Bir Temel Hak Olarak Vatandaşlık Gelirine Doğru”, İstanbul: İletişim.
  • Calnitsky, David; Latner, P. Jonathan (2017), "Basic Income in a Small Town: Understanding The Elusive Effects an Work", Social Problems, 1–25.
  • Cariappa, A. G. Adeeth; Sriniva, Apoorva (2019), “Universal Basic Income for India: The Way Towards Right to Equality-A Review”, Indian Journal Of Economics And Development, 15(1), 142-149.
  • Chugh, Nidhi (2018, January 30), “Can India Implement Universal Basic Income?”, moneycontrol.com, Erişim Linki: https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/economy/can-india-implement-universal-basic-income-2457035.html
  • CPI (2016), “Bolsa Familia in Brazil, Centre for Public Impact Case Study”, Erişim Linki: https://www.centreforpublicimpact.org/case-study/bolsa-familia-in-brazil/
  • De Wispelaere, Jurgen; Halmetoja, Antti; Pulkka, Vile-Veikko (2018), “The Rise (and Fall) of The Basic Income Experiment in Finland”, Cesifo Forum, ISSN 2190-717X, İfo Institut – Leibniz-Institut Für Wirtschaftsforschung An Der Universität München, München, 19(3), 15-19.
  • Dünya Bankası (2019) “Poverty Equity Brief: Europe & Central Asia: Turkey”, Erişim Linki: http://povertydata.worldbank.org/poverty/country/tur, Erişim Tarihi: 11.06.2019
  • Eğilmez, Mahfi (2016), “GSYH Hesaplaması Değişti, Kişi Başına Gelirimiz Arttı”, Erişim Linki: http://www.mahfiegilmez.com/2016/12/gsyh-hesaplamas-degisti-kisi-basna.html, Erişim Tarihi: 11.06.2019
  • Ford, Martin (2018), “Robotların Yükselişi: Yapay Zekâ Ve İşsiz Bir Gelecek Tehlikesi”, Duran, Cem (Çev.), İstanbul: Kronik.
  • Frey, Carl Benedikt; Osborne, A. Michael (2017), "The Future of Employment: How Susceptible are Jobs to Computerisation?", Technological Forecasting & Social Change, Vol. 114, 254–280.
  • Hernandez, Diego (2005), "Universal Basic Income as a Preferential Social Dividend a Proposal for The Colombian Case", The Journal Of Socio-Economics, Vol. 34, 27–38.
  • Hum, Derek; Simpson, Wayne (1993), “Economic Response to A Guaranteed Annual Income: Experience from Canada and The United States”, Journal Of Labor Economics. 11(1), 263-296.
  • ILO (2019), “World Employment and Social Outlook: Trends 2019”, International Labour Office, Geneva.
  • Jones, Damon; Marinescu, Ioana (2018), “The Labor Market Impacts of Universal and Permanent Cash Transfers: Evidence from The Alaska Permanent Fund”, NBER Working Paper Series, WP 24312, Erişim Linki: http://www.nber.org/papers/w24312.pdf
  • Kaboub, Fadhel (2007), “Employment Guarantee Programs: A Survey of Theories and Policy Experiences”, The Levy Economics Institute Of Bard College, Working Paper No: 498, 1-23,
  • Khosla, Saksham (2018), "India’s Universal Basic Income: Bedeviled by The Details", Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Publications Department, Washington, DC, 1-94,
  • Kim, Joon Young; Kim, Kyungsoo; Lee, SuKyoung (2017), "The Rise of Technological Unemployment and Its Implications on The Future Macroeconomic Landscape", Futures, Vol. 87, 1–9.
  • Laurınavıčıus, Algimantas; Laurınavıčıus, Antanas (2016), "The Concept of Basic Income: Global Experience and Implementation Possibilities in Lithuania", Business, Management and Education, 14(1), 50–63.
  • Lindert, Kathy; Linder, Anja; Hobbs, Jason; Brière, Benedicte de la (2007, May), “The Nuts and Bolts of Brazil’s Bolsa Família Program: Implementing Conditional Cash Transfers in A Decentralized Context”, Social Protection Discussion Paper 0709, Washington DC: The World Bank.
  • Longley, Robert (2017), “Mincome: A Guaranteed Income for All Americans: Eliminating Poverty or The Incentive to Work?”, about.com news and ıssues, Erişim Linki: http://usgovinfo.about.com/od/healthcare/fl/mincome-a-guaranteed-ıncome-for-all-americans.htm
  • Lucarelli, Stefano; Fumagalli, Andrea (2008), "Basic Income and Productivity in Cognitive Capitalism", Review of Social Economy, Vol. 66, No. 1, 71-92.
  • Lum, Zi-Ann (2017), “A Canadian City Once Eliminated Poverty and Nearly Everyone Forgot About It,” Erişim Linki: www.huffingtonpost.ca/2014/12/23/mincome-in-dauphin-manitoba_n_6335682.html
  • Marinescu, Ioana (2017), “No Strings Attached: The Behavioral Effects of U.S. Unconditional Cash Transfer Programs”, Roosevelt Institute, May, Erişim Linki: http://rooseveltinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/no-strings-attached-050417-1.pdf
  • Masih, Niha (2019, 17 Ocak), “Tiny Indian State Proposes World's Biggest Experiment with Guaranteed Income”, Washington Post.
  • Matthews, Dylan (2018, February 13), “The Amazing True Socialist Miracle of The Alaska Permanent Fund”, Vox, Erişim Linki: https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2018/2/13/16997188/alaska-basic-income-permanent-fund-oil-revenue-study
  • More, Thomas (2018 [1516]), “Utopia”, İstanbul: Dorlion Yayınevi.
  • Necef, Dal Şule (2009), “Bütünsel Bir Sanayileşme Modeli: Makro Reform Ve Mikro Reform İlişkisi”. (Der. Sönmez Mustafa; Konukman, Aziz; Necef, Dal Şule), Alternatif Sanayileşme Önerileri, İstanbul: Kalkedon.
  • Parijs, Philippe Van (1992), "Basic Income Capitalism", Ethics, Vol. 102, No. 3, 465-484.
  • Pinto, Michele de Lavra (2018), “Meanings of Poverty: An Ethnography of Bolsa Familia Beneficiaries in Rio De Janeiro/Brazil”. (Ed. Ystanes, Margit; Strønen, Iselin Åsedotter ), The Social Life Of Economic Inequalities İn Contemporary Latin America, Approaches To Social Inequality And Difference, Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 129-150.
  • Prochazka, Tyler (2019, 4 Haziran) “Basic Income’s Experimental Wave is over: Time for Policies”, Op-Ed, Opinion, Erişim Linki: https://basicincome.org/news/2019/06/basic-incomes-experimental-wave-is-over-time-for-policies/
  • Sen, Amartya (2004), “Özgürlükle Kalkınma”. (Çev, Alogan, Yavuz), İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Simpson, Wayne; Mason, Greg; Godwin, T. Ryan (2017), "The Manitoba Basic Annual Income Experiment: Lessons Learned 40 Years Later", Canadian Public Policy, 43(1), 85-104.
  • Soares, Fabio Veras; Ribas, Perez Rafeal; Osório, Guerreiro Rafael (2010), “Evaluating The Impact of Brazil’s Bolsa Familia: Cash Transfer Programmes in Comparative Perspective”, Latin American Research Review, 45(2), 173-190.
  • Standing, Guy (2007), “Temel Gelir: Küreselleşen Dünyada Yoksullukla Mücadele Yöntemi”, (Der. Buğra, Ayşe; Keyder, Çağlar) Bir Temel Hak Olarak Vatandaşlık Gelirine Doğru, (Çev. Çekem, İsmail), İstanbul: İletişim.
  • Stiglitz, Joseph Eugene (2014), “Eşitsizliğin Bedeli: Bugünkü Bölünmüş Toplumu Geleceğimizi Nasıl Tehlikeye Atıyor?”, (Çev. İşler, Ozan), İstanbul: İletişim.
  • Tondani, Davide (2009), "Universal Basic Income and Negative Income Tax: Two Different Ways of Thinking Redistribution", The Journal Of Socio-Economics, 38, 246–255.
  • Türkiye Cumhuriyet Merkez Bankası, Erişim Linki: https://evds2.tcmb.gov.tr/, Erişim Tarihi: 29.03.2018
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu, Erişim Linki: http://www.tuik.gov.tr/ustmenu.do?metod=temelist, Erişim Tarihi: 29.03.2018
  • Weber, Enzo (2017), "Employment And The Welfare State İn The Era Of Digitalisation", Cesifo Forum, 4 / 2017, 22-28.
  • Weisbrot, Mark; Bakerve, Dean; Rosnick, David (2007), “The Scorecard on Development: 25 Years of Diminished Progress”, (Ed. Jomo, K.S.; Baudot, Jacques) Flat World, Big Gaps: Economic Liberalization, Globalization, Poverty & Inequality, 24-47, Orient Longman, Zed Books Ve TWN, London Ve New York.
  • Ylikännö, Minna; Kangas,, Olli (2019, April 14), “Finnish Basic Income Experiment Reveals Problems Of Conditional Benefits”, Guest Contributor Op-Ed, Opinion, Erişim Linki: https://basicincome.org/news/2019/04/finnish-basic-income-experiment-reveals-problems-of-conditional-benefits/

Dördüncü Sanayi Devrimi Çerçevesinde Koşulsuz Temel Gelir: Türkiye İçin Bir Değerlendirme

Year 2020, Volume: 15 Issue: 3, 903 - 924, 30.11.2020
https://doi.org/10.17153/oguiibf.613200

Abstract

Bu makalenin temel amacı, yoksulluğu ve gelir eşitsizliğini azaltabilecek kısmi bir çözüm olarak kabul edilen koşulsuz temel gelire (KTG) ilişkin tartışmaları değerlendirmektir. Çalışma ilk olarak gelir eşitsizliği ile neo-liberalizmin hâkim iktisat anlayış haline gelmesi arasında bir ilişki olup olmadığı sorusuna cevap aramaktadır. İkinci olarak Türkiye gibi bazı ülkelerde önemli ölçülerde artan işsizlik oranları ile derinleşen 4. Sanayi Devrimi (4. SD) arasında bir ilişki olup olmadığını sorgulamaktadır. Üçüncü olarak kapitalist bir ekonomik sistemde hiç kimseyi aç ve korunmasız bırakmayacak politikaların uygulanıp uygulanamayacağı sorusuna cevap aramakta-dır. Dördüncü olarak yukarıdaki sorulara tatminkâr cevaplar bulabilmek için makale, Brezilya, Hindistan, ABD, Kanada ve Finlandiya’dan bazı temel gelir deneylerini kısaca değerlendirmektedir. Daha sonra Türkiye’de üç alternatif KTG uygulamasının bütçe üzerinde oluşturacağı maliyetler hesaplanmaktadır. Son olarak, topluma olumlu dışsallık yayılma olasılığını arttırmak için makale mütevazı bir teorik katkıda bulunmaktadır.  

References

  • Alvaredo, Facundo; Chancel, Lucas; Piketty, Thomas; Saez, Emmanuel ve Gabriel Zucman (2019), Dünya Eşitsizlik Raporu 2018, (Çev. Cimitoğlu, Hande Koçak), İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası.
  • BIEN (2017), “What Is Basic Income?”, Basic Income Earth Network, Erişim Linki: http://basicincome.org/basic-income, Erişim Tarihi: 01.04.2018.
  • Bonekamp, Linda; Sure, Mattihas (2015), "Consequences of Industry 4.0 on Human Labour and Work Organisation", Journal Of Business And Media Psychology, 6(1), 33-40.
  • Bott, Claire (2018, 7 Nisan), “Debate Over Alaska’s Permanent Fund Dividend”, BIEN News, Erişim Linki: https://basicincome.org/news/2018/04/debate-over-alaskas-permanent-fund-dividend/
  • Bowman, Dina; Mallett, Shelley; Cooney-o'donoghue, Diarmuid (2017), "Basic Income: Trade-Offs and Bottom Lines", Brotherhood Of St. Laurence, Working For An Australia Free Of Poverty, Reseach Policy Centre, Working Paper, 1-36.
  • Buğra, Ayşe; Keyder, Çağlar (2007), “Bir Temel Hak Olarak Vatandaşlık Gelirine Doğru”, İstanbul: İletişim.
  • Calnitsky, David; Latner, P. Jonathan (2017), "Basic Income in a Small Town: Understanding The Elusive Effects an Work", Social Problems, 1–25.
  • Cariappa, A. G. Adeeth; Sriniva, Apoorva (2019), “Universal Basic Income for India: The Way Towards Right to Equality-A Review”, Indian Journal Of Economics And Development, 15(1), 142-149.
  • Chugh, Nidhi (2018, January 30), “Can India Implement Universal Basic Income?”, moneycontrol.com, Erişim Linki: https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/economy/can-india-implement-universal-basic-income-2457035.html
  • CPI (2016), “Bolsa Familia in Brazil, Centre for Public Impact Case Study”, Erişim Linki: https://www.centreforpublicimpact.org/case-study/bolsa-familia-in-brazil/
  • De Wispelaere, Jurgen; Halmetoja, Antti; Pulkka, Vile-Veikko (2018), “The Rise (and Fall) of The Basic Income Experiment in Finland”, Cesifo Forum, ISSN 2190-717X, İfo Institut – Leibniz-Institut Für Wirtschaftsforschung An Der Universität München, München, 19(3), 15-19.
  • Dünya Bankası (2019) “Poverty Equity Brief: Europe & Central Asia: Turkey”, Erişim Linki: http://povertydata.worldbank.org/poverty/country/tur, Erişim Tarihi: 11.06.2019
  • Eğilmez, Mahfi (2016), “GSYH Hesaplaması Değişti, Kişi Başına Gelirimiz Arttı”, Erişim Linki: http://www.mahfiegilmez.com/2016/12/gsyh-hesaplamas-degisti-kisi-basna.html, Erişim Tarihi: 11.06.2019
  • Ford, Martin (2018), “Robotların Yükselişi: Yapay Zekâ Ve İşsiz Bir Gelecek Tehlikesi”, Duran, Cem (Çev.), İstanbul: Kronik.
  • Frey, Carl Benedikt; Osborne, A. Michael (2017), "The Future of Employment: How Susceptible are Jobs to Computerisation?", Technological Forecasting & Social Change, Vol. 114, 254–280.
  • Hernandez, Diego (2005), "Universal Basic Income as a Preferential Social Dividend a Proposal for The Colombian Case", The Journal Of Socio-Economics, Vol. 34, 27–38.
  • Hum, Derek; Simpson, Wayne (1993), “Economic Response to A Guaranteed Annual Income: Experience from Canada and The United States”, Journal Of Labor Economics. 11(1), 263-296.
  • ILO (2019), “World Employment and Social Outlook: Trends 2019”, International Labour Office, Geneva.
  • Jones, Damon; Marinescu, Ioana (2018), “The Labor Market Impacts of Universal and Permanent Cash Transfers: Evidence from The Alaska Permanent Fund”, NBER Working Paper Series, WP 24312, Erişim Linki: http://www.nber.org/papers/w24312.pdf
  • Kaboub, Fadhel (2007), “Employment Guarantee Programs: A Survey of Theories and Policy Experiences”, The Levy Economics Institute Of Bard College, Working Paper No: 498, 1-23,
  • Khosla, Saksham (2018), "India’s Universal Basic Income: Bedeviled by The Details", Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Publications Department, Washington, DC, 1-94,
  • Kim, Joon Young; Kim, Kyungsoo; Lee, SuKyoung (2017), "The Rise of Technological Unemployment and Its Implications on The Future Macroeconomic Landscape", Futures, Vol. 87, 1–9.
  • Laurınavıčıus, Algimantas; Laurınavıčıus, Antanas (2016), "The Concept of Basic Income: Global Experience and Implementation Possibilities in Lithuania", Business, Management and Education, 14(1), 50–63.
  • Lindert, Kathy; Linder, Anja; Hobbs, Jason; Brière, Benedicte de la (2007, May), “The Nuts and Bolts of Brazil’s Bolsa Família Program: Implementing Conditional Cash Transfers in A Decentralized Context”, Social Protection Discussion Paper 0709, Washington DC: The World Bank.
  • Longley, Robert (2017), “Mincome: A Guaranteed Income for All Americans: Eliminating Poverty or The Incentive to Work?”, about.com news and ıssues, Erişim Linki: http://usgovinfo.about.com/od/healthcare/fl/mincome-a-guaranteed-ıncome-for-all-americans.htm
  • Lucarelli, Stefano; Fumagalli, Andrea (2008), "Basic Income and Productivity in Cognitive Capitalism", Review of Social Economy, Vol. 66, No. 1, 71-92.
  • Lum, Zi-Ann (2017), “A Canadian City Once Eliminated Poverty and Nearly Everyone Forgot About It,” Erişim Linki: www.huffingtonpost.ca/2014/12/23/mincome-in-dauphin-manitoba_n_6335682.html
  • Marinescu, Ioana (2017), “No Strings Attached: The Behavioral Effects of U.S. Unconditional Cash Transfer Programs”, Roosevelt Institute, May, Erişim Linki: http://rooseveltinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/no-strings-attached-050417-1.pdf
  • Masih, Niha (2019, 17 Ocak), “Tiny Indian State Proposes World's Biggest Experiment with Guaranteed Income”, Washington Post.
  • Matthews, Dylan (2018, February 13), “The Amazing True Socialist Miracle of The Alaska Permanent Fund”, Vox, Erişim Linki: https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2018/2/13/16997188/alaska-basic-income-permanent-fund-oil-revenue-study
  • More, Thomas (2018 [1516]), “Utopia”, İstanbul: Dorlion Yayınevi.
  • Necef, Dal Şule (2009), “Bütünsel Bir Sanayileşme Modeli: Makro Reform Ve Mikro Reform İlişkisi”. (Der. Sönmez Mustafa; Konukman, Aziz; Necef, Dal Şule), Alternatif Sanayileşme Önerileri, İstanbul: Kalkedon.
  • Parijs, Philippe Van (1992), "Basic Income Capitalism", Ethics, Vol. 102, No. 3, 465-484.
  • Pinto, Michele de Lavra (2018), “Meanings of Poverty: An Ethnography of Bolsa Familia Beneficiaries in Rio De Janeiro/Brazil”. (Ed. Ystanes, Margit; Strønen, Iselin Åsedotter ), The Social Life Of Economic Inequalities İn Contemporary Latin America, Approaches To Social Inequality And Difference, Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 129-150.
  • Prochazka, Tyler (2019, 4 Haziran) “Basic Income’s Experimental Wave is over: Time for Policies”, Op-Ed, Opinion, Erişim Linki: https://basicincome.org/news/2019/06/basic-incomes-experimental-wave-is-over-time-for-policies/
  • Sen, Amartya (2004), “Özgürlükle Kalkınma”. (Çev, Alogan, Yavuz), İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Simpson, Wayne; Mason, Greg; Godwin, T. Ryan (2017), "The Manitoba Basic Annual Income Experiment: Lessons Learned 40 Years Later", Canadian Public Policy, 43(1), 85-104.
  • Soares, Fabio Veras; Ribas, Perez Rafeal; Osório, Guerreiro Rafael (2010), “Evaluating The Impact of Brazil’s Bolsa Familia: Cash Transfer Programmes in Comparative Perspective”, Latin American Research Review, 45(2), 173-190.
  • Standing, Guy (2007), “Temel Gelir: Küreselleşen Dünyada Yoksullukla Mücadele Yöntemi”, (Der. Buğra, Ayşe; Keyder, Çağlar) Bir Temel Hak Olarak Vatandaşlık Gelirine Doğru, (Çev. Çekem, İsmail), İstanbul: İletişim.
  • Stiglitz, Joseph Eugene (2014), “Eşitsizliğin Bedeli: Bugünkü Bölünmüş Toplumu Geleceğimizi Nasıl Tehlikeye Atıyor?”, (Çev. İşler, Ozan), İstanbul: İletişim.
  • Tondani, Davide (2009), "Universal Basic Income and Negative Income Tax: Two Different Ways of Thinking Redistribution", The Journal Of Socio-Economics, 38, 246–255.
  • Türkiye Cumhuriyet Merkez Bankası, Erişim Linki: https://evds2.tcmb.gov.tr/, Erişim Tarihi: 29.03.2018
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu, Erişim Linki: http://www.tuik.gov.tr/ustmenu.do?metod=temelist, Erişim Tarihi: 29.03.2018
  • Weber, Enzo (2017), "Employment And The Welfare State İn The Era Of Digitalisation", Cesifo Forum, 4 / 2017, 22-28.
  • Weisbrot, Mark; Bakerve, Dean; Rosnick, David (2007), “The Scorecard on Development: 25 Years of Diminished Progress”, (Ed. Jomo, K.S.; Baudot, Jacques) Flat World, Big Gaps: Economic Liberalization, Globalization, Poverty & Inequality, 24-47, Orient Longman, Zed Books Ve TWN, London Ve New York.
  • Ylikännö, Minna; Kangas,, Olli (2019, April 14), “Finnish Basic Income Experiment Reveals Problems Of Conditional Benefits”, Guest Contributor Op-Ed, Opinion, Erişim Linki: https://basicincome.org/news/2019/04/finnish-basic-income-experiment-reveals-problems-of-conditional-benefits/
There are 46 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Mustafa Erdoğdu

Sevda Akar 0000-0003-1208-0258

Publication Date November 30, 2020
Submission Date August 29, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 15 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Erdoğdu, M., & Akar, S. (2020). Dördüncü Sanayi Devrimi Çerçevesinde Koşulsuz Temel Gelir: Türkiye İçin Bir Değerlendirme. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 15(3), 903-924. https://doi.org/10.17153/oguiibf.613200