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The Trinity in the Theology of Michael Servetus

Year 2022, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 173 - 206, 15.01.2023
https://doi.org/10.51490/oksident.1185570

Abstract



The Trinity (taslīs in Arabic), which constitutes the most fundamental dogma of Christianity, expresses a triune conception of God represented as Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. In its current form, the Trinity has been made the official belief basis of Christianity following the decisions taken in the councils, which occupy a significant place in the history of Christianity. In the most general terms, Trinity is the belief that each of these three entities, Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, is God and that there is no superiority or difference between them in divinity. Acceptance of the Trinity is necessary for becoming a Christian. Nevertheless, it is well-known that in the history of Christianity, some individuals and groups rejected the Trinity despite identifying themselves as ‘‘Christians’’. The most notable of these names is Michael Servetus. He is also considered the founder of the movement known today as Unitarianism. Servetus wrote some books in which he seriously criticized the Holy Trinity. According to Servetus, the Trinity is not mentioned in the Holy Bible, and this dogma has no place in the essence of Christianity. The Trinity is a construct fashioned by Greek philosophy and falsifies Christianity. These objections, which made an overwhelming impression in his time, greatly angered the Protestant and Catholic theologians. Servetus was burned to death in Geneva in 1553 due to Catholic and Protestant collaboration. This study examines the religious thought of Michael Servetus, particularly his interpretation of the Trinity, and analyzes his challenges to the traditional understanding of the Trinity.

References

  • Ancín, Miguel González. “Miguel Servet: Su Educaciön y los Médicos con los que Conviviö a Través de Nuevos Documentos”. Revista de la Reial Acadèmia de Medicina de Catalunya 33/1 (2018): 30-32.
  • Ancín, Miguel González. Miguel Servet en España (1506-1527). Tudela: Imprenta Castilla, 2017.
  • Backus, Irena. “Theological Relations: Calvin and the Church Fathers”. Translated by Gerrit W. Sheeres, in The Calvin Handbook, edited by Herman J. Selderhuis, Cambridge, UK: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2009.
  • Bainton, Roland. Hunted Heretic. Boston: Beacon Press, 1953.
  • Barry, William. “John Calvin”. In The Catholic Encyclopedia, New York: The Encyclopedia Press, 1908, 3: 195-198.
  • Baş, Bilal. Bir Hıristiyan Mezhebi Olarak Aryüsçülük. İstanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, 2016.
  • Baş, Bilal. “Monoteist Bir Hıristiyanlık Yorumu: Aryüsçülük Mezhebi”. Dîvân 9/2 (2002): 167-199.
  • Bayrakdar, Mehmet. Bir Hıristiyan Dogması Teslis. Ankara: Ankara Okulu Yayınları, 2007.
  • Beisner, E. Calvin. God in Three Persons. Wheaton: Tyndale House Publishers, 1978.
  • Brandon, S. G. F. (ed.). A Dictionary of Comparative Religion. New York: Scribner, 1970.
  • Brown, Harold O. J. Heresies. Garden City, N.Y: Doubleday & Company, 1984.
  • Calvin, John. Institutes of the Christian Religion. Translated by Ford Lewis Battles, Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press, 2006.
  • Chaves, Joao. “The Servetus Challenge: Eisegesis and the Problematic of Differing Chronologies of Ecclesiastical Corruption”. Journal of Reformed Theology 10/3 (2016): 195-214, https://doi.org/10.1163/15697312-01003001.
  • Daintith, John (ed.). Biographical Encyclopedia of Scientists. Florida: CRC Press, 2009, 688-689.
  • Dorner, J. A. History of the Development of the Doctrine of the Person of Christ. 15 volumes, Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 1890.
  • Drummond, William Hamilton. The Life of Michael Servetus. London: John Chapman Press, 1848.
  • Duygu, Zafer. “Hıristiyanlığın Erken Yüzyıllarındaki İsa Teolojisi Tartışmalarında ‘Dinamik Monarşiyanist’ Akıma Özgü ‘Monoteist’ Kristoloji ve Bunun ‘Ebionit’ Kristolojiyle Mukayesesi”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 31 (13 Nisan 2018): 329-343, https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.414973.
  • Duygu, Zafer. Hıristiyanlık ve İmparatorluk. İstanbul: Divan Yayınları, 2017.
  • Emerton, Ephraim. “Calvin and Servetus”. Harvard Theological Review 2/2 (1909): 139-160.
  • Fisher, Jeff. “Housing a Heretic: Johannes Oecolampadius (1482–1531) and the ‘Pre-History’ of the Servetus Affair”. Reformation & Renaissance Review 20/1 (2018): 35-50.
  • Friedman, Jerome. Michael Servetus: The Theology of Optimism. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Wisconsin, 1971.
  • Friedman, Jerome. “The Reformation Merry-Go-Round: The Servetian Glossary of Heresy”. The Sixteenth Century Journal 7/1 (1976): 73-80.
  • Friedrich, Trechsel. Michael Servet und Seine Vorgänger. Heidelberg: Winter, 1839.
  • Fulton, John F. Michael Servetus. New York: Herbert Reichner, 1953.
  • George, Timothy. Reformcuların Teolojileri. Translated by İbrahim Elbeyli, İstanbul: Haberci, 2019.
  • Gribaldi, Matteo. Declarationis Jesu Christi Filii Dei. Translated by Peter Hughes & Peter Zerner, New York: Blackstone & Michael Servetus Institute, 2010.
  • Hagenbach, K.R. Compendium of the History of Doctrines. Translated by Karl W. Buch, Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 1846.
  • Harbison, Craig S. “Counter-Reformation Iconography in Titian’s Gloria”. The Art Bulletin 49/3 (1967): 244-246.
  • Harris, Mark. W. Historical Dictionary of Unitarian Universalism. Lanham, Md.: The Scarecrow Press, 2004.
  • Heinrich Von, Allwoerden & Mosheim Johann Lorenz Von. Historia Michaelis Serveti. Helmstad: Stanno Buchholtziano, 1728.
  • Hillar, Marian. “Process Theology and Process Thought in the Writings of Michael Servetus”. San Antonio: Center for Philosophy and Socinian Studies, 2002.
  • Hillerbrand, Hans J. A New History of Christianity. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 2012.
  • Hoover, Jon. “İslâmî Monoteizm ve Teslîs”. Translated by Zeynep Yücedoğru, Oksident 1/1 (2019): 117-143.
  • Hughes, Peter. “The Early Years of Servetus and the Origin of His Critique of Trinitarian Thought”. JUUH 37 (2014 2013): 32-99.
  • Hughes, Peter. “The Face of God: The Christology of Michael Servetus”. JUUH 40 (2017 2016): 16-53.
  • J., Trueta. “The Contribution of Michael Servetus to the Scientific Development of the Renaissance”. BMJ 2 (1954): 507-510.
  • Kaçar, Turhan. “Ebioniteler’den Arius’a: Eskiçağ Doğu Hristiyanlığında İsa Teolojisi Tartışmaları”. Ankara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 44/2 (2003): 187-206.
  • Kelly, J. N. D. Early Christian Doctrines. 4th edition, London: Adam&Charles Black Press, 1968.
  • Kershaw, Stephen P. Yunan Mitolojisi Rehber Kitabı. Translated by Şefik Turan, Konya: Salon Yayınları, 2018.
  • Klauber, Martin I. “Servetus, Michael (1511-53)”. In The Dictionary of Historical Theology, edited by Trevor A. Hart, Milton Keynes: Paternoster Press, 2000, 520-522.
  • Lawrence, Goldstone & Goldstone Nancy. Out of the Flames. New York: Broadway Books, 2002.
  • Liguori, Alfonso Maria de’. The History of Heresies and Their Refutation. Translated by John T. Mullock, Dublin: James Duffy, 1857.
  • Macdonell, John. Tarihi Davalar. Translated by Mehmet Osman Dostel, İstanbul: Arkadaş Basımevi, 1941.
  • Mattison, Mark. “Michael Servetus: Fountainhead of Anti-Trinitarianism”. A Journal from the Radical Reformation: A Testimony to Biblical Unitarianism 1/1 (1992 1991): 27-43.
  • McGrath, Alister E. Historical Theology. New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013.
  • Mitchell, S.C. “A Stricture on Schaff’s Account of Servetus”. The American Journal of Theology 1/2 (1897): 450-459.
  • Mozer, Elgin & Earle E. Cairns. Wycliffe Biographical Dictionary of the Church. Chicago: Moody Press, 1982.
  • Nigg, Walter. The Heretics. Translated by Richard Winston & Clara Winston, New York: Alfred A. Knopf., 1962.
  • Odhner, Carl Theophilus. Michael Servetus, His Life and Teachings. Philadelphia: Lippincott Company, 1910.
  • Olgun, Hakan. Luther ve Reformu: Katolisizm’i Protesto. Ankara: Fecr Yayınları, 2001.
  • O’Malley, Charles D. “The Complementary Careers of Michael Servetus: Theologian and Physician”. Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 8/4 (1953): 378-389.
  • Roberts, Nancy. “Trinity vs. Monotheism: A False Dichotomy?”. The Muslim World 101 (2011): 73-93.
  • Schulte am Hülse, Christine. “The Holy Spirit in the Theological Work of Michael Servetus”. Church History and Religious Culture 101/2-3 (2021): 214-233.
  • Schuon, Frithjof. From the Divine to the Human: Survey of Metaphysics and Epistemology. Translated by Gustavo Polis & Deborah Lambert, Bloomington: World Wisdom Books, 1981.
  • Servetus, Michael. The Restoration of Christianity (RC). Translated by Christopher A. Hoffman & Marian Hillar, Lewiston: The Edwin Mellen Press, 2007.
  • Servetus, Michael. The Two Treatises of Servetus on the Trinity. Translated by Earl Morse Wilbur, London: Wipf & Stock Pub, 2013.
  • Servetus, Michael. Thirty Letters to Calvin, Preacher to the Genevans: And Sixty Signs of the Kingdom of the Antichrist and His Revelation Which Is Now at Hand. Translated by Christopher A. Hoffman & Marian Hillar, Lewiston, N.Y: Edwin Mellen Pr, 2010.
  • Servetus, Michael. The Two Treatises of Servetus on The Trinity (TTT). Translated by Earl Morse Wilbur, London: Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1932.
  • Sill, Geoffrey M. “The Authorship of ‘An Impartial History of Michael Servetus’”. The Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America 87/3 (1993): 303-318.
  • Tarakçı, Muhammet. St. Thomas Aquinas. İstanbul: İz Yayıncılık, 2006.
  • Tausiet, María. “Magus versus Falsarius: A Duel of Insults between Calvin and Servetus”. Reformation & Renaissance Review 10/1 (2008): 59-87.
  • Thiel, Udo. The Cambridge History of Seventeenth-Century Philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
  • Torello, Joan. “Michael Servetus on ‘Pneuma’”. Journal of Psychology & Clinical Psychiatry 2/2 (2015): 1-5.
  • Waardenburg, Jacques. “Reform”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi (DİA), İstanbul: Diyanet Vakfı Yayınları, 2007, 34: 530-533.
  • Waardenburg, Jacques. “Teslis”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi (DİA), İstanbul: Diyanet Vakfı Yayınları, 2011, 40: 548-549.
  • Wallace, Robert. Antitrinitarian Biography. 3 volumes, London: Whitfield, 1850.
  • Wilbur, Earl Morse. A History of Unitarianism: Socinianism and Its Antecedents. 2 volumes, Boston: Beacon Press, 1945.
  • Williams, George Huntston. The Radical Reformation. Philadelphia: West Minster, 1962.
  • Willis, Robert. Servetus and Calvin. London: Henry S. King & Co, 1877.
  • Yılmaz, İsmail. Üniteryanizm’in Doğuşu ve Bunu Etkileyen Dini Faktörler. Doktora Tezi, Bursa: Uludağ Üniversitesi, 1994.
  • Zweig, Stefan. Vicdan Zorbalığa Karşı ya da Castellio Calvin’e. Translated by Zehra Kurttekin, İstanbul: Can Sanat Yayınları, 2014.

Michael Servetus’un Teolojisinde Teslis

Year 2022, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 173 - 206, 15.01.2023
https://doi.org/10.51490/oksident.1185570

Abstract



Hristiyanlığın en temel dogması olan teslis, Baba, Oğul ve Kutsal Ruh şeklinde temsil edilen üçlü bir Tanrı tasavvurunu ifade eder. Mevcut haliyle teslis, Hristiyanlık tarihinde çok önemli yeri olan konsillerde alınan kararlar doğrultusunda Hristiyanlığın resmi inanç esası halini almıştır. En genel izahla teslis inancı, Baba, Oğul ve Kutsal Ruh olarak ifadelendirilen bu üç uknumun her birinin Tanrı olduğuna, tanrısallık bakımından aralarında herhangi bir üstünlük veyahut farklılık bulunmadığına iman etmektir ve bir Hristiyan olabilmenin en temel şartı bu dogmayı kabul etmektir. Bununla birlikte, Hristiyanlık tarihinde kendilerini “Hristiyan” olarak tanımlamalarına rağmen teslisi redde-den bazı kişi ve grupların varlığı da bir hakikattir. Örneğin, bu isimlerden en önemlisi bugün Üniteryanizm olarak bilinen hareketin de kurucusu kabul edilen Michael Servetus’tur. Servetus, teslis hakkında ciddi eleştiriler yaptığı bazı eserler yazmıştır. O, teslisin Kutsal Kitap’ta geçmediğini söylemekte ve Hristiyanlığın özünde bu dogmanın yer almadığını iddia etmektedir. Servetus’a göre teslis, Yunan felsefesinin etkisiyle şekillenmiş bir kavramdır ve Hristiyanlığı tahrif etmektedir. Döneminde oldukça ses getiren bu itirazlar zamanın Protestan ve Katolik ilahiyatçılarını oldukça kızdırmıştır ve Servetus 1553 yılında Katolik-Protestan iş birliğiyle Cenevre’de yakılarak öldürülmüştür. Bu çalışmada Michael Servetus’un dinî düşüncesi özellikle teslise bakışı bağlamında incelenmiş ve geleneksel teslis anlayışına getirdiği eleştiriler analiz edilmiştir.

References

  • Ancín, Miguel González. “Miguel Servet: Su Educaciön y los Médicos con los que Conviviö a Través de Nuevos Documentos”. Revista de la Reial Acadèmia de Medicina de Catalunya 33/1 (2018): 30-32.
  • Ancín, Miguel González. Miguel Servet en España (1506-1527). Tudela: Imprenta Castilla, 2017.
  • Backus, Irena. “Theological Relations: Calvin and the Church Fathers”. Translated by Gerrit W. Sheeres, in The Calvin Handbook, edited by Herman J. Selderhuis, Cambridge, UK: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2009.
  • Bainton, Roland. Hunted Heretic. Boston: Beacon Press, 1953.
  • Barry, William. “John Calvin”. In The Catholic Encyclopedia, New York: The Encyclopedia Press, 1908, 3: 195-198.
  • Baş, Bilal. Bir Hıristiyan Mezhebi Olarak Aryüsçülük. İstanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, 2016.
  • Baş, Bilal. “Monoteist Bir Hıristiyanlık Yorumu: Aryüsçülük Mezhebi”. Dîvân 9/2 (2002): 167-199.
  • Bayrakdar, Mehmet. Bir Hıristiyan Dogması Teslis. Ankara: Ankara Okulu Yayınları, 2007.
  • Beisner, E. Calvin. God in Three Persons. Wheaton: Tyndale House Publishers, 1978.
  • Brandon, S. G. F. (ed.). A Dictionary of Comparative Religion. New York: Scribner, 1970.
  • Brown, Harold O. J. Heresies. Garden City, N.Y: Doubleday & Company, 1984.
  • Calvin, John. Institutes of the Christian Religion. Translated by Ford Lewis Battles, Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press, 2006.
  • Chaves, Joao. “The Servetus Challenge: Eisegesis and the Problematic of Differing Chronologies of Ecclesiastical Corruption”. Journal of Reformed Theology 10/3 (2016): 195-214, https://doi.org/10.1163/15697312-01003001.
  • Daintith, John (ed.). Biographical Encyclopedia of Scientists. Florida: CRC Press, 2009, 688-689.
  • Dorner, J. A. History of the Development of the Doctrine of the Person of Christ. 15 volumes, Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 1890.
  • Drummond, William Hamilton. The Life of Michael Servetus. London: John Chapman Press, 1848.
  • Duygu, Zafer. “Hıristiyanlığın Erken Yüzyıllarındaki İsa Teolojisi Tartışmalarında ‘Dinamik Monarşiyanist’ Akıma Özgü ‘Monoteist’ Kristoloji ve Bunun ‘Ebionit’ Kristolojiyle Mukayesesi”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 31 (13 Nisan 2018): 329-343, https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.414973.
  • Duygu, Zafer. Hıristiyanlık ve İmparatorluk. İstanbul: Divan Yayınları, 2017.
  • Emerton, Ephraim. “Calvin and Servetus”. Harvard Theological Review 2/2 (1909): 139-160.
  • Fisher, Jeff. “Housing a Heretic: Johannes Oecolampadius (1482–1531) and the ‘Pre-History’ of the Servetus Affair”. Reformation & Renaissance Review 20/1 (2018): 35-50.
  • Friedman, Jerome. Michael Servetus: The Theology of Optimism. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Wisconsin, 1971.
  • Friedman, Jerome. “The Reformation Merry-Go-Round: The Servetian Glossary of Heresy”. The Sixteenth Century Journal 7/1 (1976): 73-80.
  • Friedrich, Trechsel. Michael Servet und Seine Vorgänger. Heidelberg: Winter, 1839.
  • Fulton, John F. Michael Servetus. New York: Herbert Reichner, 1953.
  • George, Timothy. Reformcuların Teolojileri. Translated by İbrahim Elbeyli, İstanbul: Haberci, 2019.
  • Gribaldi, Matteo. Declarationis Jesu Christi Filii Dei. Translated by Peter Hughes & Peter Zerner, New York: Blackstone & Michael Servetus Institute, 2010.
  • Hagenbach, K.R. Compendium of the History of Doctrines. Translated by Karl W. Buch, Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 1846.
  • Harbison, Craig S. “Counter-Reformation Iconography in Titian’s Gloria”. The Art Bulletin 49/3 (1967): 244-246.
  • Harris, Mark. W. Historical Dictionary of Unitarian Universalism. Lanham, Md.: The Scarecrow Press, 2004.
  • Heinrich Von, Allwoerden & Mosheim Johann Lorenz Von. Historia Michaelis Serveti. Helmstad: Stanno Buchholtziano, 1728.
  • Hillar, Marian. “Process Theology and Process Thought in the Writings of Michael Servetus”. San Antonio: Center for Philosophy and Socinian Studies, 2002.
  • Hillerbrand, Hans J. A New History of Christianity. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 2012.
  • Hoover, Jon. “İslâmî Monoteizm ve Teslîs”. Translated by Zeynep Yücedoğru, Oksident 1/1 (2019): 117-143.
  • Hughes, Peter. “The Early Years of Servetus and the Origin of His Critique of Trinitarian Thought”. JUUH 37 (2014 2013): 32-99.
  • Hughes, Peter. “The Face of God: The Christology of Michael Servetus”. JUUH 40 (2017 2016): 16-53.
  • J., Trueta. “The Contribution of Michael Servetus to the Scientific Development of the Renaissance”. BMJ 2 (1954): 507-510.
  • Kaçar, Turhan. “Ebioniteler’den Arius’a: Eskiçağ Doğu Hristiyanlığında İsa Teolojisi Tartışmaları”. Ankara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 44/2 (2003): 187-206.
  • Kelly, J. N. D. Early Christian Doctrines. 4th edition, London: Adam&Charles Black Press, 1968.
  • Kershaw, Stephen P. Yunan Mitolojisi Rehber Kitabı. Translated by Şefik Turan, Konya: Salon Yayınları, 2018.
  • Klauber, Martin I. “Servetus, Michael (1511-53)”. In The Dictionary of Historical Theology, edited by Trevor A. Hart, Milton Keynes: Paternoster Press, 2000, 520-522.
  • Lawrence, Goldstone & Goldstone Nancy. Out of the Flames. New York: Broadway Books, 2002.
  • Liguori, Alfonso Maria de’. The History of Heresies and Their Refutation. Translated by John T. Mullock, Dublin: James Duffy, 1857.
  • Macdonell, John. Tarihi Davalar. Translated by Mehmet Osman Dostel, İstanbul: Arkadaş Basımevi, 1941.
  • Mattison, Mark. “Michael Servetus: Fountainhead of Anti-Trinitarianism”. A Journal from the Radical Reformation: A Testimony to Biblical Unitarianism 1/1 (1992 1991): 27-43.
  • McGrath, Alister E. Historical Theology. New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013.
  • Mitchell, S.C. “A Stricture on Schaff’s Account of Servetus”. The American Journal of Theology 1/2 (1897): 450-459.
  • Mozer, Elgin & Earle E. Cairns. Wycliffe Biographical Dictionary of the Church. Chicago: Moody Press, 1982.
  • Nigg, Walter. The Heretics. Translated by Richard Winston & Clara Winston, New York: Alfred A. Knopf., 1962.
  • Odhner, Carl Theophilus. Michael Servetus, His Life and Teachings. Philadelphia: Lippincott Company, 1910.
  • Olgun, Hakan. Luther ve Reformu: Katolisizm’i Protesto. Ankara: Fecr Yayınları, 2001.
  • O’Malley, Charles D. “The Complementary Careers of Michael Servetus: Theologian and Physician”. Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 8/4 (1953): 378-389.
  • Roberts, Nancy. “Trinity vs. Monotheism: A False Dichotomy?”. The Muslim World 101 (2011): 73-93.
  • Schulte am Hülse, Christine. “The Holy Spirit in the Theological Work of Michael Servetus”. Church History and Religious Culture 101/2-3 (2021): 214-233.
  • Schuon, Frithjof. From the Divine to the Human: Survey of Metaphysics and Epistemology. Translated by Gustavo Polis & Deborah Lambert, Bloomington: World Wisdom Books, 1981.
  • Servetus, Michael. The Restoration of Christianity (RC). Translated by Christopher A. Hoffman & Marian Hillar, Lewiston: The Edwin Mellen Press, 2007.
  • Servetus, Michael. The Two Treatises of Servetus on the Trinity. Translated by Earl Morse Wilbur, London: Wipf & Stock Pub, 2013.
  • Servetus, Michael. Thirty Letters to Calvin, Preacher to the Genevans: And Sixty Signs of the Kingdom of the Antichrist and His Revelation Which Is Now at Hand. Translated by Christopher A. Hoffman & Marian Hillar, Lewiston, N.Y: Edwin Mellen Pr, 2010.
  • Servetus, Michael. The Two Treatises of Servetus on The Trinity (TTT). Translated by Earl Morse Wilbur, London: Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1932.
  • Sill, Geoffrey M. “The Authorship of ‘An Impartial History of Michael Servetus’”. The Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America 87/3 (1993): 303-318.
  • Tarakçı, Muhammet. St. Thomas Aquinas. İstanbul: İz Yayıncılık, 2006.
  • Tausiet, María. “Magus versus Falsarius: A Duel of Insults between Calvin and Servetus”. Reformation & Renaissance Review 10/1 (2008): 59-87.
  • Thiel, Udo. The Cambridge History of Seventeenth-Century Philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
  • Torello, Joan. “Michael Servetus on ‘Pneuma’”. Journal of Psychology & Clinical Psychiatry 2/2 (2015): 1-5.
  • Waardenburg, Jacques. “Reform”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi (DİA), İstanbul: Diyanet Vakfı Yayınları, 2007, 34: 530-533.
  • Waardenburg, Jacques. “Teslis”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi (DİA), İstanbul: Diyanet Vakfı Yayınları, 2011, 40: 548-549.
  • Wallace, Robert. Antitrinitarian Biography. 3 volumes, London: Whitfield, 1850.
  • Wilbur, Earl Morse. A History of Unitarianism: Socinianism and Its Antecedents. 2 volumes, Boston: Beacon Press, 1945.
  • Williams, George Huntston. The Radical Reformation. Philadelphia: West Minster, 1962.
  • Willis, Robert. Servetus and Calvin. London: Henry S. King & Co, 1877.
  • Yılmaz, İsmail. Üniteryanizm’in Doğuşu ve Bunu Etkileyen Dini Faktörler. Doktora Tezi, Bursa: Uludağ Üniversitesi, 1994.
  • Zweig, Stefan. Vicdan Zorbalığa Karşı ya da Castellio Calvin’e. Translated by Zehra Kurttekin, İstanbul: Can Sanat Yayınları, 2014.
There are 71 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Religious Studies
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Talha Fortacı 0000-0002-6539-9302

Publication Date January 15, 2023
Submission Date October 7, 2022
Acceptance Date December 22, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 4 Issue: 2

Cite

ISNAD Fortacı, Talha. “The Trinity in the Theology of Michael Servetus”. Oksident 4/2 (January 2023), 173-206. https://doi.org/10.51490/oksident.1185570.