Abstract
Bu çalışma, hümanizm, din ve edebiyatın
arasındaki ilişkiyi edebiyatı merkeze konumlandırarak ortaya koyma amacına
matuftur. Günümüzde tarihten felsefeye ve sosyal bilimlerin diğer alanlarına
kadar çok disiplinli bir bakış açısıyla yapılan incelemelere konu olan
edebiyatın, bu iki alanın tam ortasında yer aldığı görülmektedir. Bir uygulama
örneği olarak edebi incelemelerin günümüzde daha çok seküler niteliğinden ötürü
hümanist bir perspektiften ele alınmalarına karşın, tarihsel olarak on
dokuzuncu yüzyıla kadar egemen bakış açısının dini karakterde olduğu da
bilinmektedir. Günümüzde seküler hümanizmin daha çok gündemde olduğu, bir
gerçeğe tekabül ediyor olsa da, olumsuz çağrışımlarından ötürü daha fazla
dışlamalara maruz bırakılan dini bakış açılarının toplu olmaktan çok bireysel
bir ilgi nesnesi olarak kaldığı ve akademide özellikle her hangi bir şekilde
dini veya dini olduğu izlenimi uyandıran bir bakış açısının kasıtlı olarak
gözlerden kaçırıldığı da bir gerçektir. Dolayısıyla edebiyatın ve onun hikaye, roman, biyografi
gibi alt türlerini nesnel bir şekilde anlamak ve incelemek için onun sadece bir
bakış açısının ürünü olmadığı, dahası olmak zorunda olmadığını idrak etmeye
gereksinim duyarız. Çünkü edebiyat her şeyden önce insanlardan meydan gelen bir
toplumun kültürel dünyasının muhtemelen en iyi yansımasını bulduğu bir alandır.
İnsanı ve kültürünü anlama çabası edebiyatın, dinin dışında bir anlam dünyasına
sahip olabileceği ne denli geçerli bir önerme ise, aynı şekilde dini bir alanın
varlığının ifadesi olarak incelemeye konu olabilmesi de o denli kabul
edilebilir. Hümanizm, din ve edebiyat üçlüsünün arasındaki ilişkinin ele
alındığı bu çalışma iki ana bölüm ve sonuç kısımlarından oluşmaktadır. Birinci
bölümde, konunun alt yapısı verilmektedir ve ona ilişkin kuramsal tartışmaların
yer almaktadır. İkinci bölümde ise bu ilişkilerin en iyi ifadesini ve
uygulamasını bulduğu George Eliot’ın Middlemarch
ve Silas Marner adlı romanlarının
ayrıntılı tahlilleri yer almaktadır.
Keywords
References
- Bonaparte, F., (1991) “Carrying the Word of the Lord to the Gentiles: Silas Marner and the Translation of Scripture into a Secular Text,” Religion and Literature 23. 2, 39-60, 39. Blackham, H. J., Hepburn, R., Martin, K., & Nott, K. (1965). Objections to humanism. Copson, A., & Grayling, A. C. (Eds.). (2015). The Wiley Blackwell handbook of humanism. John Wiley & Sons. Dolin, T., (2005). George Eliot. Oxford: OUP. Eliot, G., (2000). Middlemarch. Norton Critical Edition. Eliot, G., (1996). Silas Marner. Edited by Terence Cave. Oxford: OUP. Fanon, F., Sartre, J. P., & Farrington, C. (1963). The wretched of the earth (Vol. 36). New York: Grove Press. Faulkner, P. (1975). Humanism and The English Novel. Elek/Pemberton, 1975 Fowler, J. D. (1999). Humanism: Beliefs and practices. Sussex Academic Press. Hardy, T. (2017) [1922]. Late Lyrics and Earlier with many other verses. The Floating Press. Haight, G.(ed.) (1954) The George Eliot Letters, New Haven. Heidegger, M. (2013). Hümanizm üzerine. Ankara: Türkiye Felsefe Kurumu. İnalcık, H. (2013). Rönesans Avrupası. İstanbul: İş Bankası Yayınları. JanMohamed, A. R. (1984). Humanism and minority literature: Toward a definition of counter-hegemonic discourse. Boundary 2, 281-299 Kierkegaard S. ( 1971) [1843]. Either/Or. (Vol. 1). Trans. David F. Swenson and Lillian Marvin Swenson. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Lawrence, D. H., & Lawrence, D. H. (1985). Study of Thomas Hardy and other essays (Vol. 8). Cambridge University Press. Miller, R. B. (1981). Black American literature and humanism. Neill, A., (2008) “The Primitive Mind of Silas Marner,” ELH 75, 4, . Nietzsche, F. (1980). Twilight of the Idols and the Anti-Christ. Translated by R. J. Hollingdale. London: Penguin Books, 1990, 80-81. Norman, R. (2004). On Humanism. Routledge. Orwell, G. (1957). Inside the whale and other essays. Penguin. Poirier, R. (1987). Modernism and its difficulties. The Renewal of Literature: Emersonian Reflections, 95-113. Radakrishnan, R. (2007). Edward Said's literary humanism. Cultural Critique, 13-42. Said, E. W. (2004). Humanism and democratic criticism. Columbia University Press. Said, E. W. (2012). Culture and imperialism. Vintage. Siddiqi, Y. (2005). Edward Said, Humanism, and Secular Criticism. Alif: Journal of Comparative Poetics, 65-88. Svalgic, Martin J. . “Religion in the Novels of George Eliot,” in A Century of George Eliot Criticism. Ed. Gordon S. Haight. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co, 1965, 285-94, 285-86.) Taylor, C., (2007). A Secular Age. Harvard University Press. Thomte, R. (2009). Kierkegaard's philosophy of religion. Wipf and Stock Publishers. Tolstoy L. (1940) [1882]. A Confession. Trans. Aylmer Maude. London:Oxford University Press. Wallerstein, I. (1997). Eurocentrism and its avatars: The dilemmas of social science. Sociological bulletin, 46(1), 21-39. Watt, I., (1957). The Rise of the Novel. University of California Press. Zhang, Liang, and Lingqin Zeng (2013). "A Moral World without God-On the Religion of Humanity of George Eliot in Silas Marner." Theory & Practice in Language Studies 3.3.
Abstract
This study aims to reveal the relationship
between humanism, religion and literature by positioning literature in the
center. Nowadays, literature, which is subject to examinations made from a
multidisciplinary point of view, from history to philosophy and other areas of
social sciences, appears to be at the center of these two fields. Although, as
an example of practice, literary studies are dealt with from a humanist
perspective due to their more secular nature, it is historically known that the
dominant perspective until the nineteenth century is of religious character.
Today, although secular humanism corresponds to a reality in which it is more
on the agenda, it is seen that religious perspectives, which are subjected to
more exclusion due to negative connotations, remain as an individual object of
attention rather than social, and that the view of the academy is particularly
religious or religious. it is a fact that it has been deliberately abducted
from the eyes. Therefore, we need to realize that literature and its objective
to understand and study the sub-genres such as story, novel and biography does
not have to be more than just a point of view. Because literature is first and
foremost an area where people from the cultural world is probably the best
reflection of the cultural world. An attempt to understand human and culture
can be accepted as such a valid proposition that literature may have a world of
meaning other than religion, and that it can be examined as an expression of
the existence of a religious space. This study, which deals with the
relationship between humanism, religion and literature, consists of two main
sections and conclusion parts. In the first part, the theoretical background of
the subject and relevant discussions are given. In the second part, detailed analysis of the novels of
Middlemarch and Silas Marner by George in which
the best expression and application of these relations are found.
Keywords
References
- Bonaparte, F., (1991) “Carrying the Word of the Lord to the Gentiles: Silas Marner and the Translation of Scripture into a Secular Text,” Religion and Literature 23. 2, 39-60, 39. Blackham, H. J., Hepburn, R., Martin, K., & Nott, K. (1965). Objections to humanism. Copson, A., & Grayling, A. C. (Eds.). (2015). The Wiley Blackwell handbook of humanism. John Wiley & Sons. Dolin, T., (2005). George Eliot. Oxford: OUP. Eliot, G., (2000). Middlemarch. Norton Critical Edition. Eliot, G., (1996). Silas Marner. Edited by Terence Cave. Oxford: OUP. Fanon, F., Sartre, J. P., & Farrington, C. (1963). The wretched of the earth (Vol. 36). New York: Grove Press. Faulkner, P. (1975). Humanism and The English Novel. Elek/Pemberton, 1975 Fowler, J. D. (1999). Humanism: Beliefs and practices. Sussex Academic Press. Hardy, T. (2017) [1922]. Late Lyrics and Earlier with many other verses. The Floating Press. Haight, G.(ed.) (1954) The George Eliot Letters, New Haven. Heidegger, M. (2013). Hümanizm üzerine. Ankara: Türkiye Felsefe Kurumu. İnalcık, H. (2013). Rönesans Avrupası. İstanbul: İş Bankası Yayınları. JanMohamed, A. R. (1984). Humanism and minority literature: Toward a definition of counter-hegemonic discourse. Boundary 2, 281-299 Kierkegaard S. ( 1971) [1843]. Either/Or. (Vol. 1). Trans. David F. Swenson and Lillian Marvin Swenson. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Lawrence, D. H., & Lawrence, D. H. (1985). Study of Thomas Hardy and other essays (Vol. 8). Cambridge University Press. Miller, R. B. (1981). Black American literature and humanism. Neill, A., (2008) “The Primitive Mind of Silas Marner,” ELH 75, 4, . Nietzsche, F. (1980). Twilight of the Idols and the Anti-Christ. Translated by R. J. Hollingdale. London: Penguin Books, 1990, 80-81. Norman, R. (2004). On Humanism. Routledge. Orwell, G. (1957). Inside the whale and other essays. Penguin. Poirier, R. (1987). Modernism and its difficulties. The Renewal of Literature: Emersonian Reflections, 95-113. Radakrishnan, R. (2007). Edward Said's literary humanism. Cultural Critique, 13-42. Said, E. W. (2004). Humanism and democratic criticism. Columbia University Press. Said, E. W. (2012). Culture and imperialism. Vintage. Siddiqi, Y. (2005). Edward Said, Humanism, and Secular Criticism. Alif: Journal of Comparative Poetics, 65-88. Svalgic, Martin J. . “Religion in the Novels of George Eliot,” in A Century of George Eliot Criticism. Ed. Gordon S. Haight. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co, 1965, 285-94, 285-86.) Taylor, C., (2007). A Secular Age. Harvard University Press. Thomte, R. (2009). Kierkegaard's philosophy of religion. Wipf and Stock Publishers. Tolstoy L. (1940) [1882]. A Confession. Trans. Aylmer Maude. London:Oxford University Press. Wallerstein, I. (1997). Eurocentrism and its avatars: The dilemmas of social science. Sociological bulletin, 46(1), 21-39. Watt, I., (1957). The Rise of the Novel. University of California Press. Zhang, Liang, and Lingqin Zeng (2013). "A Moral World without God-On the Religion of Humanity of George Eliot in Silas Marner." Theory & Practice in Language Studies 3.3.
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Journal Section | Turkish language and literature |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | September 21, 2019 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2019 Issue: 16 |
Cited By
Manevi Danışmanlık ile Hümanist Psikoloji Arasındaki İlişki
Türk Manevi Danışmanlık ve Rehberlik Dergisi
https://doi.org/10.56432/tmdrd.1133875
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