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EKONOMİK ÖZGÜRLÜĞÜN YERALTI EKONOMİSİ ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ: PANEL ANALİZ

Year 2019, Volume: 2019 Issue: 2, 35 - 46, 11.12.2019

Jülide Yalçınkaya Koyuncu Hüseyin Safa Ünal

Abstract



Bu çalışma,
ekonomik özgürlük ve yeraltı ekonomisinin büyüklüğü arasındaki ilişkiyi 153
ülke verisini 1999 ve 2013 yılları arasındaki periyodu göz önünde bulundurarak
incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu sebeple, Hausman test sonuçlarına dayanarak sabit
etkiler (FEM) ve rassal etkiler modellerinden (REM) faydalanılmıştır. İstihdam
ve ekonomik özgürlük göstergeleri yeraltı ekonomisinin büyüklüğü ile negatif
ilişki içerisindedir. Diğer yandan, vergi yükü ve istihdam, yeraltı
ekonomisinin boyutu üzerinde pozitif etkiye sahiptir. Genel ekonomik özgürlük
ve iş yapma özgürlüğü, yeraltı ekonomisi üzerindeki en etkili özgürlük
göstergeleridir. Ancak en az etkili olanı yatırım yapma özgürlüğü olarak tespit
edilmiştir.

Keywords

Yeraltı Ekonomisi Ekonomik Özgürlük Rassal Etkiler Modeli Sabit Etkiler Modeli Panel Veri

References

  • Baker, D.G. (2016). The Informal Economy in the United States: Size, Determinants, and Comparisons. In M. Edelbacher, P. C. Kratcoski & B. Dobovšek (Eds.), Corruption, Fraud, Organized Crime, and the Shadow Economy (pp. 183-88). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis.
  • Belasen, A. R., & Hafer, R. W. (2012). Well-being and economic freedom: Evidence from the states. Intelligence, 40(3), 306-316.
  • Berdiev, A. N., Saunoris, J. W., & Schneider, F. (2018). Give me liberty, or I will produce underground: Effects of economic freedom on the shadow economy. Southern Economic Journal, 85(2), 537-562.
  • Bratton, M. (1989). The politics of government-NGO relations in Africa. World Development, 17(4), 569-587.
  • Buehn, A., & Schneider, F. (2009). Corruption and the shadow economy: a structural equation model approach. IZA Discussion Paper No: 4182.
  • Clark, J. R., & Lawson, R. A. (2008). The impact of economic growth, tax policy and economic freedom on income inequality. The Journal of Private Enterprise, Fall.
  • Dell'Anno, R. (2007). The shadow economy in Portugal: An analysis with the MIMIC approach. Journal of Applied Economics, 10(2), 253-277.
  • Dronca, A. T. (2016). The influence of fiscal freedom, government effectiveness and human development index on tax evasion in the European Union. Theoretical & Applied Economics, 23(4).
  • Edelbacher, M., Dobovsek, B., & Kratcoski, P. C. (2016). The Relationship of the Informal Economy to Corruption, Fraud, and Organized Crime. In M. Edelbacher, P. C. Kratcoski & B. Dobovšek (Eds.), Corruption, Fraud, Organized Crime, and the Shadow Economy (pp. 1-6). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis.
  • Enste, D. H. (2010a). Shadow economy–the impact of regulation in OECD-countries. International Economic Journal, 24(4), 555-571.
  • Enste, D. H. (2010b). Regulation and shadow economy: empirical evidence for 25 OECD-countries. Constitutional Political Economy, 21(3), 231-248.
  • Goel, R. K., & Nelson, M. A. (2005). Economic freedom versus political freedom: cross‐country influences on corruption. Australian Economic Papers, 44(2), 121-133.
  • Graeff, P., & Mehlkop, G. (2003). The impact of economic freedom on corruption: different patterns for rich and poor countries. European Journal of Political Economy, 19(3), 605-620.
  • Hassan, M., & Schneider, F. (2016). Size and development of the shadow economies of 157 countries worldwide: Updated and new measures from 1999 to 2013. IZA Discussion Paper No. 10281.
  • Miller, T., Kim, A. B., Roberts, J. M. & Tyrell, P. (2019). 2019 Index of economic freedom: 25th Anniversary Edition. Washington, DC: The Heritage Foundation.
  • Riahi-Belkaoui, A. (2004). Relationship between tax compliance internationally and selected determinants of tax morale. Journal of international accounting, auditing and taxation, 13(2), 135-143.
  • Schneider, F., & Enste, D. H. (2000). Shadow economies: Size, causes, and consequences. Journal of Economic Literature 38(1):77–114.
  • Schneider, F., & Enste, D. H. (2013). The shadow economy: An international survey. (Second Edition). New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Schneider, F., Buehn, A., & Montenegro, C. E. (2010). New estimates for the shadow economies all over the world. International Economic Journal, 24(4), 443-461.
  • Simonović, B., & Bošković, G. (2015). Symbiosis of Politics, the Shadow Economy, Corruption, and Organized Crime in the Territory of the Western Balkans: The Case of the Republic of Serbia. In M. Edelbacher, P. C. Kratcoski & B. Dobovšek (Eds.), Corruption, Fraud, Organized Crime, and the Shadow Economy (pp. 113-25). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis.
  • The Heritage Foundation (2019a). About the Index. Retrieved September 22, 2019, from https://www.heritage.org/index/about
  • The Heritage Foundation (2019b). 2019 Index of Economic Freedom. Retrieved August 10, 2019, from https://www.heritage.org/index/download
  • Torgler, B., & Schneider, F. (2009). The impact of tax morale and institutional quality on the shadow economy. Journal of Economic Psychology, 30(2), 228-245.
  • World Bank (2019a). Data Catalog. Retrieved September 22, 2019, from https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/
  • World Bank (2019b). World Development Indicators. Retrieved August 10, 2019, from https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators

THE IMPACT OF ECONOMIC FREEDOM ON THE SHADOW ECONOMY: PANEL ANALYSIS

Year 2019, Volume: 2019 Issue: 2, 35 - 46, 11.12.2019

Jülide Yalçınkaya Koyuncu Hüseyin Safa Ünal

Abstract



This study aims to find the relationship between
economic freedom and the size of the shadow economy in 153 countries for the
period between 1999 and 2013. Panel fixed effects (FEM) and panel random effects
models (REM) are utilized based on the Hausman test results. Employment and
economic freedom indicators are found to be in negative association with the
size of the shadow economy. On the other hand, tax burden and employment
positively affect the size of the shadow economy. The most effective freedom
indicators on the shadow economy are overall economic freedom and business
freedom, but the least effective is investment freedom.




Keywords

Shadow Economy Economic Freedom Random Effects Model Fixed Effects Model Panel Data

References

  • Baker, D.G. (2016). The Informal Economy in the United States: Size, Determinants, and Comparisons. In M. Edelbacher, P. C. Kratcoski & B. Dobovšek (Eds.), Corruption, Fraud, Organized Crime, and the Shadow Economy (pp. 183-88). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis.
  • Belasen, A. R., & Hafer, R. W. (2012). Well-being and economic freedom: Evidence from the states. Intelligence, 40(3), 306-316.
  • Berdiev, A. N., Saunoris, J. W., & Schneider, F. (2018). Give me liberty, or I will produce underground: Effects of economic freedom on the shadow economy. Southern Economic Journal, 85(2), 537-562.
  • Bratton, M. (1989). The politics of government-NGO relations in Africa. World Development, 17(4), 569-587.
  • Buehn, A., & Schneider, F. (2009). Corruption and the shadow economy: a structural equation model approach. IZA Discussion Paper No: 4182.
  • Clark, J. R., & Lawson, R. A. (2008). The impact of economic growth, tax policy and economic freedom on income inequality. The Journal of Private Enterprise, Fall.
  • Dell'Anno, R. (2007). The shadow economy in Portugal: An analysis with the MIMIC approach. Journal of Applied Economics, 10(2), 253-277.
  • Dronca, A. T. (2016). The influence of fiscal freedom, government effectiveness and human development index on tax evasion in the European Union. Theoretical & Applied Economics, 23(4).
  • Edelbacher, M., Dobovsek, B., & Kratcoski, P. C. (2016). The Relationship of the Informal Economy to Corruption, Fraud, and Organized Crime. In M. Edelbacher, P. C. Kratcoski & B. Dobovšek (Eds.), Corruption, Fraud, Organized Crime, and the Shadow Economy (pp. 1-6). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis.
  • Enste, D. H. (2010a). Shadow economy–the impact of regulation in OECD-countries. International Economic Journal, 24(4), 555-571.
  • Enste, D. H. (2010b). Regulation and shadow economy: empirical evidence for 25 OECD-countries. Constitutional Political Economy, 21(3), 231-248.
  • Goel, R. K., & Nelson, M. A. (2005). Economic freedom versus political freedom: cross‐country influences on corruption. Australian Economic Papers, 44(2), 121-133.
  • Graeff, P., & Mehlkop, G. (2003). The impact of economic freedom on corruption: different patterns for rich and poor countries. European Journal of Political Economy, 19(3), 605-620.
  • Hassan, M., & Schneider, F. (2016). Size and development of the shadow economies of 157 countries worldwide: Updated and new measures from 1999 to 2013. IZA Discussion Paper No. 10281.
  • Miller, T., Kim, A. B., Roberts, J. M. & Tyrell, P. (2019). 2019 Index of economic freedom: 25th Anniversary Edition. Washington, DC: The Heritage Foundation.
  • Riahi-Belkaoui, A. (2004). Relationship between tax compliance internationally and selected determinants of tax morale. Journal of international accounting, auditing and taxation, 13(2), 135-143.
  • Schneider, F., & Enste, D. H. (2000). Shadow economies: Size, causes, and consequences. Journal of Economic Literature 38(1):77–114.
  • Schneider, F., & Enste, D. H. (2013). The shadow economy: An international survey. (Second Edition). New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Schneider, F., Buehn, A., & Montenegro, C. E. (2010). New estimates for the shadow economies all over the world. International Economic Journal, 24(4), 443-461.
  • Simonović, B., & Bošković, G. (2015). Symbiosis of Politics, the Shadow Economy, Corruption, and Organized Crime in the Territory of the Western Balkans: The Case of the Republic of Serbia. In M. Edelbacher, P. C. Kratcoski & B. Dobovšek (Eds.), Corruption, Fraud, Organized Crime, and the Shadow Economy (pp. 113-25). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis.
  • The Heritage Foundation (2019a). About the Index. Retrieved September 22, 2019, from https://www.heritage.org/index/about
  • The Heritage Foundation (2019b). 2019 Index of Economic Freedom. Retrieved August 10, 2019, from https://www.heritage.org/index/download
  • Torgler, B., & Schneider, F. (2009). The impact of tax morale and institutional quality on the shadow economy. Journal of Economic Psychology, 30(2), 228-245.
  • World Bank (2019a). Data Catalog. Retrieved September 22, 2019, from https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/
  • World Bank (2019b). World Development Indicators. Retrieved August 10, 2019, from https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators
There are 25 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section 2019/2 Makaleler
Authors

Jülide Yalçınkaya Koyuncu

Hüseyin Safa Ünal

Publication Date December 11, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 2019 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Yalçınkaya Koyuncu, J., & Ünal, H. S. (2019). THE IMPACT OF ECONOMIC FREEDOM ON THE SHADOW ECONOMY: PANEL ANALYSIS. Sosyal Bilimler Metinleri, 2019(2), 35-46.
AMA Yalçınkaya Koyuncu J, Ünal HS. THE IMPACT OF ECONOMIC FREEDOM ON THE SHADOW ECONOMY: PANEL ANALYSIS. Sosyal Bilimler Metinleri. December 2019;2019(2):35-46.
Chicago Yalçınkaya Koyuncu, Jülide, and Hüseyin Safa Ünal. “THE IMPACT OF ECONOMIC FREEDOM ON THE SHADOW ECONOMY: PANEL ANALYSIS”. Sosyal Bilimler Metinleri 2019, no. 2 (December 2019): 35-46.
EndNote Yalçınkaya Koyuncu J, Ünal HS (December 1, 2019) THE IMPACT OF ECONOMIC FREEDOM ON THE SHADOW ECONOMY: PANEL ANALYSIS. Sosyal Bilimler Metinleri 2019 2 35–46.
IEEE J. Yalçınkaya Koyuncu and H. S. Ünal, “THE IMPACT OF ECONOMIC FREEDOM ON THE SHADOW ECONOMY: PANEL ANALYSIS”, Sosyal Bilimler Metinleri, vol. 2019, no. 2, pp. 35–46, 2019.
ISNAD Yalçınkaya Koyuncu, Jülide - Ünal, Hüseyin Safa. “THE IMPACT OF ECONOMIC FREEDOM ON THE SHADOW ECONOMY: PANEL ANALYSIS”. Sosyal Bilimler Metinleri 2019/2 (December 2019), 35-46.
JAMA Yalçınkaya Koyuncu J, Ünal HS. THE IMPACT OF ECONOMIC FREEDOM ON THE SHADOW ECONOMY: PANEL ANALYSIS. Sosyal Bilimler Metinleri. 2019;2019:35–46.
MLA Yalçınkaya Koyuncu, Jülide and Hüseyin Safa Ünal. “THE IMPACT OF ECONOMIC FREEDOM ON THE SHADOW ECONOMY: PANEL ANALYSIS”. Sosyal Bilimler Metinleri, vol. 2019, no. 2, 2019, pp. 35-46.
Vancouver Yalçınkaya Koyuncu J, Ünal HS. THE IMPACT OF ECONOMIC FREEDOM ON THE SHADOW ECONOMY: PANEL ANALYSIS. Sosyal Bilimler Metinleri. 2019;2019(2):35-46.
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