Abstract
Bu makalede, söylem veya anlatı metinlerindeki evrimsel arketiplerin izdüşümleri yalnızca doğal seçilimi değil aynı zamanda cinsel seçilimi de kapsayan evrimsel bir bakış açısıyla Eleştirel Söylem Analizi yoluyla incelenmiştir. Buna göre, doğal seçilim açısından ekonomik olmayan ve gereksiz sayılabilecek, cinsel seçilim açısından ise uygun görülebilecek insan davranışlarına göndermede bulunan iyilik, aşk ve adalet gibi içerikler, bir İngiliz destanı olan 'Beowulf' şiirinden yapılan alıntılardaki söylem ve anlatı metinlerinde incelenmiş, sınıflandırılmış ve elde edilen veriler karşılaştırılmıştır. Buna göre ilk olarak şiirdeki anlatı ve söylem metinleri kişi, kiplik ve zaman gibi dilbilgisi özelliklerinin içeriklerinin yanı sıra zaman ve uzam bağlamlarında tanımlandı. Daha sonra iyilik, aşk ve adalet ile ilgili kavramlar ile bencillik, cinsellik ve çıkar gibi diğerleriyle eş veya yakın anlamlı kavramların anlatı ve söylem metinlerindeki dağılımları tanımlandı ve sınıflandırıldı. Son olarak bu nitel bulgular doğal ve cinsel seçilim, evrensel arketipler ve deneyimler bağlamında karşılaştırıldı, karşılaştırıldı ve değerlendirildi. Sonuç olarak doğal seçilim açısından ekonomik olmayan ve gereksiz sayılan, cinsel seçilim açısından ise tasdik edilebilir görülebilen içeriklerin söylem metinlerinde kullanıldığı görülmüştür. Öte yandan bencillik, cinsellik ve çıkar gibi evrimsel bilinçaltı deneyimlerimize atıfta bulunan daha bencil ve faydacı içeriklerin büyük ölçüde anlatı metinlerinde kullanıldığı görülmüştür. Diğer bir deyişle, söylemsel içerikler evrimsel geçmişimizle çelişirken, "iktidar arzusu" veya "çiftleşme isteği" gözeten siyasi veya cinsel stratejilere uygundur. Bu çalışma, sadece yazınsal verileri evrimsel eleştirel analiz yoluyla incelediği için değil, aynı zamanda kavramsal manipülasyon temelinde söylem ve anlatı arasında açık bir ayrım ortaya koyduğu için de önemlidir.
References
- Abel, C. F., & Sementelli, A. J. (2005). “Evolutionary critical theory, metaphor, and organizational change”. Journal of Management Development, 24(5), 443-458.
- Alter, R. (2008). The five books of Moses: A translation with commentary. WW Norton & Company.
- Benveniste, E. (1995). Genel Dilbilim Sorunları (çev. Erdim Öztokat). İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
- Büyükkantarcıoğlu, N. (2001). “Yazınsal Eleştiri Kuramları İçerisinde Eleştirel Söylem Çözümlemesinin Yeri ve İşlevi”. TÖMER Dil Dergisi: Dilbilimsel Eleştiri Özel Sayısı, 17-29.
- Campbell, J. (2003). The hero's journey: Joseph Campbell on his life and work (Vol. 7). New World Library.
- Chance, J. (2005). Woman as hero in Old English literature. Wipf and Stock Publishers.
- Dunbar, R. (1996). Grooming, Gossip and the Evolution of Language. London: Faber & Faber.
- Fairclough, N. (2010). Critical discourse analysis: The critical study of language (2. ed). Malaysia: Pearson.
- Fehr, E., & Fischbacher, U. (2003). “The nature of human altruism”. Nature, 425(6960), 785-791.
- Flesch, W. (2007). Comeuppance: Costly signaling, altruistic punishment, and other biological components of fiction. Harvard University Press.
- Fletcher, R., & Fletcher, R. A. (2003). Bloodfeud: murder and revenge in Anglo-Saxon England. Oxford University Press on Demand.
- Foucault, M. (2010). Yapısalcılık Ve Post Yapısalcılık (Çev.). ISBN: 975825720X. Birey Yayıncılık.
- Fludernik, M. (2009). An introduction to narratology. Routledge.
- Goethals, G. R., & Allison, S. T. (2014). Kings and charisma, Lincoln and leadership: An evolutionary perspective. In Conceptions of leadership (pp. 111-124). Palgrave Macmillan, New York.
- Gummere, Francis B. (2001). Beowulf, (translation) Vol. XLIX, Part 1. The Harvard Classics. New York: P.F. Collier & Son, 1909–14; Retrieved from http://www.brian-t-murphy.com/Beowulf.htm on 09.03.2020.
- Günay, V. D. (2013). Söylem Çözümlemesi. İstanbul: Papatya Yayıncılık Eğitim.
- Hamilton, E. (2017). Mythology: Timeless tales of gods and heroes. Black Dog & Leventhal.
- Jung, C. G. (1969). Collected Works of C.G. Jung, (Vol. 9, Part 1): Archetypes and the collective unconscious. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
- Jung, C. G., & von Franz, M. L. (Eds.). (1964). Man and his symbols. London: Aldus Books.
- Kıran, Z.& Kıran, A. E. (2000). Dilbilime Giriş (3. Baskı), Ankara: Seçkin Yayınları.
- Karshan, T. (2009). “Evolutionary criticism”. Essays in Criticism, 59(4), 287-301.
- Knox, J. (2003). Archetype, Attachment, Analysis: Jungian Psychology and the Emergent Mind. New York: Brunner-Routledge. p. 35. ISBN 978-1583911280.
- Kramsch, C. (1995). “The cultural component of language teaching”. Language, culture and curriculum, 8(2), 83-92.
- Landau, M. (1984). “Human evolution as narrative: have hero myths and folktales influenced our interpretations of the evolutionary past?”. American Scientist, 72(3), 262-268.
- Miller, G.(2001). The mating mind: How sexual choice shaped the evolution of human nature., New York: Anchor.
- Morgan, G. A. (1991). “Mothers, monsters, maturation: female evil in Beowulf”. Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts, 4 (13), 54-68.
- Nietzsche, F. (1954). On Truth and Lie in an Extra-Moral Sense (1873). W. Kaufman (ed. and trans.), The Portable Nietzsche, New York: Penguin.
- Nitzsche, J. C. (1980). “The structural unity of Beowulf: the problem of Grendel's mother”. Texas Studies in literature and language, 22(3), 287-303.
- O’Halloran, K. A. (2005). “Mystification and social agent absences: A critical discourse analysis using evolutionary psychology”. Journal of pragmatics, 37(12), 1945-1964.
- Ormerod, R. (2006). “The history and ideas of pragmatism, Journal of the Operational Research Society”, 57:8, 892-909, DOI: 10.1057/palgrave.jors.2602065.
- Oswald, D. M. (2009). “Wigge under Wætere”: Beowulf's Revision of the Fight with Grendel's Mother. Exemplaria, 21(1), 63-82.
- Öztürk, Y. N. (1995). Kuran-i Kerim Meali (translation) İstanbul: Yeni Boyut.
- Phipps, C. (2012). A Feminist Critique of Beowulf: Women as Peace-Weavers and Goaders in Beowulf's Courts.
- Porter, D. C. (2001). The social centrality of women in Beowulf: a new context. The heroic age, 5, 1-9, http://www. heroicage.org/,issues/5/porter1.html
- Procazkova, P. (2007). “Female Characters in Beowulf”. B.A. Masaryk University, 1-41.
- Şeker, E. (2017). “Aşk ve İdeoloji Bağlamında Psikanalitik Söylem Çözümlemesi”. Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, C. 6, s.2.
- Trivers, R. L. (1971). “The evolution of reciprocal altruism”. The Quarterly review of biology, 46(1), 35-57.
- Van Vugt, M. (2006). “Evolutionary origins of leadership and followership. Personality and Social Psychology Review”, 10, 354–371.
- https://www.ancient-literature.com/other_beowulf.html# (Date of retrieve: 04.03.2020: 16.20)
- http://www.brian-t-murphy.com/Beowulf.htm (Date of Retrieve: 09.03.2020)
- https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche (Date of Retrieve: 30.10.2020)
Altruism, Love, and Justice in Beowulf: A Critical Discourse Analysis with an Evolutionary Perspective
Abstract
In this paper, the projections of the evolutionary archetypes in discursive or narrative texts are analyzed through Critical Discourse Analysis with an evolutionary perspective of not only natural selection but also sexual selection. Accordingly, contents such as altruism, love and justice which refer to uneconomical and superfluous human behaviors in terms of natural selection but certifiable in terms of sexual selection were analyzed, categorized, compared, and contrasted in discursive and narrative texts quoted from the old English epic poem ‘Beowulf’. Initially, the narrative and discursive texts in the poem were identified on the basis of their contents of grammatical features such as person, modality, and tense as well as space and time references. Next, the distribution of the concepts related to altruism, love, and justice as well as their synonyms, or closely related lexemes such as selfishness, sex, and interest in narrative and discursive texts were identified and categorized. Finally, these qualitative findings were compared, contrasted, and criticized through evolutionary archetypes. In conclusion, contents such as altruism, love and justice which refer to uneconomical and superfluous human behaviors in terms of natural selection but certifiable in terms of sexual selection were largely found to be used in discursive texts. However, originally pragmatist contents such as utility, sex, and interest which refer to our evolutionary subluminal experiences were largely found to be used in narrative texts. That is to say, discursive contents contradict with our evolutionary background but conforms to the political or sexual strategies, seeking ‘will to power’ or ‘will to mate’. This study is significant not only because the literary data were discussed through an evolutionary critical analysis but also because it identifies a clear distinction between discourse and narrative on the basis of conceptual manipulation.
References
- Abel, C. F., & Sementelli, A. J. (2005). “Evolutionary critical theory, metaphor, and organizational change”. Journal of Management Development, 24(5), 443-458.
- Alter, R. (2008). The five books of Moses: A translation with commentary. WW Norton & Company.
- Benveniste, E. (1995). Genel Dilbilim Sorunları (çev. Erdim Öztokat). İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
- Büyükkantarcıoğlu, N. (2001). “Yazınsal Eleştiri Kuramları İçerisinde Eleştirel Söylem Çözümlemesinin Yeri ve İşlevi”. TÖMER Dil Dergisi: Dilbilimsel Eleştiri Özel Sayısı, 17-29.
- Campbell, J. (2003). The hero's journey: Joseph Campbell on his life and work (Vol. 7). New World Library.
- Chance, J. (2005). Woman as hero in Old English literature. Wipf and Stock Publishers.
- Dunbar, R. (1996). Grooming, Gossip and the Evolution of Language. London: Faber & Faber.
- Fairclough, N. (2010). Critical discourse analysis: The critical study of language (2. ed). Malaysia: Pearson.
- Fehr, E., & Fischbacher, U. (2003). “The nature of human altruism”. Nature, 425(6960), 785-791.
- Flesch, W. (2007). Comeuppance: Costly signaling, altruistic punishment, and other biological components of fiction. Harvard University Press.
- Fletcher, R., & Fletcher, R. A. (2003). Bloodfeud: murder and revenge in Anglo-Saxon England. Oxford University Press on Demand.
- Foucault, M. (2010). Yapısalcılık Ve Post Yapısalcılık (Çev.). ISBN: 975825720X. Birey Yayıncılık.
- Fludernik, M. (2009). An introduction to narratology. Routledge.
- Goethals, G. R., & Allison, S. T. (2014). Kings and charisma, Lincoln and leadership: An evolutionary perspective. In Conceptions of leadership (pp. 111-124). Palgrave Macmillan, New York.
- Gummere, Francis B. (2001). Beowulf, (translation) Vol. XLIX, Part 1. The Harvard Classics. New York: P.F. Collier & Son, 1909–14; Retrieved from http://www.brian-t-murphy.com/Beowulf.htm on 09.03.2020.
- Günay, V. D. (2013). Söylem Çözümlemesi. İstanbul: Papatya Yayıncılık Eğitim.
- Hamilton, E. (2017). Mythology: Timeless tales of gods and heroes. Black Dog & Leventhal.
- Jung, C. G. (1969). Collected Works of C.G. Jung, (Vol. 9, Part 1): Archetypes and the collective unconscious. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
- Jung, C. G., & von Franz, M. L. (Eds.). (1964). Man and his symbols. London: Aldus Books.
- Kıran, Z.& Kıran, A. E. (2000). Dilbilime Giriş (3. Baskı), Ankara: Seçkin Yayınları.
- Karshan, T. (2009). “Evolutionary criticism”. Essays in Criticism, 59(4), 287-301.
- Knox, J. (2003). Archetype, Attachment, Analysis: Jungian Psychology and the Emergent Mind. New York: Brunner-Routledge. p. 35. ISBN 978-1583911280.
- Kramsch, C. (1995). “The cultural component of language teaching”. Language, culture and curriculum, 8(2), 83-92.
- Landau, M. (1984). “Human evolution as narrative: have hero myths and folktales influenced our interpretations of the evolutionary past?”. American Scientist, 72(3), 262-268.
- Miller, G.(2001). The mating mind: How sexual choice shaped the evolution of human nature., New York: Anchor.
- Morgan, G. A. (1991). “Mothers, monsters, maturation: female evil in Beowulf”. Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts, 4 (13), 54-68.
- Nietzsche, F. (1954). On Truth and Lie in an Extra-Moral Sense (1873). W. Kaufman (ed. and trans.), The Portable Nietzsche, New York: Penguin.
- Nitzsche, J. C. (1980). “The structural unity of Beowulf: the problem of Grendel's mother”. Texas Studies in literature and language, 22(3), 287-303.
- O’Halloran, K. A. (2005). “Mystification and social agent absences: A critical discourse analysis using evolutionary psychology”. Journal of pragmatics, 37(12), 1945-1964.
- Ormerod, R. (2006). “The history and ideas of pragmatism, Journal of the Operational Research Society”, 57:8, 892-909, DOI: 10.1057/palgrave.jors.2602065.
- Oswald, D. M. (2009). “Wigge under Wætere”: Beowulf's Revision of the Fight with Grendel's Mother. Exemplaria, 21(1), 63-82.
- Öztürk, Y. N. (1995). Kuran-i Kerim Meali (translation) İstanbul: Yeni Boyut.
- Phipps, C. (2012). A Feminist Critique of Beowulf: Women as Peace-Weavers and Goaders in Beowulf's Courts.
- Porter, D. C. (2001). The social centrality of women in Beowulf: a new context. The heroic age, 5, 1-9, http://www. heroicage.org/,issues/5/porter1.html
- Procazkova, P. (2007). “Female Characters in Beowulf”. B.A. Masaryk University, 1-41.
- Şeker, E. (2017). “Aşk ve İdeoloji Bağlamında Psikanalitik Söylem Çözümlemesi”. Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, C. 6, s.2.
- Trivers, R. L. (1971). “The evolution of reciprocal altruism”. The Quarterly review of biology, 46(1), 35-57.
- Van Vugt, M. (2006). “Evolutionary origins of leadership and followership. Personality and Social Psychology Review”, 10, 354–371.
- https://www.ancient-literature.com/other_beowulf.html# (Date of retrieve: 04.03.2020: 16.20)
- http://www.brian-t-murphy.com/Beowulf.htm (Date of Retrieve: 09.03.2020)
- https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche (Date of Retrieve: 30.10.2020)
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Linguistics |
| Journal Section | EDEBİYAT / ARAŞTIRMA MAKALELERİ |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | April 30, 2021 |
| Submission Date | December 30, 2020 |
| Acceptance Date | March 11, 2021 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2021 Volume: 6 Issue: 1 |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.