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Eleştirel Düşünme: Bir Sokratik Sorgulama Metodolojisi

Year 2021, Issue: 15, 86 - 97, 15.06.2021

Abstract

Eleştirel düşünme, düşünce üzerine bir düşünme becerisidir; düşüncenin özgün bir mimarisidir. Bu, düşüncenin her bir yanının derinliğine incelenmesini içeren, mantıksal bir düşünme tarzıdır; düşünmenin kalitesi, açıklığı, doğruluğu ve tamlığı açısından değerlendirilmesidir. Böylece eleştirel düşünme, düşünceyi daha yüksek bir kaliteye yükseltmekte ve daha iyi yapmaktadır. Bununla birlikte eleştirel düşünme, bir öğretme ve öğrenme şekli, düşünürün kendini izlediği ve değerlendirdiği kişinin birey oluşunun ve var oluşunun bir yoludur. Bu düşünme şeklinin ve bireyin varoluşuna olanak tanıyan etkinliğin temeli, kişinin kendi aklının bilincine varmasını sağlayan ve hayatı yaşamaya değer kılan sorgulama tekniğidir. Bu düşünce ve akıl yürütmenin temelini oluşturan soruların en güçlü çerçevesini de Sokrates'in diyalektiği oluşturmaktadır. Sokrates, konuyu sürekli sorgulayan ve araştıran bir zihni modellemektedir. Sokratik model, eleştirel düşünme hakkındaki fikirlerimizi organize etmenin yararlı bir yolu olarak geliştirilmiştir. Akıl yürütme unsurlarına disiplinli ve kendi kendini değerlendiren bir şekilde odaklanarak kazandığımız yetenekler ve bu tür disiplinli düşünceden kaynaklanan mantıksal ilişkiler, bizi Sokratik sorgulamaya hazırlamaktadır. Dolayısıyla bu çalışmada amaç, eleştirel düşünme örneği olarak Sokratik sorgulama tarzı üzerinden eleştirel düşünme biçiminin soruşturulmasıdır.

References

  • Adler, Mortimer J. The Paideia Proposal: An Educational Manifesto. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1982.
  • Bailin, Sharon; Case, Roland; Coombs, Jerrold R., & Daniels, Leroi B. "Conceptualizing Critical Thinking." Journal of Curriculum Studies, 31(3), (1999): 285–302.
  • Bassham, Gregory; Irwin,William; Nardone, Henry & Wallace, James M. Critical Thinking: a Student’s İntroduction, 4th ed., New York, NY: McGraw-Hill 2010.
  • Boghossian, Peter. "Socratic Pedagogy, Critical Thinking, Moral Reasoning and Inmate Education: An Exploratory Study." Doctora Thesis, Portland State University, Dissertations and Theses, 2004.
  • Cüceloğlu, Doğan. İyi Düşün Doğru Karar Ver. On Beşinci Baskı, İstanbul: Sistem Yayıncılık, 1996.
  • Dewey, John. How We Think. Boston: D.C. Heath & Co, 1910. [Dewey 1910 available online].
  • Ennis, Robert H. "A Logical Basis For Measuring Critical Thinking Skills." Educational Leadership, 43(2), (1985): 44–48.
  • Estes, Thomas H., Mintz, Susan L.& Gunter, Mary Alice. Instruction: A Model Approach, 5th ed., Boston: Pearson Education, Inc., 2010.
  • Facione, Peter A. "The Disposition Toward Critical Thinking: Its Character, Measurement, And Relation To Critical Thinking Skill." Informal Logic, 20(1), (2000): 61–84.
  • Facione, Peter A. Critical Thinking: A Statement Of Expert Consensus For Purposes Of Educational Assessment And İnstruction. Millbrae, CA: The California Academic Press, 1990.
  • Fahim, Mansoor & Bagheri, Mohammad B. "Fostering Critical Thinking through Socrates' Questioning in Iranian Language Institutes." Journal of Language Teaching and Research, Vol. 3, No. 6, (Finland: Academy Publısher, 2012): 1122-1127.
  • Hamilton, Edith & Cairns, Huntington (Eds.). The Collected Dialogues Of Plato. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1961.
  • Hoaglund, John. "Critical Thinking: A Socratic Model." Argumentation, Vol. 7, (3), (1993): 291–311.
  • Jensen Jr, Roger D. "The Effectiveness of the Socratic Method in Developing Critical Thinking Skills in English Language Learners." Degree of Master, Faculty of Grace University, Graduate Teacher Education, 2015.
  • Lai, Emily R. Critical Thinking: A Literature Review. Pearson's Research Reports, 2011.
  • Lewis, Karron G. "Developing questioning skills." Section 5 Improving Specific Teaching Techniques. Center for Teaching Effectiveness, The University of Texas at Austin. (Erişim tarihi: 20.11. 2020). https://www1.udel.edu/chem/white/U460/Devel-question-skills-UTx.pdf.
  • Lipman, Matthew." Critical Thinking—What can it be?" Educational Leadership, 46(1), (1988): 38–43.
  • Manurung, Yayuk Hayulina & Siregar, Fatimah Sari. "Developing Students’ Critical Thinking on Speaking Through Socratic Questioning Method." Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 263, (Atlantis Press 2018): 212-216. https://doi.org/10.2991/iclle-18.2018.35.
  • Özden, Yüksel. Öğrenme Ve Öğretme, Altıncı Baskı, Ankara: Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık, 2003.
  • Paul, Richard W. "Critical Thinking: What, Why, And How?" New Directions for Community Colleges, 1992(77), (Spring 1992): 3–24.
  • Paul, Richard W., & Elder, Linda. "Critical Thinking: The Art of Socratic Questioning, Part III." Journal of Developmental Education , 31(3), (2008): 34-35.
  • Platon, Devlet. İstanbul: Sosyal Yayınları, 2002.
  • Platon, Diyaloglar. İstanbul: Remzi Kitapevi, 2010.
  • Platon. Şölen. Çev. Cüneyt Çetinkaya, İstanbul: Bordo Siyah Yayınları, 2003.
  • Sigel, Irving E. "On Becoming A Thinker: A Psychoeducational Model." Educational Psychologist 14, (1979): 70-78.
  • Tallent, Rebecca J. & Barnes, Justin J. "Think Bubbles and Socrates: Teaching Critical Thinking to Millennials in Public Relations Classes." Universal Journal of Educational Research 3(7),(2015): 435-441. Doi: 10.13189/ujer.2015.030702.
  • Thayer-Bacon, Barbara J. Transforming Critical Thinking: Thinking Constructively. New York: Teachers College Press, 2000.
  • The Open University, Skills for OU Study-Thinking Critically, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, 2008.
  • Versenyi, Laszlo. Sokrates Ve İnsan Sevgisi. Çev. Ahmet Cevizci. İstanbul: Gündoğan Yayınları, 1995.
  • Wood, Robin. "Critical Thinking." Erişim Tarihi, 08.11.2020. https://www.robinwood.com/Democracy/GeneralEssays/CriticalThinking.pdf
Year 2021, Issue: 15, 86 - 97, 15.06.2021

Abstract

References

  • Adler, Mortimer J. The Paideia Proposal: An Educational Manifesto. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1982.
  • Bailin, Sharon; Case, Roland; Coombs, Jerrold R., & Daniels, Leroi B. "Conceptualizing Critical Thinking." Journal of Curriculum Studies, 31(3), (1999): 285–302.
  • Bassham, Gregory; Irwin,William; Nardone, Henry & Wallace, James M. Critical Thinking: a Student’s İntroduction, 4th ed., New York, NY: McGraw-Hill 2010.
  • Boghossian, Peter. "Socratic Pedagogy, Critical Thinking, Moral Reasoning and Inmate Education: An Exploratory Study." Doctora Thesis, Portland State University, Dissertations and Theses, 2004.
  • Cüceloğlu, Doğan. İyi Düşün Doğru Karar Ver. On Beşinci Baskı, İstanbul: Sistem Yayıncılık, 1996.
  • Dewey, John. How We Think. Boston: D.C. Heath & Co, 1910. [Dewey 1910 available online].
  • Ennis, Robert H. "A Logical Basis For Measuring Critical Thinking Skills." Educational Leadership, 43(2), (1985): 44–48.
  • Estes, Thomas H., Mintz, Susan L.& Gunter, Mary Alice. Instruction: A Model Approach, 5th ed., Boston: Pearson Education, Inc., 2010.
  • Facione, Peter A. "The Disposition Toward Critical Thinking: Its Character, Measurement, And Relation To Critical Thinking Skill." Informal Logic, 20(1), (2000): 61–84.
  • Facione, Peter A. Critical Thinking: A Statement Of Expert Consensus For Purposes Of Educational Assessment And İnstruction. Millbrae, CA: The California Academic Press, 1990.
  • Fahim, Mansoor & Bagheri, Mohammad B. "Fostering Critical Thinking through Socrates' Questioning in Iranian Language Institutes." Journal of Language Teaching and Research, Vol. 3, No. 6, (Finland: Academy Publısher, 2012): 1122-1127.
  • Hamilton, Edith & Cairns, Huntington (Eds.). The Collected Dialogues Of Plato. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1961.
  • Hoaglund, John. "Critical Thinking: A Socratic Model." Argumentation, Vol. 7, (3), (1993): 291–311.
  • Jensen Jr, Roger D. "The Effectiveness of the Socratic Method in Developing Critical Thinking Skills in English Language Learners." Degree of Master, Faculty of Grace University, Graduate Teacher Education, 2015.
  • Lai, Emily R. Critical Thinking: A Literature Review. Pearson's Research Reports, 2011.
  • Lewis, Karron G. "Developing questioning skills." Section 5 Improving Specific Teaching Techniques. Center for Teaching Effectiveness, The University of Texas at Austin. (Erişim tarihi: 20.11. 2020). https://www1.udel.edu/chem/white/U460/Devel-question-skills-UTx.pdf.
  • Lipman, Matthew." Critical Thinking—What can it be?" Educational Leadership, 46(1), (1988): 38–43.
  • Manurung, Yayuk Hayulina & Siregar, Fatimah Sari. "Developing Students’ Critical Thinking on Speaking Through Socratic Questioning Method." Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 263, (Atlantis Press 2018): 212-216. https://doi.org/10.2991/iclle-18.2018.35.
  • Özden, Yüksel. Öğrenme Ve Öğretme, Altıncı Baskı, Ankara: Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık, 2003.
  • Paul, Richard W. "Critical Thinking: What, Why, And How?" New Directions for Community Colleges, 1992(77), (Spring 1992): 3–24.
  • Paul, Richard W., & Elder, Linda. "Critical Thinking: The Art of Socratic Questioning, Part III." Journal of Developmental Education , 31(3), (2008): 34-35.
  • Platon, Devlet. İstanbul: Sosyal Yayınları, 2002.
  • Platon, Diyaloglar. İstanbul: Remzi Kitapevi, 2010.
  • Platon. Şölen. Çev. Cüneyt Çetinkaya, İstanbul: Bordo Siyah Yayınları, 2003.
  • Sigel, Irving E. "On Becoming A Thinker: A Psychoeducational Model." Educational Psychologist 14, (1979): 70-78.
  • Tallent, Rebecca J. & Barnes, Justin J. "Think Bubbles and Socrates: Teaching Critical Thinking to Millennials in Public Relations Classes." Universal Journal of Educational Research 3(7),(2015): 435-441. Doi: 10.13189/ujer.2015.030702.
  • Thayer-Bacon, Barbara J. Transforming Critical Thinking: Thinking Constructively. New York: Teachers College Press, 2000.
  • The Open University, Skills for OU Study-Thinking Critically, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, 2008.
  • Versenyi, Laszlo. Sokrates Ve İnsan Sevgisi. Çev. Ahmet Cevizci. İstanbul: Gündoğan Yayınları, 1995.
  • Wood, Robin. "Critical Thinking." Erişim Tarihi, 08.11.2020. https://www.robinwood.com/Democracy/GeneralEssays/CriticalThinking.pdf
There are 30 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Philosophy
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Gülümser Durhan 0000-0002-9639-9620

Publication Date June 15, 2021
Submission Date November 29, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2021 Issue: 15

Cite

Chicago Durhan, Gülümser. “Eleştirel Düşünme: Bir Sokratik Sorgulama Metodolojisi”. Temaşa Erciyes Üniversitesi Felsefe Bölümü Dergisi, no. 15 (June 2021): 86-97.